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Last updated November 22, 2021

Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils .^[1] This includes the study of body fossils, tracks ( ichnites ), burrows , cast-off parts, fossilised feces ( coprolites ), palynomorphs and chemical residues . Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science . This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1963.

Arthropods

Newly named insects

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes	Images
Propelma ^[2]	Gen et sp. nov	valid	Trjapitzin	Eocene	Baltic amber	Europe	A eupelmid wasp. Type species P. rohdendorfi

Vertebrates

Archosauromorphs

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes	Images
" Triassolestes "^[3]	Gen et sp nov	preoccupied	Reig	Carnian			A Crocodylomorph, Preoccupied by Triassolestes Tillyard 1918. Renamed Trialestes .

Dinosauria

Data courtesy of George Olshevsky's dinosaur genera list.^[4]

Name	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes
Herrerasaurus ^[3]	Valid taxon	Osvaldo Reig	Late Triassic (Carnian)	Ischigualasto Formation	Argentina	A herrerasaurid. This was an early flesh-eating dinosaur.
"Ischisaurus"^[3]	Junior synonym of Herrerasaurus	Osvaldo Reig	Late Triassic (Carnian)			A herrerasaurid.
"Tanystrosuchus"^[5]	Nomen dubium.	Kuhn	Late Triassic (Norian)	Stubensandstein		Either a theropod or shuvosaurid.

Birds

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes
Agriocharis anza ^[6]	Sp. nov.	synonym	Howard	Middle Pleistocene	Palm Spring Formation	USA ( California)	A Phasianidae, a synonym of Meleagris anza
Anas itchtucknee ^[7]	Sp. nov.	valid	McCoy	Late Pleistocene			An Anatidae.
Aphanocrex podarces ^[8]	Gen. nov et Sp. nov.	valid	Wetmore	Holocene	St. Helena	Saint Helena	A Rallidae.
Brantadorna downsi ^[6]	Gen. Nov. et Sp. nov.	valid	Howard	Middle Pleistocene	Palm Spring Formation	USA ( California)	An Anatidae.
Bucephala fossilis ^[6]	Sp. nov.	valid	Howard	Middle Pleistocene	Palm Spring Formation	USA ( California)	An Anatidae.
Calidris rayi ^[9]	Sp. nov.	valid	Brodkorb	Early Pliocene			A Scolopacidae.
Ceramornis major ^[10]	Gen. et Sp. nov.	valid	Brodkorb	Late Maastrichtian	Lance Formation	USA ( Wyoming)	A Cimolopterygidae Brodkporb, 1963.
Cimolopteryx maxima ^[10]	Sp. nov.	valid	Brodkorb	Late Maastrichtian	Lance Formation	USA ( Wyoming)	A Cimolopterygidae Brodkporb, 1963.
Cimolopteryx rara ^[10]	Gen. nov. et Sp. nov.	valid	Brodkorb	Late Maastrichtian	Lance Formation	USA ( Wyoming)	A Cimolopterygidae Brodkporb, 1963.
Dromiceius ocypus ^[11]	Synonym	valid	Holmes Miller	Early Pliocene	Mampuwordu Sands	Australia	A Dromaiidae, transferred to the genus Dromaius.
Fulica hesterna ^[6]	Sp. nov.	valid	Howard	Middle Pleistocene	Palm Spring Formation	USA ( California)	A Rallidae.
Gallinula brodkorbi ^[12]	Sp. nov.	valid	McCoy	Late Pleistocene			A Rallidae.
Lonchodytes ^[10]	Gen. et Sp. nov.	valid	Brodkorb	Late Maastrichtian	Lance Formation	USA ( Wyoming)	A Gaviiformes, type sp. L. estesi
Lonchodytes pterygius ^[10]	Sp. nov.	valid	Brodkorb	Late Maastrichtian	Lance Formation	USA ( Wyoming)	A Gaviiformes
Nanortyx ^[13]	Gen et sp. nov.	valid	Weigel	Early Oligocene	Cypress Hills Formation	Canada ( Saskatchewan)	An Odontophoridae, type sp. N. inexpectatus
Neococcyx ^[13]	Gen et sp. nov.	valid	Weigel	Early Oligocene	Cypress Hills Formation	Canada ( Saskatchewan)	A Coccyzid, type sp. N. mccorquodalei
Neophrontops vallecitoensis ^[6]	Sp. nov.	valid	Howard	Middle Pleistocene	Palm Spring Formation	USA ( California)	An Accipitridae.
Nycticorax fidens ^[9]	Sp. nov.	valid	Brodkorb	Early Pliocene			An Ardeidae.
Oxyura bessomi ^[6]	Sp. nov.	valid	Howard	Middle Pleistocene	Palm Spring Formation	USA ( California)	An Anatidae.
Palaeeudyptes marplesi ^[14]	Sp. nov.	valid	Brodkorb	Late Eocene	Burnside Marl	New Zealand	A Spheniscidae.
Palaeostruthus eurius ^[15]	Sp. nov.	valid	Brodkorb	Late Miocene			A Passerellidae.
Paractitis ^[13]	Gen et sp. nov.	valid	Weigel	Early Oligocene	Cypress Hills Formation	Canada ( Saskatchewan)	A Scolopacidae, type sp. P. bardi
Phalacrocorax ibericum ^[16]	Sp. nov.	valid?	de Villalta Comella	Late Miocene		Spain	A Phalacrocoracidae
Phoeniconotius ^[17]	Gen. et Sp. nov.	valid	Holmes Miller	Early Miocene	Etadunna Formation	Australia	A Phoenicopteridae, type sp. P. eyrensis
Phoenicopterus novaehollandiae ^[17]	Sp. nov.	valid	Holmes Miller	Early Miocene	Etadunna Formation	Australia	A Phoenicopteridae
Podiceps dixi ^[18]	Sp. nov.	valid	Brodkorb	Middle Pleistocene			A Podicipedidae
Probalearica crataegensis ^[19]	Gen. et Sp. nov.	synonym	Brodkorb	Early Miocene	Hawthorne Formation	USA ( Florida)	A Gruidae, syn of Balearica crataegensis
Propelargus olseni ^[19]	Sp. nov.	synonym	Brodkorb	Early Miocene	Hawthorne Formation	USA ( Florida)	A Ciconiidae, syn of Grallavis olseni.
Puffinus micraulax ^[19]	Sp. nov.	valid	Brodkorb	Early Miocene	Hawthorne Formation	USA ( Florida)	A Sulidae.
Sula universitatis ^[19]	Sp. nov.	valid	Brodkorb	Early Miocene	Hawthorne Formation	USA ( Florida)	A Sulidae.
Titanis ^[20]	Gen et sp. nov.	valid	Brodkorb	Late Blancan-Early Irvingtonian		USA ( Florida)	A Phorusrhacidae. Type sp. T. walleri
Torotix clemensi ^[21]	Gen et sp. nov.	valid	Brodkorb	Late Cretaceous	Lance Formation	USA ( Wyoming)	Possibly a Pelecaniform, currently Aves Incertae Sedis.
Totanus teruelensis ^[22]	Sp. nov.	synonym	de Villalta Comella	Late Miocene		Spain	A Laridae, syn of Larus teruelensis

Popular culture

Literature

Savage Pellucidar , the last of the seven novels about Pellucidar, an underground world inhabited by dinosaurs and other prehistoric creatures, by Edgar Rice Burroughs was published.^[23]

Related Research Articles

Titanis is an extinct genus of giant flightless terror birds that inhabited North America during the early Pliocene to early Pleistocene epochs. The generic name, Titanis, refers to the titans, Ancient Greek gods that preceded the Twelve Olympians, in allusion to the bird's size. The specific name, T. walleri, honors the holotype's collector, Benjamin I. Waller, an avocational underwater archaeologist. Titanis was thought to be carnivorous and most likely preyed on the many small mammals of the time period. This giant flightless bird was one of the most efficient predators of its time in North America.

Palintropus is a prehistoric bird genus from the Late Cretaceous. A single species has been named based on a proximal coracoid from the Lance Formation of Wyoming, dated to the latest Maastrichtian, 66 million years ago. Coracoids and a proximal scapula of two unnamed species from the upper Campanian Dinosaur Park Formation of Alberta, dating to between 76.5 and 75 million years ago, are also known.

Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1988.

Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1992.

Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1985.

Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1984.

Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1976.

Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1972.

Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1971.

Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1970.

Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1961.

Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1962.

Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1964.

Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1966.

Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1967.

Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1968.

Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1969.

Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1958.

Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1959.

Cyphornis is a genus of the prehistoric pseudotooth birds. These were probably rather close relatives of either pelicans and storks, or of waterfowl, and are here placed in the order Odontopterygiformes to account for this uncertainty.

References

↑ Gini-Newman, Garfield; Graham, Elizabeth (2001). Echoes from the past: world history to the 16th century. Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. ISBN 9780070887398. OCLC 46769716.
↑ Gibson, G (2013). "The extinct Baltic amber genus Propelma Trjapitzin, a valid genus of Neanastatinae (Hymenoptera, Eupelmidae)". ZooKeys (283): 59–69. doi: 10.3897/zookeys.283.4665 . PMC 3677364 . PMID 23794842.
1 2 3 Reig, O.A. 1963. La presencia de dinosaurios saurisquios en los "Estrados de Ischigualasto" (Mesotriasico superior) de las provincias de San Juan y La Rioja (Republica Argentina). Ameghiniana 3: pp. 3-20.
↑ Olshevsky, George. "Dinogeorge's Dinosaur Genera List" . Retrieved 2008-08-07.
↑ Kuhn, O. 1963. Ichnia Tetrapodorum. In: Fossilium Catalogus I: Animalia, part 101 (Westphal, F., ed.). W. Junk, The Hague, Netherlands: 176 pages.
1 2 3 4 5 6 Howard, Hildegarde (1963). "Fossil Birds from the Anza-Borrego Desert" (PDF). Los Angeles County Museum Contributions in Science. 73: 1–33. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-09-12. Retrieved 2015-09-05.
↑ McCoy, J. J. (1963). "The Fossil Avifauna of Itchtucknee River, Florida". The Auk. 80: 335–351. doi:10.2307/4082892. JSTOR 4082892.
↑ Wetmore, Alexander (1963). "An Extinct Rail from the Island of St. Helena". The Ibis. 103B (3): 379–381. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1963.tb06760.x.
1 2 Brodkorb, Pierce (1963). "Fossil Birds from the Alachua Clay of Florida". Florida Geological Survey, Special Publication 2. 4: 1–17.
1 2 3 4 5 Brodkorb, Pierce (1963). "Birds from the Upper Cretaceous of Wyoming". Proceedings of the XIIIth International Ornithologists Congress. 13: 55–70.
↑ Miller, Alden Holmes (1963). "Fossil Ratite Birds from the Late Tertiary of South Australia". Records of the South Australian Museum. 14: 413–420.
↑ McCoy, John J. (1963). "The Fossil Avifauna of Itchtucknee River, Florida" (PDF). The Auk. 80 (3): 335–351. doi:10.2307/4082892. JSTOR 4082892.
1 2 3 Weigel, Robert D. (1963). "Oligocene Birds from Saskatchewan". Quarterly Journal of the Florida Academy of Sciences. 26 (3): 257–262.
↑ Brodkorb, P (1963). "Catalogue of Fossil Birds. Part 1 (Archaeopterygiformes through Ardeiformes)". Bulletin of the Florida State Museum, Biological Sciences. 7 (4): 179–293.
↑ Brodkorb, Pierce (1963). "Fossil Birds from the Alachua Clay of Florida". Florida Geological Survey, Special Publication. 2: 1–17.
↑ de Villalta Comella, JF (1963). "Las Aves Fósiles del Mioceno Espańol". Boletin de la Real Sociedad Española de Historia Natural (Sección Geológica). 6: 263–285.
1 2 Miller, Alden Holmes (1963). "The Fossil Flamingos of Australia" (PDF). The Condor. 65 (4): 289–299. doi:10.2307/1365355. JSTOR 1365355.
↑ Brodkorb, P (1963). "A New Pleistocene Grebe from Florida" (PDF). Quarterly Journal of the Florida Academy of Sciences. 26 (1): 53–55. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-02-22. Retrieved 2015-02-21.
1 2 3 4 Brodkorb, Pierce (1963). "Miocene Birds from the Hawthorne Formation in Florida". Quarterly Journal of the Florida Academy of Sciences. 26 (2): 159–167.
↑ Brodkorb, P (1963). "A Giant Flightless Bird from the Pleistocene of Florida" (PDF). Auk. 80 (2): 111–115. doi:10.2307/4082556. JSTOR 4082556.
↑ Brodkorb, P (1963). "Birds from the Upper Cretaceous of Wyoming". Proceedings of the XIIIth International Ornithologists Congress. 13: 55–70.
↑ de Villalta Comella, J. F. (1963). "Las Aves Fósiles del Mioceno Espańol". Boletin de la Real Sociedad Española de Historia Natural (Sección Geológica). 61: 263–285.
↑ Sarjeant, W. A. S., 2001, Dinosaurs in fiction: In: Mesozoic Vertebrate Life, edited by Tanke, D. H., and Carpenter, K., Indiana University Press, p. 504-529.

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[1] Gini-Newman, Garfield; Graham, Elizabeth (2001). Echoes from the past: world history to the 16th century. Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. ISBN 9780070887398. OCLC 46769716.

[Gibson2013-2] Gibson, G (2013). "The extinct Baltic amber genus Propelma Trjapitzin, a valid genus of Neanastatinae (Hymenoptera, Eupelmidae)". ZooKeys (283): 59–69. doi: 10.3897/zookeys.283.4665 . PMC 3677364 . PMID 23794842.

[reig63larioja-3] 1 2 3 Reig, O.A. 1963. La presencia de dinosaurios saurisquios en los "Estrados de Ischigualasto" (Mesotriasico superior) de las provincias de San Juan y La Rioja (Republica Argentina). Ameghiniana 3: pp. 3-20.

[ddinogeorge-4] Olshevsky, George. "Dinogeorge's Dinosaur Genera List" . Retrieved 2008-08-07.

[kuhn1963ichnia-5] Kuhn, O. 1963. Ichnia Tetrapodorum. In: Fossilium Catalogus I: Animalia, part 101 (Westphal, F., ed.). W. Junk, The Hague, Netherlands: 176 pages.

[Howard1963-6] 1 2 3 4 5 6 Howard, Hildegarde (1963). "Fossil Birds from the Anza-Borrego Desert" (PDF). Los Angeles County Museum Contributions in Science. 73: 1–33. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-09-12. Retrieved 2015-09-05.

[McCoy1963-7] McCoy, J. J. (1963). "The Fossil Avifauna of Itchtucknee River, Florida". The Auk. 80: 335–351. doi:10.2307/4082892. JSTOR 4082892.

[Wetmore1963-8] Wetmore, Alexander (1963). "An Extinct Rail from the Island of St. Helena". The Ibis. 103B (3): 379–381. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1963.tb06760.x.

[Nycticorax-9] 1 2 Brodkorb, Pierce (1963). "Fossil Birds from the Alachua Clay of Florida". Florida Geological Survey, Special Publication 2. 4: 1–17.

[Lonchodytes-10] 1 2 3 4 5 Brodkorb, Pierce (1963). "Birds from the Upper Cretaceous of Wyoming". Proceedings of the XIIIth International Ornithologists Congress. 13: 55–70.

[Dromiceius-11] Miller, Alden Holmes (1963). "Fossil Ratite Birds from the Late Tertiary of South Australia". Records of the South Australian Museum. 14: 413–420.

[Gallinula-12] McCoy, John J. (1963). "The Fossil Avifauna of Itchtucknee River, Florida" (PDF). The Auk. 80 (3): 335–351. doi:10.2307/4082892. JSTOR 4082892.

[Weigel963-13] 1 2 3 Weigel, Robert D. (1963). "Oligocene Birds from Saskatchewan". Quarterly Journal of the Florida Academy of Sciences. 26 (3): 257–262.

[Palaeeudyptes-14] Brodkorb, P (1963). "Catalogue of Fossil Birds. Part 1 (Archaeopterygiformes through Ardeiformes)". Bulletin of the Florida State Museum, Biological Sciences. 7 (4): 179–293.

[Brodkorb963-15] Brodkorb, Pierce (1963). "Fossil Birds from the Alachua Clay of Florida". Florida Geological Survey, Special Publication. 2: 1–17.

[ibericum1963-16] Villalta Comella, JF (1963). "Las Aves Fósiles del Mioceno Espańol". Boletin de la Real Sociedad Española de Historia Natural (Sección Geológica). 6: 263–285.

[Miller1963-17] 1 2 Miller, Alden Holmes (1963). "The Fossil Flamingos of Australia" (PDF). The Condor. 65 (4): 289–299. doi:10.2307/1365355. JSTOR 1365355.

[Brodkorb1963A-18] Brodkorb, P (1963). "A New Pleistocene Grebe from Florida" (PDF). Quarterly Journal of the Florida Academy of Sciences. 26 (1): 53–55. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-02-22. Retrieved 2015-02-21.

[Brodkorb1963B-19] 1 2 3 4 Brodkorb, Pierce (1963). "Miocene Birds from the Hawthorne Formation in Florida". Quarterly Journal of the Florida Academy of Sciences. 26 (2): 159–167.

[Brodkorb1963C-20] Brodkorb, P (1963). "A Giant Flightless Bird from the Pleistocene of Florida" (PDF). Auk. 80 (2): 111–115. doi:10.2307/4082556. JSTOR 4082556.

[Brodkorb1963D-21] Brodkorb, P (1963). "Birds from the Upper Cretaceous of Wyoming". Proceedings of the XIIIth International Ornithologists Congress. 13: 55–70.

[Totanus-22] Villalta Comella, J. F. (1963). "Las Aves Fósiles del Mioceno Espańol". Boletin de la Real Sociedad Española de Historia Natural (Sección Geológica). 61: 263–285.

[sarjeant-fic-23] Sarjeant, W. A. S., 2001, Dinosaurs in fiction: In: Mesozoic Vertebrate Life, edited by Tanke, D. H., and Carpenter, K., Indiana University Press, p. 504-529.

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