1822 in science

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Last updated July 28, 2023

The year 1822 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

Biology

" Rostocker Pfeilstorch ", a white stork, is found in northern Germany with an arrow from central Africa through its neck, demonstrating the fact of bird migration.

Geology

Georges Cuvier establishes new standards and methods in stratigraphy and paleontology.
Gideon Mantell discovers the first fossil of the iguanodon.
John Phillips and William Conybeare identify the Carboniferous Period.
Jean Baptiste Julien d'Omalius d'Halloy identifies the Cretaceous Period. He also proposes the Jurassic System.

Mathematics

July 3 – Charles Babbage publishes a proposal for a "difference engine", a mechanical forerunner of the modern computer for calculating logarithms and trigonometric functions. Construction of an operational version will proceed under British Government sponsorship 1823–32 but it will never be completed.^[1]
Karl Feuerbach describes the nine-point circle of a triangle.^[2]
William Farish of the University of Cambridge publishes a systematization of the rules for isometric drawing.^[3]^[4]^[5]

Medicine

United States Army surgeon William Beaumont pioneers human gastric endoscopy on Alexis St. Martin.^[6]
Scottish surgeon John Henry Wishart gives the first description in England of neurofibromatosis type II.^[7]^[8]

Physics

Navier–Stokes equations in fluid dynamics first formulated.

Technology

May 23 – HMS Comet launched at Deptford Dockyard in the United Kingdom, the first steamboat commissioned by the Royal Navy.
June 10 – The Aaron Manby crosses the English Channel, making her the first seagoing iron steamboat.
French civil engineer Louis Vicat completes construction of a concrete viaduct across the Dordogne at Souillac, Lot.^[9]

Events

September 11 – Galileo's Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems (1632) is permitted by the Roman Catholic Church to be published.

Awards

June 12 – Edward Banks knighted, the first such honour for work in civil engineering.^[10]
Copley Medal: William Buckland ^[11]

Births

January 2 – Rudolf Clausius, German physicist (died 1888)
January 6 – Heinrich Schliemann, German archaeologist (died 1890)
January 12 – Étienne Lenoir, Belgian mechanical engineer (died 1900)
February 16 – Sir Francis Galton, English explorer, biologist (died 1911)
April 18 – August Heinrich Petermann, German cartographer (died 1878)
June 10 – Lydia White Shattuck, American botanist (died 1889)
July 22 – Gregor Mendel, Silesian geneticist (died 1884)
October 13 (O.S. October 1) – Lev Tsenkovsky, Polish-Ukrainian biologist (died 1887)
December 27 – Louis Pasteur, French biologist (died 1895)

Deaths

January 21 – Marie-Aimée Lullin, Swiss entomologist (born 1751)
February 23 – Johann Matthäus Bechstein, German naturalist (born 1757)
June 23 – René Just Haüy, French mineralogist (born 1743)
August 13 – Jean-Robert Argand, Swiss-born mathematician (born 1768)
August 25 – William Herschel, German-born British astronomer (born 1738)
November 6 – Claude Louis Berthollet, French chemist (born 1748)

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William Beaumont was a surgeon in the U.S. Army who became known as the "Father of Gastric Physiology" for his research on human digestion on Alexis St. Martin.

Alexis Bidagan dit St-Martin was a Canadian voyageur who is known for his part in experiments on digestion in humans, conducted on him by the American Army physician William Beaumont between 1822 and 1833. St-Martin was shot in a near-fatal accident in 1822. His wound did not heal fully, leaving an opening into his stomach. Studies of St-Martin's stomach led to greater understanding of the stomach, gastric juices and the processes of digestion.

William Farish (1759–1837) was a British scientist who was a professor of Chemistry and Natural Philosophy at the University of Cambridge, known for the development of the method of isometric projection and development of the first written university examination.

John Henry WishartFRCSEdFRSE was a Scottish surgeon who worked at the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh. Although a general surgeon, he developed a special interest in the diagnosis and treatment of eye disease. He translated into English three major works of the Italian anatomist and surgeon Antonio Scarpa. With John Argyll Robertson, Wishart jointly founded the Edinburgh Eye Dispensary. He was surgeon in Scotland to King George IV and served as President of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh from 1820 to 1822.

References

↑ Hyman, Anthony (1982). Charles Babbage: Pioneer of the Computer . Oxford University Press. p. 51ff. ISBN 0-19-858170-X.
↑ Crilly, Tony (2007). 50 Mathematical Ideas You Really Need to Know. London: Quercus. p. 85. ISBN 978-1-84724-008-8.
↑ Farish, William (1822). "On Isometrical Perspective" (PDF). Transactions of the Cambridge Philosophical Society. 1: 1–19. Retrieved 2012-05-29.
↑ Jones, Barclay G. (1986). Protecting historic architecture and museum collections from natural disasters. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan. p. 243. ISBN 0-409-90035-4.
↑ Moorhouse, Charles Edmund (1974). Visual messages: graphic communication for senior students.
↑ Beaumont, William; Combe, Andrew (1838). Experiments and Observations on the Gastric Juice, and the Physiology of Digestion (reprint ed.). Edinburgh: MacLachlan & Stewart. ISBN 0-486-69213-2 . Retrieved 2010-09-06.
↑ Wishart, J. H. (1822-07-01). "Case of Tumours in the Skull, Dura Mater, and Brain". Edinburgh Medical and Surgical Journal. 18 (72): 393–397. ISSN 0963-4932. PMC 5828850 . PMID 30332030.
↑ Ramsden, R. T.; Birch, J. M.; Evans, D. G. R. (1999-12-01). "Paediatric presentation of type 2 neurofibromatosis". Archives of Disease in Childhood. 81 (6): 496–499. doi:10.1136/adc.81.6.496. ISSN 0003-9888. PMC 1718148 . PMID 10569966.
↑ Clermontel, Danièle; Clermontel, Jean-Claude (2009). Chronologie scientifique, technologique et économique de la France. Paris: Publibook. p. 241.
↑ Port, M. H. (2004). "Banks, Sir Edward (1770–1835)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography . Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/1294 . Retrieved 2010-10-31.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
↑ "Copley Medal | British scientific award". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 22 July 2020.

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[1] Hyman, Anthony (1982). Charles Babbage: Pioneer of the Computer . Oxford University Press. p. 51ff. ISBN 0-19-858170-X.

[2] Crilly, Tony (2007). 50 Mathematical Ideas You Really Need to Know. London: Quercus. p. 85. ISBN 978-1-84724-008-8.

[3] Farish, William (1822). "On Isometrical Perspective" (PDF). Transactions of the Cambridge Philosophical Society. 1: 1–19. Retrieved 2012-05-29.

[4] Jones, Barclay G. (1986). Protecting historic architecture and museum collections from natural disasters. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan. p. 243. ISBN 0-409-90035-4.

[5] Moorhouse, Charles Edmund (1974). Visual messages: graphic communication for senior students.

[6] Beaumont, William; Combe, Andrew (1838). Experiments and Observations on the Gastric Juice, and the Physiology of Digestion (reprint ed.). Edinburgh: MacLachlan & Stewart. ISBN 0-486-69213-2 . Retrieved 2010-09-06.

[7] Wishart, J. H. (1822-07-01). "Case of Tumours in the Skull, Dura Mater, and Brain". Edinburgh Medical and Surgical Journal. 18 (72): 393–397. ISSN 0963-4932. PMC 5828850 . PMID 30332030.

[8] Ramsden, R. T.; Birch, J. M.; Evans, D. G. R. (1999-12-01). "Paediatric presentation of type 2 neurofibromatosis". Archives of Disease in Childhood. 81 (6): 496–499. doi:10.1136/adc.81.6.496. ISSN 0003-9888. PMC 1718148 . PMID 10569966.

[9] Clermontel, Danièle; Clermontel, Jean-Claude (2009). Chronologie scientifique, technologique et économique de la France. Paris: Publibook. p. 241.

[10] Port, M. H. (2004). "Banks, Sir Edward (1770–1835)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography . Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/1294 . Retrieved 2010-10-31.(subscription or UK public library membership required)

[11] "Copley Medal | British scientific award". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 22 July 2020.

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