2005 Qeshm earthquake

Last updated
2005 Qeshm earthquake
Qeshm Portuguese Castle.jpg
The Portuguese fortress in Qeshm was damaged in the earthquake.
Iran relief location map.jpg
Green pog.svg
Tehran
Green pog.svg
Sharjah
Bullseye1.png
UTC  time2005-11-27 10:22:17
ISC  event 8461669
USGS-ANSS ComCat
Local dateNovember 27, 2005 (2005-11-27)
Local time13:52 IRST
Magnitude6.0 Mw [1]
Depth10 km (6 mi)
Epicenter 26°50′N55°56′E / 26.84°N 55.93°E / 26.84; 55.93 [2]
Type Reverse
Areas affected Iran, United Arab Emirates
Max. intensity MMI VII (Very strong) [3]
TsunamiNo
Casualties13 dead, 100 injured

An earthquake occurred on November 27, 2005, at 13:52 IRST (10:22 UTC) on the sparsely populated Qeshm Island off Southern Iran, killing 13 people and devastating 13 villages. It was Iran's second major earthquake of 2005, following the one at Zarand in February. The epicenter was about 1,500 kilometers (930 mi) south of Tehran, close to Iran's southern borders. Initial measurements showed that the earthquake registered about 6.0 on the moment magnitude scale, although that was reduced to 5.8 after further analysis. More than 400 minor aftershocks followed the main quake, 36 of which were greater than magnitude 2.5. The earthquake occurred in a remote area during the middle of the day, limiting the number of fatalities. Iranian relief efforts were effective and largely adequate, leading the country to decline offers of support from other nations and UNICEF.

Contents

Qeshm Island is part of the Simply Folded Belt, the most seismically active part of the Zagros fold and thrust belt. Similar to most earthquakes in the area, the 2005 event resulted from reverse slip faulting. Since it lies in such a seismically active area, there is a high risk of destructive earthquakes in Iran; 1 in 3,000 deaths are attributable to earthquakes. One geophysicist has cited the lack of strict building codes as a serious concern.

Background

Iran experiences at least one minor earthquake per day on average, [4] and the Zagros region is particularly prone to seismic activity. [5] Since 1913, Iran has been hit by more than 160 events stronger than magnitude 5, [6] [nb 1] with damaging earthquakes near Qeshm recorded in 1360, 1703, 1884, 1897, 1902, and 1905. [8] The majority of Iranian quakes occur in the upper crust, close to the surface, [9] which means that they are potentially more destructive. [10]

In terms of earthquake protection, Iran was named the "worst offender" in 2004 by Professor Roger Bilham of the University of Colorado at Boulder. [11] Bilham, a geophysicist who specializes in earthquake-related deformation and hazards, blames construction practices for many of the deaths in Iranian earthquakes. Since the start of the 20th century 1 in 3,000 Iranians have died in earthquake-related incidents. [11] The United Nations' Common Country Assessment for Iran states that the greatest damage occurs in rural areas, for which no building code exists. Large cities have a building code that takes account of the seismic hazard, but it is not rigorously followed, despite the susceptibility of three quarters of Iranian major cities to damaging earthquakes. [12] The risk posed by poor engineering is of significant concern to the populace and an impediment to economic development. The 1990 Manjil–Rudbar earthquake, with at least 42,000 fatalities, cost Iran roughly 7.2 percent of its Gross National Product (GNP) for that year, and wiped out two years of economic growth. [12]

Geological setting

The main fold structures in the central part of Qeshm island, with the epicenter and area uplifted during earthquake Qeshm geology.png
The main fold structures in the central part of Qeshm island, with the epicenter and area uplifted during earthquake

Iran lies within the complex zone of collision between the Arabian plate and the Eurasian plate; [5] near Qeshm the rate of convergence is about 25 millimeters annually. [13] Part of this convergence is accommodated by crustal shortening and thickening within the Zagros fold and thrust belt, with the remainder occurring to the north of the Iranian Plateau. The most active part of the Zagros is the Simply Folded Belt, which is characterised by large folds formed above a layer of late Neoproterozoic to Early Cambrian Hormuz salt, which locally reaches the surface in the crests of some anticlines as salt diapirs. [5] The sequence of sedimentary rocks above the salt layer comprises a basal Cambrian conglomerate beneath a thick sequence of limestones of Palaeozoic to late Cretaceous age, known together as the "Competent Group" owing to their relatively high mechanical strength, overlain by a sequence of weaker marls and interbedded limestones of latest Cretaceous to early Miocene age, topped by Neogene sandstones and conglomerates. There is evidence of intermediate level detachment at some of the weaker layers, which means that folds at different stratigraphic levels may have different locations, orientations, or wavelengths. [14] Measurements of earthquake focal mechanisms and hypocentral depths show that shortening is accommodated by a mixture of high-angle and low-angle reverse faulting, within either the lowest part of the sedimentary cover or in the basement beneath the Hormuz salt. [5]

The island of Qeshm is elongated WSW–ENE, parallel to the coastline and the regional trend of the main fold axes. Neogene sedimentary rocks outcrop at the surface over the whole island, apart from a diapir of older Hormuz salt that pierces through to the surface at its western end. The sediments are affected by a series of large, mainly anticlinal folds that show a variety of trends in the central part of the island. The axis of the Laft anticline runs mainly NW–SE, while the Salakh anticline trends roughly W–E and the Suza anticline and Ramkan syncline trend SW–NE. The island shows clear evidence of recent uplift in the form of marine terraces, with the highest terrace identified at 220 meters (720 ft) above sea level. An uplift rate of 0.2 millimeters annually has been estimated from uranium series dating (230 Th/234 U) of aragonite from corals on the terraces. [15]

Characteristics

The earthquake was initially measured at 6.0 on the moment magnitude scale, although later analysis suggests a slightly lower value of 5.8. [2] The epicenter was near the village of Gavarzin in central Qeshm, [16] and a hypocentral depth of 10 kilometers (6 mi) was estimated. [2] The focal mechanism derived for the earthquake indicates that it was the result of reverse faulting on a fault plane dipping either to the north at 50° or to the south-southeast at 40°. [2] No evidence has been found of surface faulting, but a 3-kilometer-long (2 mi) set of bedding-parallel cracks was observed on the northwestern flank of the Ramkan syncline, interpreted as representing probable slip along bedding planes, possibly due to further tightening of this fold. Other NW–SE trending tensional cracks observed further southwest along the syncline are more likely to be due to salt movement at depth. [17]

Surface displacement during the earthquake was measured using SAR interferometry. The computed area of uplift is elongated W-E, with a maximum value of about 20 centimeters (8 in) centered over the eastern end of the Latif anticline. [18] A smaller area of subsidence was observed to the south of the uplifted area, and the lack of a sharp boundary between the two suggests that the fault does not come to the surface. The pattern of displacement is consistent with a north-dipping fault rupturing between about 8 kilometers (5 mi) and 4 kilometers (2 mi) in depth, which also provides a good match to the results of seismic modeling using body waves, [19] although a SSE-dipping plane remains possible. [20] This depth range strongly suggests that the fault affected the lower part of the sedimentary cover, while not ruling out some basement involvement. [21] The mismatch between the orientation of the fault planes that caused the earthquake and the observed surface folds suggests that deformation at these two levels is decoupled by the presence of a detachment, possibly within marl layers. [7]

Most aftershocks occurred at significantly greater depths than the mainshock and are dominated by strike-slip focal mechanisms. This suggests that the mainshock triggered later movement on a complex set of right and left lateral strike-slip faults within the basement, together accommodating north-south shortening beneath the Hormuz salt layer. [22]

On September 10, 2008, there was another major earthquake on Qeshm, with a magnitude of 5.9 and hypocentral depth of 8 kilometers (5 mi). The pattern of uplift observed for this earthquake is also consistent with rupturing within the lower sedimentary sequence, but on a fault with two segments, dipping overall to the southeast. The earthquakes of 2005 and 2008 may have ruptured adjacent segments of the same southeast-dipping reverse fault. Seven deaths were reported as a result of the 2008 earthquake. [23]

Damage and casualties

The earthquake hit at 13:52:19 IRST, or 1:52 pm (10:22:19 UTC), [24] and lasted between 10 and 30 seconds. [4] [25] [26] It killed 13 people and injured 100 on Qeshm Island. In Zirang (Ziranag), a village on Qeshm, 80 percent of the buildings were demolished. Seven villages experienced extensive damage, [27] and 13 villages were destroyed: Tonban, Ramekan, Gevarzin, Khaledin, Direstan, Kushe, Karavan, Turyan, Tom senati, Gorbehdan, Ziranag, Giahdan, [28] and Gourian. [29] There were reports of intensity III effects on the Mercalli scale from Bandar Abbas, Abu Dhabi, Ajman, Dubai, Fujairah and Ras al-Khaimah; Intensity IV (Light) effects occurred at Sharjah. [nb 2] Shaking from the earthquake was also noted in Oman. [27] No major damage occurred directly at the epicenter; [31] residents of Qeshm reported that the shaking smashed windows, leading citizens to evacuate their homes fearing collapse. [26] In total more than 2,000 people were affected. [32]

One major hospital damaged by the earthquake was inundated with the injured and lacked medical supplies for treatment. An airport on the epicentral island sustained damage, and power lines on the island were severed. [26] The director of Tehran's seismological building dismissed fears of a tsunami, saying that the Persian Gulf was not deep enough to allow for one. [33] In one school, some people suffered broken legs when the building collapsed, but there were no fatalities. [34] Buildings in Dubai, including the Emirates Towers, [35] were evacuated because of concerns that the structures might collapse, but no such incidents occurred. One woman described the locals as "panicked". [34] Television stations throughout Iran released footage of quake damage and of injured residents being taken to hospitals. [36]

A landslide [25] and 36 major aftershocks of more than magnitude 2.5 (in total, 400 aftershocks) followed the earthquake. [28] A former Portuguese fortress, built by Admiral Afonso de Albuquerque in 1507, sustained heavy damage to its eastern wall but otherwise remained intact. [37]

If the earthquake had occurred during the early morning while residents were asleep, rather than mid-afternoon (1:52 pm local time), [24] it could have been deadlier as housing in the epicentral area consisted chiefly of mud and brick. [25]

Relief efforts and aftermath

Aid workers from the domestic region began delivering supplies such as food, blankets, and tents. [33] [nb 3] A dispatch of 101 relief helpers, 40 IRCS staff, and four people from the public relations department at ReliefWeb also assisted survivors. Three ambulances, 46 trucks, three helicopters, 12 vans, nine cars, two minibuses, and two sniffer dogs were also dispatched to help citizens of quake-struck areas. [38]

Injured residents were transported to Bandar Abbas by helicopter. [35] An Iranian police official, citing concerns about possible looting, said all movement into and out of damaged houses would require prior approval from the governor's office, the police, and the Unexpected Events Committee on the island. [39] UNICEF offered assistance to Iran, and the official in charge of response stated: "we are preparing to respond if needed". [40] They elaborated that the Iranian authorities "appeared to have things under control". [40]

In 2007, the Asian Centre on Seismic Risk Reduction was formed in response to the regular earthquakes experienced in south, west, and central Asia, to "encourage regional and inter-regional networking and partnerships to reduce seismic damage". Earthquakes account for 73 percent of natural disaster deaths in these locations. [41]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ The strongest of these earthquakes occurred in Qir in 1972 and Demshar-e Khurgu in 1977, both measuring Mw  6.7. [7]
  2. ↑ The Mercalli intensity scale measures the intensity of earthquakes, mainly by the damage they cause and their effect on the surrounding area. [30]
  3. ↑ Around 74,151 tins of tuna fish, 40,920 kilograms (90,210 lb) of rice, 46,700 tins of canned beans, 10,445 kilograms (23,027 lb) of sugar, 16,836 kilograms (37,117 lb) of edible oil, 5,986 kilograms (13,197 lb) of pulse, and 1,133 kilograms (2,498 lb) of tea were distributed by the Iranian Red Crescent Society (IRCS). The organization also gave out 4,696 sets of relief tents, 5,677 sets of moquettes, 10,689 sets of blankets, 2,169 kitchen sets, 1,477 ovens, 1,250 sets of lanterns and 4,001 cartons of hygienic kits. [38]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Earthquake</span> Sudden movement of the Earths crust

An earthquake – also called a quake, tremor, or temblor – is the shaking of the Earth's surface resulting from a sudden release of energy in the lithosphere that creates seismic waves. Earthquakes can range in intensity, from those so weak they cannot be felt, to those violent enough to propel objects and people into the air, damage critical infrastructure, and wreak destruction across entire cities. The seismic activity of an area is the frequency, type, and size of earthquakes experienced over a particular time. The seismicity at a particular location in the Earth is the average rate of seismic energy release per unit volume.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2005 Fukuoka earthquake</span> Earthquake in Japan

The Fukuoka earthquake, also known as the Fukuoka Prefecture West Sea Earthquake, struck Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan at 10:53 am JST on March 20, 2005, off the northwest coast of Fukuoka Prefecture, and lasted for approximately 1 minute. The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) measured it as peaking at a magnitude of 7.0 and a maximum seismic intensity of less than six, whereas the United States Geological Survey (USGS) reported a magnitude of 6.6. The quake occurred along a previously unknown fault in the Genkai Sea, North of Fukuoka city, and the residents of Genkai Island were forced to evacuate as houses collapsed and multiple landslides occurred in various places. Investigations subsequent to the earthquake determined that the new fault was most likely an extension of the known Kego fault that runs through the centre of the city.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2004 Al Hoceima earthquake</span> Earthquake near the northern Moroccan coast

The 2004 Al Hoceima earthquake occurred on 24 February at 02:27:47 local time near the coast of northern Morocco. The strike-slip earthquake measured 6.3 on the moment magnitude scale and had a maximum perceived intensity of IX (Violent) on the Mercalli intensity scale. Between 628 and 631 people were killed, 926 injured, and up to 15,000 people were rendered homeless in the Al Hoceima-Imzourene-Beni Abdallah area.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1983 Coalinga earthquake</span> Earthquake affecting Central California

The 1983 Coalinga earthquake struck at 4:42 p.m. Monday, May 2 of that year, in Coalinga, California.

The 2002 Bou'in-Zahra earthquake occurred on 22 June 2002. The epicenter was near the city of Bou'in-Zahra in Qazvin Province, a region of northwestern Iran which is crossed by several major faults that is known for destructive earthquakes. The shock measured 6.5 on the Mwc scale, had a maximum Mercalli intensity of VIII (Severe), and was followed by more than 20 aftershocks. At least 230 people were killed and 1,500 more were injured.

The 1909 Borujerd earthquake also known as Silakhor earthquake occurred in Silakhor plain, Persia on January 23. Around 8,000 fatalities were caused directly from the magnitude 7.3 earthquake. An indefinite number of aftershocks continued for six months after the main shock. The section on this fault ruptured was the same as the main rupture zone of the 2006 Borujerd earthquake.

The 2008 Qeshm earthquake occurred on 10 September in the Hormozgān Province of southern Iran, 850 kilometres (528 mi) south of Tehran. Its epicenter was near the port city of Bandar Abbas, where an earthquake two years prior had caused damage. The earthquake measured 5.9 on the moment magnitude scale and 6 on the surface wave scale, killing seven people and injuring up to 45. Causing both catastrophic and minor damage, the earthquake devastated up to 200 villages throughout southern Iran, but left the port city of Bandar Abbas almost unscathed. Citizens reportedly panicked when the earthquake hit, emptying into the parks of the city and other open areas.

In seismology, doublet earthquakes – and more generally, multiplet earthquakes – were originally identified as multiple earthquakes with nearly identical waveforms originating from the same location. They are now characterized as distinct earthquake sequences having two main shocks of similar magnitude, sometimes occurring within tens of seconds, but sometimes separated by years. The similarity of magnitude – often within 0.4 magnitude – distinguishes multiplet events from aftershocks, which start at about 1.2 magnitude less than the parent shock and decrease in magnitude and frequency according to known laws.

The 1995 Gulf of Aqaba earthquake occurred on November 22 at 06:15 local time and registered 7.3 on the Mw scale. The epicenter was located in the central segment of the Gulf of Aqaba, the narrow body of water that separates Egypt's Sinai Peninsula from the western border of Saudi Arabia. At least 8 people were killed and 30 were injured in the meizoseismal area.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2013 Bushehr earthquake</span> 6.3 magnitude earthquake in Iran

The 2013 Bushehr earthquake occurred with a moment magnitude of 6.3 on April 9 in Iran. The shock's epicenter was in the province of Bushehr, near the city of Khvormuj and the towns of Kaki and Shonbeh. At least 37 people were killed, mostly from the town of Shonbeh and villages of Shonbeh-Tasuj district, and an estimated 850 people were injured.

The 2014 Murmuri earthquake occurred on August 18 in the Zagros Mountains of Iran with a moment magnitude of 6.2 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of VIII (Severe). The thrust earthquake injured 60–330 people and was followed by a number of high intensity aftershocks.

The Fars region of Iran was struck by a major earthquake on either 22 April or 5 May 1853. The city of Shiraz and the surrounding area were severely affected, with almost all buildings destroyed. At least 9,000 people were killed, with some estimates reaching 13,000.

The 1997 Bojnurd earthquake occurred on 4 February at 14:07 IRST in Iran. The epicenter of the Mw 6.5 earthquake was in the Kopet Dag mountains of North Khorasan, near the Iran–Turkmenistan border, about 579 km (360 mi) northeast of Tehran. The earthquake is characterized by shallow strike-slip faulting in a zone of active faults. Seismic activity is present as the Kopet Dag is actively accommodating tectonics through faulting. The earthquake left 88 dead, 1,948 injured, and affected 173 villages, including four which were destroyed. Damage also occurred in Shirvan and Bojnord counties. The total cost of damage was estimated to be over US$ 30 million.

The 2019 East Azerbaijan earthquake occurred at 03:17 local-time on November 8, 2019. This earthquake had a moment magnitude of 5.9 and had a shallow depth of 20 km.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1641 Tabriz earthquake</span> Earthquake centered in northwestern Iran

The 1641 Tabriz earthquake occurred on the night of February 5 in present-day East Azerbaijan province, Iran. The earthquake had an estimated surface-wave magnitude of 6.8 and an epicenter between Lake Urmia and the city of Tabriz. It was one of the most destructive earthquakes in the region, resulting in the loss of up to 30,000 lives.

The 1977 Bob–Tangol earthquake struck Kerman province of Iran on December 20, 1977, at 03:04 Iran Standard Time. The earthquake measured Mw 5.9 and struck at a depth of 22.7 km (14.1 mi). A maximum Modified Mercalli intensity of VII was evaluated based on damage. It had a strike-slip focal mechanism, which was unusual as the source structure was a thrust fault. It was part of a sequence of strong earthquakes along the 400 km (250 mi) Kuh Banan Fault. Between 584 and 665 people perished while a further 500–1,000 were injured; thousands were also made homeless. Casualties from the earthquake was considered moderate due to the sparsely populated area it affected. Preceded by foreshocks the month before, many residents became wary of a larger earthquake and took refuge outside their homes, contributing to the moderate death toll. However, there were none immediately before the mainshock so many were still in their homes when it struck. Aftershocks were felt for several months, some causing additional damage.

The 1977 Khurgu earthquake struck southern Iran near Bandar Abbas in Hormozgan province on the morning of March 22. The earthquake measuring moment magnitude (Mw ) 6.7 struck at a depth of 12.5 km (7.8 mi). Thirty five villages were heavily damaged including over 20 which were destroyed. There were 152–167 people killed and 556 injured.

The 1957 Farsinaj earthquake struck Hamadan province, Iran on 13 December at 05:15 local time. The moment magnitude 6.5 earthquake struck at a depth of 15 km (9.3 mi). The epicenter of the earthquake was located in the seismically active Zagros Mountains. The mountain range was also the location for several historic earthquakes. The earthquake occurred near two segments of the active strike-slip Main Recent Fault. At least 1,130 people died, including over 700 in the village of Farsinaj. Additional deaths also occurred in Dehasiyab, Sarab, and other villages. The earthquake left an estimated 15,000 homeless; poor weather conditions including a winter storm on 21 December killed another 20 people. Several deadly and damaging aftershocks in that month killed a total of 38 people.

The 1947 Dustabad earthquake, also known as the Charmeh earthquake, occurred in South Khorasan Province of northeastern Iran on 23 September. The mainshock had a magnitude of Mw 6.9 and maximum Modified Mercalli intensity of VIII (Severe). It was accompanied by a Mw  6.1 aftershock on 26 September. These earthquakes killed an estimated 500 people.

The 1958 Firuzabad earthquake was the second destructive earthquake to strike Hamadan province, Iran, in nine months. The Mw 6.7 earthquake occurred at a depth of 15 km (9.3 mi) on 16 August at 22:43 local time. It caused severe damage to over 170 villages in the province. Due to several strong foreshocks, most of the population fled their homes and the death toll only stood at 132 and another 948 were injured. A destructive aftershock on 21 September killed another 16 people.

References

  1. ↑ International Seismological Centre. ISC-EHB Bulletin. Thatcham, United Kingdom.[Event  8461669 ].
  2. 1 2 3 4 Nissen et al. 2010, pg 186.
  3. ↑ Berberian, M. (2014), Earthquakes and Coseismic Surface Faulting on the Iranian Plateau, Developments in Earth Surface Processes (1st ed.), Elsevier, p. 621, ISBN   978-0444632920
  4. 1 2 "Earthquake jolts southern Iran, killing 5". China Daily . November 27, 2005. Retrieved January 28, 2009.
  5. 1 2 3 4 Talebian et al., pgs 506–526.
  6. ↑ National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS Global Significant Earthquake Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. (1972). "165 Significant Earthquakes where Year >= 1913 and Primary Magnitude >= 5.1 and Country = Iran". NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K . Retrieved March 22, 2024.
  7. 1 2 Nissen et al. 2010, pg 193.
  8. ↑ Nissen et al. 2010, pg 184.
  9. ↑ Engdahl, E.R.; Bergman, E.A.; Myers, S.C.; Jackson, J.A.; Priestley, K. (December 2005). "Relocation and Assessment of Seismicity in the Iran Region". AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts. 51: T51C–1352. Bibcode:2005AGUFM.T51C1352E.
  10. ↑ Reger, J.P. (August 24, 2011). "Earthquakes and Maryland". Maryland Geological Survey. Archived from the original on October 26, 2013. Retrieved January 3, 2013.
  11. 1 2 "Contractor Ignorance Kills Earthquake Victims in Sesmic (sic) Zones, Says U. Of Colorado Professor". Science Daily . December 28, 2004. Retrieved October 11, 2009.
  12. 1 2 United Nations Common Country Assessment for the Islamic Republic of Iran (2003), pg 59.
  13. ↑ Nissen et al. 2007, pg 2.
  14. ↑ Nissen et al. 2010, pg 183.
  15. ↑ Preusser et al. 2003, pg 1320.
  16. ↑ Nissen et al., 2007, pg 3.
  17. ↑ Nissen et al. 2007, pgs 3–4.
  18. ↑ Nissen et al. 2007, pg 11.
  19. ↑ Nissen et al. 2007, pg 8.
  20. ↑ Nissen et al. 2010, pg 188.
  21. ↑ Nissen et al. 2007, pg 12.
  22. ↑ Yaminifard et al. 2012, pgs 138–147.
  23. ↑ Nissen et al. 2010, pg 192.
  24. 1 2 Nissen et al. 2007, pg 1.
  25. 1 2 3 "Strong earthquake kills 10 in Iran". CNN. November 27, 2005. Retrieved January 28, 2009.
  26. 1 2 3 "Iran: Qeshm Earthquake Information Bulletin No. 1". ReliefWeb. November 28, 2005. Retrieved February 13, 2009.
  27. 1 2 "Summary: Magnitude 6.0 South Iran". United States Geological Survey. July 16, 2008. Archived from the original on February 12, 2009. Retrieved January 28, 2009.
  28. 1 2 "Earthquake Report for November 27, 2005: West of Qeshm (Persian Gulf)". International Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Seismology (IIEES). Archived from the original on June 3, 2008. Retrieved February 13, 2009.
  29. ↑ "Earthquake kills 10 in Iran". The Guardian. November 28, 2005. Retrieved January 29, 2009.
  30. ↑ "The Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale". United States Geological Survey. January 9, 2013. Retrieved January 21, 2013.
  31. ↑ "Strong quake kills 10 in southern Iran". Xinhua News Agency. November 28, 2005. Archived from the original on November 28, 2006. Retrieved January 28, 2009.
  32. ↑ "Iran: Year in Review 2005". ReliefWeb. January 13, 2006. Retrieved February 13, 2009.
  33. 1 2 Fathi, Nazila (November 27, 2005). "Powerful Earthquake Strikes Iran, Killing 10". The New York Times. Retrieved January 28, 2009.
  34. 1 2 "Ten dead in southern Iran quake". BBC News. November 28, 2005. Archived from the original on 19 December 2008. Retrieved January 28, 2009.
  35. 1 2 "Villages Flattened in Iran Quake". CBS News. November 27, 2005. Retrieved January 28, 2009.
  36. ↑ "10 killed as quake razes seven villages in Iran". The Boston Globe . November 28, 2005. Retrieved January 28, 2009.
  37. ↑ "Qeshm's Earthquake Damaged Historical Portuguese Fortress". Payvand. November 30, 2005. Archived from the original on 10 June 2015. Retrieved 25 June 2023.
  38. 1 2 "Iran: Humanitarian aids to affected people of Qeshm Island". ReliefWeb. December 11, 2005. Retrieved February 13, 2009.
  39. ↑ "Iran Earthquake Levels Seven Villages". China Radio International. November 28, 2005. Archived from the original on October 18, 2012. Retrieved January 28, 2009.
  40. 1 2 "UNICEF ready to assist Qeshm quake victims". IRIN News. November 28, 2005. Retrieved January 29, 2009.
  41. ↑ "Iran, UN agencies launch first regional seismic risk reduction centre". United Nations. May 9, 2007. Retrieved November 14, 2009.

Bibliography

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.