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The Mariner program was conducted by the American space agency NASA to explore other planets. Between 1962 and late 1973, NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) designed and built 10 robotic interplanetary probes named Mariner to explore the inner Solar System - visiting the planets Venus, Mars and Mercury for the first time, and returning to Venus and Mars for additional close observations.
Space exploration is the use of astronomy and space technology to explore outer space. While the exploration of space is currently carried out mainly by astronomers with telescopes, its physical exploration is conducted both by uncrewed robotic space probes and human spaceflight. Space exploration, like its classical form astronomy, is one of the main sources for space science.
Mariner 2, an American space probe to Venus, was the first robotic space probe to report successfully from a planetary encounter. The first successful spacecraft in the NASA Mariner program, it was a simplified version of the Block I spacecraft of the Ranger program and an exact copy of Mariner 1. The missions of the Mariner 1 and 2 spacecraft are sometimes known as the Mariner R missions. Original plans called for the probes to be launched on the Atlas-Centaur, but serious developmental problems with that vehicle forced a switch to the much smaller Agena B second stage. As such, the design of the Mariner R vehicles was greatly simplified. Far less instrumentation was carried than on the Soviet Venera probes of this period—for example, forgoing a TV camera—as the Atlas-Agena B had only half as much lift capacity as the Soviet 8K78 booster. The Mariner 2 spacecraft was launched from Cape Canaveral on August 27, 1962, and passed as close as 34,773 kilometers (21,607 mi) to Venus on December 14, 1962.
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References
- ↑ "Eye witness accounts of the 1966 Leonid Storm". P. Jenniskens/NASA-ARC. Retrieved 2011-10-13.
- ↑ Gingerich, Owen (1967-01-03). "Probable New Satellite of Saturn" (discovery). IAU Circular . 1987. Retrieved 2011-12-28.
- ↑ Turner, Vivienne; McKay, G. M. (1989). "27. Burramyidae". In Walton, D.W.; Richardson, B. J. (eds.). Fauna of Australia, Volume 1B: Mammalia. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service. ISBN 0-644-06056-5.
- ↑ Le Pichon, Xavier (Summer 2013). "The "revolution" of Plate Tectonics in earth sciences and the relationship between science, reason and truth" (PDF). Euresis Journal. 5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-03-08. Retrieved 2014-11-25.
- ↑ Fabius, Jaap (1966). "A probabilistic example of a nowhere analytic C ∞-function". Zeitschrift für Wahrscheinlichkeitstheorie und Verwandte Gebiete. 5 (2): 173–174. doi:10.1007/bf00536652. MR 0197656. S2CID 122126180.
- ↑ Crilly, Tony (2007). 50 Mathematical Ideas you really need to know. London: Quercus. p. 37. ISBN 978-1-84724-008-8.
- ↑ Mumford, David (1966), "Families of abelian varieties", Algebraic Groups and Discontinuous Subgroups (Proc. Sympos. Pure Math. 9, Boulder, Colo., 1965), Providence, R.I.: American Mathematical Society, pp. 347–351, MR 0206003
- ↑ Lander, L. J.; Parkin, T. R. (1966). "Counterexample to Euler's conjecture on sums of like powers". Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 72 (6): 1079. doi: 10.1090/S0002-9904-1966-11654-3 .
- ↑ "Birth Control: The Morning-After Pill". Time . 1966-05-06. Archived from the original on April 8, 2008. Retrieved 2010-05-01.
- ↑ "Postcoital contraception". IPPF Medical Bulletin. 1 (4): 3. 1967. PMID 12254703.
- ↑ "Sir David Jack, who has died aged 87, was the scientific brain behind the rise of the pharmaceuticals company Glaxo". The Daily Telegraph. London. 2011-11-17. Archived from the original on 2011-11-25.
- ↑ Rett, A. (September 1966). "On an unusual brain atrophy syndrome in hyperammonemia in childhood". Wiener medizinische Wochenschrift (in German). 116 (37): 723–6. PMID 5300597.
- ↑ Kao, K. C.; Hockham, G. A. (July 1966). "Dielectric-fibre surface waveguides for optical frequencies". Proceedings of the Institution of Electrical Engineers . 113 (7): 1151–1158. doi:10.1049/piee.1966.0189.
- ↑ UK Patent No.1,197,183. Brocklehurst, Steven (2017-06-27). "The man who really invented the cash machine". BBC News. Retrieved 2021-05-16.
- ↑ Komissarov, Sergey (2002). Russia's Ekranoplans: the Caspian Sea Monster and other WiG craft. Hinkley: Midland Publishing. ISBN 978-1857801460.
- ↑ "Press release: The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2022" (Press release). The Nobel Prize. 2022-10-05. Retrieved 2022-10-06.