1826 in science

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Last updated February 18, 2024

The year 1826 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

Astronomy

Mary Somerville presents a paper on "The Magnetic Properties of the Violet Rays of the Solar Spectrum" to the Royal Society in London.

Chemistry

Otto Unverdorben first isolates aniline, by destructive distillation of indigo;^[1] he calls it Crystallin.
Antoine Jerome Balard isolates bromine.
Pierre Jean Robiquet isolates the dye alizarin.^[2]
Michael Faraday determines the chemical formula of naphthalene.

Exploration

May 22 – HMS Beagle departs on her first voyage from Plymouth for a hydrographic survey of the Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego regions of South America.
Hyacinthe de Bougainville completes a three-year global circumnavigation.

Mathematics

Journal für die reine und angewandte Mathematik is founded by August Leopold Crelle in Berlin.
February 23 – Nikolai Lobachevsky first presents his system of non-Euclidean hyperbolic geometry.

Physiology and medicine

Johannes Peter Müller publishes his first important works, Zur vergleichenden Physiologie des Gesichtsinns ("On the comparative physiology of sight", Leipzig) and Über die phantastischen Gesichtserscheinungen ("On visual hallucination", Coblenz), making a first statement of the law of specific nerve energies.

Technology

January 30 – The Menai Suspension Bridge, built by engineer Thomas Telford, is opened between the island of Anglesey and the mainland of Wales.^[3]
April 1 – American inventor Samuel Morey patents a compressionless internal combustion engine in the United States.^[4]^[5]^[6]
June – Nicéphore Niépce produces the first photograph, View from the Window at Le Gras.^[7]
Benoit Fourneyron develops an efficient outward-flow water turbine.

Zoology

Karl Ernst von Baer discovers the mammalian ovum.^[8]^[9]^[10]
The Austrian zoologist Johann Nepomuk Meyer first describes the Asiatic lion under the name Felis leo persicus.^[11]
The Zoological Society of London is founded by Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles.

Awards

Copley Medal: James South ^[12]

Births

January 15 – Marie Pasteur (died 1910), French chemist.
May 26 – Richard Carrington (died 1875), English astronomer.
June 26 – Morgan Crofton (died 1915), Irish mathematician.
July 7 – John Fowler (died 1864), English agricultural engineer.
July 13 – Stanislao Cannizzaro (died 1910), Italian chemist.
August 21 – Carl Gegenbaur (died 1903), German anatomist.^[13]
September 17 – Bernhard Riemann (died 1866), German mathematician.
October 8 – Emily Blackwell (died 1910), American physician.
Alphonse de Polignac (died 1863), French mathematician.

Deaths

January 3 – Marie Le Masson Le Golft (born 1750), French naturalist.
January 6 – John Farey (born 1766), English geologist.
March 28 - Jean-Baptiste Dumangin (born 1744), French physician.^[14]
June 7 – Joseph von Fraunhofer (born 1787), German physicist.
June 30 - Clément Joseph Tissot (born 1747), French physician and physiotherapist.^[15]
July 4 – Thomas Jefferson (born 1743), Founding Father and 3rd President of the United States and inventor.
July 22 – Giuseppe Piazzi (born 1746), Italian astronomer.
August 13 - René Laennec (born 1781), French physician and musician.^[16]
September 6 - Andrea Vaccà Berlinghieri (born 1772), Italian surgeon.^[17]
October 25 – Philippe Pinel (born 1745), French psychiatrist.
November 23 – Johann Elert Bode (born 1747), German astronomer.
November 24 - Clarke Abel (born 1780), British surgeon and naturalist.^[18]

Related Research Articles

Alizarin is an organic compound with formula C^₁₄H^₈O^₄ that has been used throughout history as a prominent red dye, principally for dyeing textile fabrics. Historically it was derived from the roots of plants of the madder genus. In 1869, it became the first natural dye to be produced synthetically.

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1,2,4-Trihydroxyanthraquinone, commonly called purpurin, is an anthraquinone. It is a naturally occurring red/yellow dye. It is formally derived from 9,10-anthraquinone by replacement of three hydrogen atoms by hydroxyl (OH) groups.

Rose madder is a red paint made from the pigment madder lake, a traditional lake pigment extracted from the common madder plant Rubia tinctorum.

Pierre Jean Robiquet was a French chemist. He laid founding work in identifying amino acids, the fundamental building blocks of proteins. He did this through recognizing the first of them, asparagine, in 1806, in the industry's adoption of industrial dyes, with the identification of alizarin in 1826, and in the emergence of modern medications, through the identification of codeine in 1832, an opiate alkaloid substance of widespread use with analgesic and antidiarrheal properties.

Carl Theodore Liebermann was a German chemist and student of Adolf von Baeyer.

Rubia tinctorum, the rose madder or common madder or dyer's madder, is a herbaceous perennial plant species belonging to the bedstraw and coffee family Rubiaceae.

Andrea Vaccà Berlinghieri was an Italian surgeon born in Montefoscoli, a village in the municipality of Palaia. His older brother, Leopoldo Vaccà Berlinghieri (1768–1809), was a noted Tuscan military figure. His father, Francesco Vacca Berlinghieri (1732-1812), was also a noted physician and writer of medical texts in Tuscany.

References

↑ Unverdorben, Otto (1826). "Ueber das Verhalten der organischen Körper in höheren Temperaturen" [On the behaviour of organic substances at high temperatures]. Annalen der Physik und Chemie. 8 (11): 397–410. Bibcode:1826AnP....84..397U. doi:10.1002/andp.18260841109.
↑ Robiquet, Pierre-Jean; Colin, Jean-Jacques (1826). "Sur un nouveau principe immédiat des vègétaux (l’alizarin) obtenu de la garance" [On a new substance from plants (alizarin) obtained from madder]. Journal de pharmacie et des sciences accessoires 2nd series, 12:407–412; Colin, Jean-Jacques; Robiquet, Pierre-Jean (1827). "Nouvelles recherches sur la matierè colorante de la garance" [New research into the coloring material of madder]. Annales de chimie et de physique 2nd series, 34:225–253.
↑ Rolt, L. T. C. (1958). Thomas Telford . London: Longmans, Green.
↑ X4,378 Gas Or Vapor Engine
↑ Hardenberg, Horst O. (1992). Samuel Morey and his atmospheric engine. SP-922. Warrendale, Pa.: Society of Automotive Engineers. ISBN 1-56091-240-5.
↑ Maurer, Leon. "The Unsolved Mystery of Samuel Morey". Archived from the original on 2013-11-03. Retrieved 2013-11-01.
↑ "The First Photograph". Harry Ransom Center, University of Texas at Austin. Archived from the original on 2009-12-27. Retrieved 2013-11-01.
↑ Reported as "Ovi Mammalium et Hominis genesi" to the Imperial Academy of Sciences in Saint Petersburg in 1827 (published at Leipzig).
↑ Petrunkevitch, Alexander (1920). "Russia's Contribution to Science". Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences. 23: 236.
↑ "Биография Бэр Карл Максимович". AllPersona.Ru. Archived from the original on 2008-03-19. Retrieved 2011-05-18.
↑ Meyer, J. N. (1826). Dissertatio inauguralis anatomico-medica de genere felium. Doctoral thesis, University of Vienna.
↑ "Copley Medal | British scientific award". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 22 July 2020.
↑ "Gegenbaur, Carl (1826-1903)". catalogue.bnf.fr (in French). Bibliothèque Nationale de France. Retrieved 6 February 2021.
↑ Corlieu, Auguste (1901). "Le docteur Dumangin de Château-Thierry et le cœur de Louis XVII". Annales de la Société historique et archéologique de Château-Thierry (in French): 103–107.
↑ "Tissot, Clément-Joseph (1747-1826)". catalogue.bnf.fr (in French). Bibliothèque Nationale de France. Retrieved 6 February 2021.
↑ "Laennec, René-Théophile-Hyacinthe (1781-1826)". catalogue.bnf.fr (in French). Bibliothèque Nationale de France. Retrieved 6 February 2021.
↑ Andrea Vaccà Berlinghieri at Who Named It?
↑ "Abel, Clarke (1789-1826)". catalogue.bnf.fr (in French). Bibliothèque Nationale de France. Retrieved 6 February 2021.

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[1] Unverdorben, Otto (1826). "Ueber das Verhalten der organischen Körper in höheren Temperaturen" [On the behaviour of organic substances at high temperatures]. Annalen der Physik und Chemie. 8 (11): 397–410. Bibcode:1826AnP....84..397U. doi:10.1002/andp.18260841109.

[2] Robiquet, Pierre-Jean; Colin, Jean-Jacques (1826). "Sur un nouveau principe immédiat des vègétaux (l’alizarin) obtenu de la garance" [On a new substance from plants (alizarin) obtained from madder]. Journal de pharmacie et des sciences accessoires 2nd series, 12:407–412; Colin, Jean-Jacques; Robiquet, Pierre-Jean (1827). "Nouvelles recherches sur la matierè colorante de la garance" [New research into the coloring material of madder]. Annales de chimie et de physique 2nd series, 34:225–253.

[Rolt,Telford-3] Rolt, L. T. C. (1958). Thomas Telford . London: Longmans, Green.

[4] X4,378 Gas Or Vapor Engine

[5] Hardenberg, Horst O. (1992). Samuel Morey and his atmospheric engine. SP-922. Warrendale, Pa.: Society of Automotive Engineers. ISBN 1-56091-240-5.

[6] Maurer, Leon. "The Unsolved Mystery of Samuel Morey". Archived from the original on 2013-11-03. Retrieved 2013-11-01.

[7] "The First Photograph". Harry Ransom Center, University of Texas at Austin. Archived from the original on 2009-12-27. Retrieved 2013-11-01.

[8] Reported as "Ovi Mammalium et Hominis genesi" to the Imperial Academy of Sciences in Saint Petersburg in 1827 (published at Leipzig).

[9] Petrunkevitch, Alexander (1920). "Russia's Contribution to Science". Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences. 23: 236.

[10] "Биография Бэр Карл Максимович". AllPersona.Ru. Archived from the original on 2008-03-19. Retrieved 2011-05-18.

[11] Meyer, J. N. (1826). Dissertatio inauguralis anatomico-medica de genere felium. Doctoral thesis, University of Vienna.

[12] "Copley Medal | British scientific award". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 22 July 2020.

[13] "Gegenbaur, Carl (1826-1903)". catalogue.bnf.fr (in French). Bibliothèque Nationale de France. Retrieved 6 February 2021.

[14] Corlieu, Auguste (1901). "Le docteur Dumangin de Château-Thierry et le cœur de Louis XVII". Annales de la Société historique et archéologique de Château-Thierry (in French): 103–107.

[15] "Tissot, Clément-Joseph (1747-1826)". catalogue.bnf.fr (in French). Bibliothèque Nationale de France. Retrieved 6 February 2021.

[16] "Laennec, René-Théophile-Hyacinthe (1781-1826)". catalogue.bnf.fr (in French). Bibliothèque Nationale de France. Retrieved 6 February 2021.

[17] Andrea Vaccà Berlinghieri at Who Named It?

[18] "Abel, Clarke (1789-1826)". catalogue.bnf.fr (in French). Bibliothèque Nationale de France. Retrieved 6 February 2021.

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