1974 in science

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The year 1974 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

Contents

Astronomy and space exploration

Computer Science

History of science

Mathematics

Medicine

Paleoanthropology and paleontology

Physics

Physiology

Psychology

Technology

Zoology

Other events

Awards

Births

Deaths

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Black hole</span> Astronomical object that has a no-return boundary

A black hole is a region of spacetime where gravity is so strong that nothing, including light or other electromagnetic waves, has enough energy to escape it. The theory of general relativity predicts that a sufficiently compact mass can deform spacetime to form a black hole. The boundary of no escape is called the event horizon. Although it has a great effect on the fate and circumstances of an object crossing it, it has no locally detectable features according to general relativity. In many ways, a black hole acts like an ideal black body, as it reflects no light. Moreover, quantum field theory in curved spacetime predicts that event horizons emit Hawking radiation, with the same spectrum as a black body of a temperature inversely proportional to its mass. This temperature is of the order of billionths of a kelvin for stellar black holes, making it essentially impossible to observe directly.

In physics, quintessence is a hypothetical form of dark energy, more precisely a scalar field, postulated as an explanation of the observation of an accelerating rate of expansion of the universe. The first example of this scenario was proposed by Ratra and Peebles (1988) and Wetterich (1988). The concept was expanded to more general types of time-varying dark energy, and the term "quintessence" was first introduced in a 1998 paper by Robert R. Caldwell, Rahul Dave and Paul Steinhardt. It has been proposed by some physicists to be a fifth fundamental force. Quintessence differs from the cosmological constant explanation of dark energy in that it is dynamic; that is, it changes over time, unlike the cosmological constant which, by definition, does not change. Quintessence can be either attractive or repulsive depending on the ratio of its kinetic and potential energy. Those working with this postulate believe that quintessence became repulsive about ten billion years ago, about 3.5 billion years after the Big Bang.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Standard Model</span> Theory of forces and subatomic particles

The Standard Model of particle physics is the theory describing three of the four known fundamental forces in the universe and classifying all known elementary particles. It was developed in stages throughout the latter half of the 20th century, through the work of many scientists worldwide, with the current formulation being finalized in the mid-1970s upon experimental confirmation of the existence of quarks. Since then, proof of the top quark (1995), the tau neutrino (2000), and the Higgs boson (2012) have added further credence to the Standard Model. In addition, the Standard Model has predicted various properties of weak neutral currents and the W and Z bosons with great accuracy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Timeline of gravitational physics and relativity</span> Timeline

The following is a timeline of gravitational physics and general relativity.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hawking radiation</span> Thermal radiation emitted outside the event horizon of a black hole

Hawking radiation is the theoretical thermal black body radiation released outside a black hole's event horizon. This is counterintuitive because once ordinary electromagnetic radiation is inside the event horizon, it cannot escape. It is named after the physicist Stephen Hawking, who developed a theoretical argument for its existence in 1974. The Hawking radiation is predicted to be extremely faint and is many orders of magnitude below the current best telescopes' detecting ability.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">No-hair theorem</span> Black holes are characterized only by mass, charge, and spin

The no-hair theorem states that all stationary black hole solutions of the Einstein–Maxwell equations of gravitation and electromagnetism in general relativity can be completely characterized by only three independent externally observable classical parameters: mass, electric charge, and angular momentum. Other characteristics are uniquely determined by these three parameters, and all other information about the matter that formed a black hole or is falling into it "disappears" behind the black-hole event horizon and is therefore permanently inaccessible to external observers after the black hole "settles down". Physicist John Archibald Wheeler expressed this idea with the phrase "black holes have no hair", which was the origin of the name.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Charm quark</span> Type of quark

The charm quark, charmed quark or c quark is the third-most massive of all quarks, a type of elementary particle. Charm quarks are found in hadrons, which are subatomic particles made of quarks. The mass of the particle m=1.27 GeV is very doubtful. Examples of hadrons containing charm quarks include the J/ψ meson, D mesons, charmed Sigma baryons, and other charmed particles.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Samuel C. C. Ting</span> Nobel prize winning physicist

Samuel Chao Chung Ting is a Chinese-American physicist who, with Burton Richter, received the Nobel Prize in 1976 for discovering the subatomic J/ψ particle. More recently he has been the principal investigator in research conducted with the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer, a device installed on the International Space Station in 2011.

Micro black holes, also called mini black holes or quantum mechanical black holes, are hypothetical tiny black holes, for which quantum mechanical effects play an important role. The concept that black holes may exist that are smaller than stellar mass was introduced in 1971 by Stephen Hawking.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Brandon Carter</span> Australian physicist

Brandon Carter, is an Australian theoretical physicist, best known for his work on the properties of black holes and for being the first to name and employ the anthropic principle in its contemporary form. He is a researcher at the Meudon campus of the Laboratoire Univers et Théories, part of the CNRS.

This is a timeline of subatomic particle discoveries, including all particles thus far discovered which appear to be elementary given the best available evidence. It also includes the discovery of composite particles and antiparticles that were of particular historical importance.

CLEO was a general purpose particle detector at the Cornell Electron Storage Ring (CESR), and the name of the collaboration of physicists who operated the detector. The name CLEO is not an acronym; it is short for Cleopatra and was chosen to go with CESR. CESR was a particle accelerator designed to collide electrons and positrons at a center-of-mass energy of approximately 10 GeV. The energy of the accelerator was chosen before the first three bottom quark Upsilon resonances were discovered between 9.4 GeV and 10.4 GeV in 1977. The fourth Υ resonance, the Υ(4S), was slightly above the threshold for, and therefore ideal for the study of, B meson production.

Ruppeiner geometry is thermodynamic geometry using the language of Riemannian geometry to study thermodynamics. George Ruppeiner proposed it in 1979. He claimed that thermodynamic systems can be represented by Riemannian geometry, and that statistical properties can be derived from the model.

Stuart Thomas Butler was an Australian nuclear physicist who served as Director of the Australian Atomic Energy Commission from 1977 until 1982, and was noted for his contributions to theoretical physics including stripping reactions, energy loss of particles in plasma and atmospheric tides induced by absorption of solar radiation in the ozone layer.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">MINERνA</span>

Main Injector Experiment for ν-A, or MINERνA, is a neutrino scattering experiment which uses the NuMI beamline at Fermilab. MINERνA seeks to measure low energy neutrino interactions both in support of neutrino oscillation experiments and also to study the strong dynamics of the nucleon and nucleus that affect these interactions.

Within quantum technology, a quantum sensor utilizes properties of quantum mechanics, such as quantum entanglement, quantum interference, and quantum state squeezing, which have optimized precision and beat current limits in sensor technology. The field of quantum sensing deals with the design and engineering of quantum sources and quantum measurements that are able to beat the performance of any classical strategy in a number of technological applications. This can be done with photonic systems or solid state systems.

A composite fermion is the topological bound state of an electron and an even number of quantized vortices, sometimes visually pictured as the bound state of an electron and, attached, an even number of magnetic flux quanta. Composite fermions were originally envisioned in the context of the fractional quantum Hall effect, but subsequently took on a life of their own, exhibiting many other consequences and phenomena.

Manuela Campanelli is a distinguished professor of astrophysics and mathematical sciences of the Rochester Institute of Technology, and the director of its Center for Computational Relativity and Gravitation and Astrophysics and Space Sciences Institute for Research Excellence. Her work focuses on the astrophysics of merging black holes and neutron stars, which are powerful sources of gravitational waves, electromagnetic radiation and relativistic jets. This research is central to the new field of multi-messenger astronomy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Atish Dabholkar</span> Indian theoretical physicist

Atish Dabholkar is an Indian theoretical physicist. He is currently the Director of the Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP) with the rank of Assistant Director-General, UNESCO. Prior to that, he was head of ICTP's High Energy, Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics section, and also Directeur de Recherche at the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) at Sorbonne University in the "Laboratoire de Physique Théorique et Hautes Énergies" (LPTHE).

References

  1. Melia, Fulvio (2007). The Galactic Supermassive Black Hole. Princeton University Press. p. 2. ISBN   978-0-691-13129-0.
  2. Hawking, S. W. (1974-03-01). "Black hole explosions?". Nature . 248 (5443): 30. Bibcode:1974Natur.248...30H. doi:10.1038/248030a0. S2CID   4290107.
  3. Hellegouarch, Yves (1974). "Points d'ordre 2ph sur les courbes elliptiques" (PDF). Acta Arithmetica. Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Matematyczny. 26 (3): 253–263. doi: 10.4064/aa-26-3-253-263 . ISSN   0065-1036. MR   0379507.
  4. "About the Cochrane Library". The Cochrane Library. Archived from the original on 2011-01-05. Retrieved 2011-01-25.
  5. Heimlich, H. (June 1974). "Pop Goes the Cafe Coronary". Emergency Medicine.
  6. "India's Nuclear Weapons Program – Smiling Buddha: 1974". Nuclear Weapon Archive. 2001. Archived from the original on 19 May 2011. Retrieved 2011-05-25.
  7. Aubert, J. J.; et al. (2 December 1974). "Experimental Observation of a Heavy Particle J". Physical Review Letters. 33 (23): 1404–6. Bibcode:1974PhRvL..33.1404A. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.33.1404 .
  8. Augustin, J.-E.; et al. (2 December 1974). "Discovery of a Narrow Resonance in e+e Annihilation". Physical Review Letters . 33 (23): 1406–8. Bibcode:1974PhRvL..33.1406A. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.33.1406 .
  9. Gillie, O. (1976-10-24). "Crucial data was faked by eminent psychologist". The Sunday Times . London.
  10. Kleinman, Zoe (2012-10-07). "Barcode birthday: 60 years since patent". BBC News . Retrieved 2013-06-29.
  11. Fotheringham, William (2007). Fotheringham's Sporting Pastimes. Anova Books. p.  50. ISBN   978-1-86105-953-6.
  12. "6 Women Scientists Who Were Snubbed Due to Sexism". National Geographic News. 19 May 2013. Retrieved 19 January 2021.