1890 in science

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Last updated February 16, 2024

The year 1890 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

Biology

September 25 – Sequoia National Park created in the United States.
October 1 – Yosemite National Park created in the United States.
Walter Heape successfully breeds rabbits from fertilised ova transferred from the biological mother to the uterus of an animal of a different breed.^[1]
Francis Galton announces a statistical demonstration of the uniqueness and classifiability of individual human fingerprints.^[2]
Jacques Loeb publishes his first major work on tropism, Der Heliotropismus der Thiere und seine Uebereinstimmung mit dem Heliotropismus der Pflanzen.^[3]
Henry Luke Bolley at the new North Dakota Agricultural College isolates the organism responsible for potato scab and develops an effective treatment.

Chemistry

Nikolai Menshutkin discovers that a tertiary amine can be converted into a quaternary ammonium salt by reaction with an alkyl halide – the Menshutkin reaction.^[4]^[5]
Emil Fischer establishes the stereochemistry and isomeric nature of the sugars by epimerization between gluconic and mannonic acids and synthesizes glucose, fructose and mannose from glycerol.^[6]

Computer science

June 1 – The United States Census Bureau begins using Herman Hollerith's tabulating machine to record census returns using punched card input, a landmark in the history of computing hardware. Hollerith's company eventually becomes IBM.

Earth sciences

The United States city of Boise, Idaho, drills the first geothermal well.
The phosphate mineral messelite (from Messel in Germany) is first described.^[7]

Mathematics

Philippa Fawcett is placed above the Senior Wrangler in the Mathematical Tripos at the University of Cambridge in England.
P. J. Heawood proves the five colour theorem.^[8]
Giuseppe Peano is the first to demonstrate a space-filling curve.^[8]

Medicine

Discovery by Emil von Behring and Kitasato Shibasaburō that an anti-toxin for immunizing people against diphtheria can be prepared by injecting diphtheria toxin into animals.^[9]
Curt Schimmelbusch invents the Schimmelbusch mask for the safe delivery of anesthetics to surgical patients.^[10]
Santiago Ramón y Cajal publishes the first edition of Manual de Anatomia Pathologica General.
Robert Koch publishes his postulates on the causal relationship between microbes and diseases.
William James publishes The Principles of Psychology .

Technology

May – Herbert Akroyd Stuart, in collaboration with Charles Richard Binney and Richard Hornsby & Sons, files a British patent for Improvements in Engines Operated by the Explosion of Mixtures of Combustible Vapour or Gas and Air, the first successful design of hot bulb engine, which will be produced as the heavy-oil Hornsby-Akroyd oil engine.^[11]
August 6 – At Auburn Prison in New York, William Kemmler becomes the first person to be executed in the AC electric chair.
October 9 – The first brief flight of Clément Ader's steam-powered fixed-wing aircraft Eole takes place in Satory, France. It flies uncontrolled approximately 50 m (160 ft) at a height of 20 cm, the first take-off of a powered airplane solely under its own power.^[12]^[13]^[14]
Approximate date – British civil engineer Ernest William Moir invents the airlock while working in New York.
Scottish American chemist William Morrison produces the first successful practical electric road vehicle in the United States.
The precut paperboard box is invented by Robert Gair, a Brooklyn printer and packaging producer.
The Hurter and Driffield film speed measurement system is described.

Awards

Copley Medal: Simon Newcomb ^[15]
Wollaston Medal for Geology: William Crawford Williamson

Births

January 14 – Arthur Holmes (died 1965), English geologist.
January 19 – Ștefan Procopiu (died 1972), Romanian physicist.
January 26 – Grantly Dick-Read (died 1959), English obstetrician.
February 17 – Ronald Fisher (died 1962), English statistician and geneticist.
March 11 – Vannevar Bush (died 1974), American science administrator.
March 20 – Elizabeth Rona (died 1981), Hungarian-born nuclear chemist.
March 26 – Abner Doble (died 1961), American steam engineer.
May 4 – Carl Brigham (died 1943), American pioneer of psychometrics.
June 1 – Edward Hutchinson Synge (died 1957), Irish theoretical physicist.
December 20 – Jaroslav Heyrovský (died 1967), Czech chemist.
December 21 – Hermann Joseph Muller (died 1967), American geneticist.

Deaths

January 27 – Karl Friedrich Otto Westphal (born 1833), German psychiatrist.
February 3 – C. H. D. Buys Ballot (born 1817), Dutch meteorologist.
April 1 – Alexander Mozhaysky (born 1825), Russian aeronautical pioneer.
August 30 – Marianne North (born 1830), English botanist.
December 26 – Heinrich Schliemann (born 1822), German archaeologist.

Related Research Articles

Emil von Behring, born Emil Adolf Behring, was a German physiologist who received the 1901 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, the first one awarded in that field, for his discovery of a diphtheria antitoxin. He was widely known as a "saviour of children", as diphtheria used to be a major cause of child death. His work with the disease, as well as tetanus, has come to bring him most of his fame and acknowledgment. He was honoured with Prussian nobility in 1901, henceforth being known by the surname "von Behring."

<span class="mw-page-title-main">S. P. L. Sørensen</span> Danish chemist (1868–1939)

Søren Peter Lauritz Sørensen was a Danish chemist, known for the introduction of the concept of pH, a scale for measuring acidity and alkalinity.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cystine</span> Chemical compound

Cystine is the oxidized derivative of the amino acid cysteine and has the formula (SCH₂CH(NH₂)CO₂H)₂. It is a white solid that is poorly soluble in water. As a residue in proteins, cystine serves two functions: a site of redox reactions and a mechanical linkage that allows proteins to retain their three-dimensional structure.

The year 1907 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

The year 1909 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

The year 1888 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

The year 1915 involved numerous significant events in science and technology, some of which are listed below.

The year 1842 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

The year 1923 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

The year 1889 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

The year 1886 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

The year 1876 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Richard Adolf Zsigmondy</span> Austrian-born chemist (1865–1929)

Richard Adolf Zsigmondy was an Austrian-born chemist. He was known for his research in colloids, for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize in chemistry in 1925, as well as for co-inventing the slit-ultramicroscope, and different membrane filters. The crater Zsigmondy on the Moon is named in his honour.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Alexander von Bunge</span> Russian botanist (1803–1890)

Alexander Georg von Bunge was a Russian botanist. He is best remembered for scientific expeditions into Asia and especially Siberia.

Richard Hornsby & Sons was an engine and machinery manufacturer in Grantham, Lincolnshire, England from 1828 until 1918. The company was a pioneer in the manufacture of the oil engine developed by Herbert Akroyd Stuart, which was marketed under the Hornsby-Akroyd name. The company developed an early track system for vehicles, selling the patent to Holt & Co. in America. In 1918, Richard Hornsby & Sons became a subsidiary of the neighbouring engineering firm Rustons of Lincoln, to create Ruston & Hornsby.

Curt Theodor Schimmelbusch was a German physician and pathologist who invented the Schimmelbusch mask, for the safe delivery of anaesthetics to surgical patients. He was also a key figure in the development of mechanical methods of sterilisation and disinfection for surgical procedures, on which his Anleitung zur aseptischen Wundbehandlung was considered a seminal work.

Johannes Adolf von Kries was a German physiological psychologist who formulated the modern “duplicity” or “duplexity” theory of vision mediated by rod cells at low light levels and three types of cone cells at higher light levels. He made important contributions in the field of haemodynamics. In addition, von Kries was a significant theorist of the foundations of probability.

Wilhelm Heinrich Heintz was a German structural chemist from Berlin.

Nikolai Aleksandrovich Menshutkin was a Russian chemist who discovered the process of converting a tertiary amine to a quaternary ammonium salt via the reaction with an alkyl halide, now known as the Menshutkin reaction.

The Gibbs–Thomson effect, in common physics usage, refers to variations in vapor pressure or chemical potential across a curved surface or interface. The existence of a positive interfacial energy will increase the energy required to form small particles with high curvature, and these particles will exhibit an increased vapor pressure. See Ostwald–Freundlich equation. More specifically, the Gibbs–Thomson effect refers to the observation that small crystals are in equilibrium with their liquid melt at a lower temperature than large crystals. In cases of confined geometry, such as liquids contained within porous media, this leads to a depression in the freezing point / melting point that is inversely proportional to the pore size, as given by the Gibbs–Thomson equation.

References

↑ Heape, Walter (1891). "Preliminary Note on the Transplantation and Growth of Mammalian Ova within a Uterine Foster-Mother". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. 48: 457–8. JSTOR 115017 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
↑ Galton, Francis (1891). "The Patterns in Thumb and Finger Marks – On Their Arrangement into Naturally Distinct Classes, the Permanence of the Papillary Ridges that Make Them, and the Resemblance of Their Classes to Ordinary Genera". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B . 182: 1–23. doi: 10.1098/rstb.1891.0001 . JSTOR 91733.
↑ Loeb, Jacques (1890). Der Heliotropismus der Thiere und seine Uebereinstimmung mit dem Heliotropismus der Pflanzen. Würzburg: Hertz. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.1663.
↑ Menschutkin, N. (1890). "Beiträgen zur Kenntnis der Affinitätskoeffizienten der Alkylhaloide und der organischen Amine". Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie . 5: 589.
↑ Menschutkin, N. (1890). "Über die Affinitätskoeffizienten der Alkylhaloide und der Amine". Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie. 6: 41. doi:10.1515/zpch-1890-0107.
↑ Fischer, Emil (1890). "Synthese des Traubenzuckers". Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft. 23: 799–805. doi:10.1002/cber.189002301126.
↑ Muthmann, W. (1890). "Kürzere Originalmittheilungen und Notizen: Messlit, ein neues Mineral". Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, Kristallgeometrie, Kristallphysik, Kristallchemie (in German). Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft. 17: 93–94.
1 2 Crilly, Tony (2007). 50 Mathematical Ideas you really need to know. London: Quercus. ISBN 978-1-84724-008-8.
↑ Waldman, Thomas A. (2003). "Immunotherapy: past, present and future" (PDF). Nature Medicine . 9 (3): 269–277. doi:10.1038/nm0303-269. PMID 12612576.
↑ "Schimmelbusch Mask". Park Ridge, Illinois: Wood Library-Museum of Anesthesiology. 2011. Retrieved 2013-03-19.
↑ British Patent 7146. "The Akroyd Oil Engine". Ray Hooley's – Ruston-Hornsby – Engine Pages. Archived from the original on 24 May 2011. Retrieved 2011-05-31.
↑ Crouch, Tom D. "Clément Ader". Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 2011-03-03.
↑ Gray, Carroll (1998–2003). "Clement Ader 1841–1925". Flying Machines. Retrieved 2011-03-03.
↑ Gibbs-Smith, Charles H. (1959). "Hops and Flights: A Roll Call of Early Powered Take-offs". Flight . 75: 468. Retrieved 2011-03-03.
↑ "Copley Medal | British scientific award". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 23 July 2020.

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[1] Heape, Walter (1891). "Preliminary Note on the Transplantation and Growth of Mammalian Ova within a Uterine Foster-Mother". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. 48: 457–8. JSTOR 115017 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.

[2] Galton, Francis (1891). "The Patterns in Thumb and Finger Marks – On Their Arrangement into Naturally Distinct Classes, the Permanence of the Papillary Ridges that Make Them, and the Resemblance of Their Classes to Ordinary Genera". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B . 182: 1–23. doi: 10.1098/rstb.1891.0001 . JSTOR 91733.

[3] Loeb, Jacques (1890). Der Heliotropismus der Thiere und seine Uebereinstimmung mit dem Heliotropismus der Pflanzen. Würzburg: Hertz. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.1663.

[4] Menschutkin, N. (1890). "Beiträgen zur Kenntnis der Affinitätskoeffizienten der Alkylhaloide und der organischen Amine". Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie . 5: 589.

[5] Menschutkin, N. (1890). "Über die Affinitätskoeffizienten der Alkylhaloide und der Amine". Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie. 6: 41. doi:10.1515/zpch-1890-0107.

[6] Fischer, Emil (1890). "Synthese des Traubenzuckers". Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft. 23: 799–805. doi:10.1002/cber.189002301126.

[7] Muthmann, W. (1890). "Kürzere Originalmittheilungen und Notizen: Messlit, ein neues Mineral". Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, Kristallgeometrie, Kristallphysik, Kristallchemie (in German). Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft. 17: 93–94.

[Crilly-8] 1 2 Crilly, Tony (2007). 50 Mathematical Ideas you really need to know. London: Quercus. ISBN 978-1-84724-008-8.

[9] Waldman, Thomas A. (2003). "Immunotherapy: past, present and future" (PDF). Nature Medicine . 9 (3): 269–277. doi:10.1038/nm0303-269. PMID 12612576.

[10] "Schimmelbusch Mask". Park Ridge, Illinois: Wood Library-Museum of Anesthesiology. 2011. Retrieved 2013-03-19.

[11] British Patent 7146. "The Akroyd Oil Engine". Ray Hooley's – Ruston-Hornsby – Engine Pages. Archived from the original on 24 May 2011. Retrieved 2011-05-31.

[12] Crouch, Tom D. "Clément Ader". Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 2011-03-03.

[13] Gray, Carroll (1998–2003). "Clement Ader 1841–1925". Flying Machines. Retrieved 2011-03-03.

[14] Gibbs-Smith, Charles H. (1959). "Hops and Flights: A Roll Call of Early Powered Take-offs". Flight . 75: 468. Retrieved 2011-03-03.

[15] "Copley Medal | British scientific award". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 23 July 2020.

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