1864 in science

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The year 1864 in science and technology included many events, some of which are listed here.

Contents

Astronomy

Botany

Chemistry

Conservation

Mathematics

Physics

Technology

Zoology

Awards

Births

Deaths

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dmitri Mendeleev</span> Russian chemist (1834–1907)

Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev was a Russian chemist and inventor. He is best known for formulating the Periodic Law and creating a version of the periodic table of elements. He used the Periodic Law not only to correct the then-accepted properties of some known elements, such as the valence and atomic weight of uranium, but also to predict the properties of three elements that were yet to be discovered.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">John Newlands (chemist)</span> British chemist (1837–1898)

John Alexander Reina Newlands was a British chemist who worked concerning the periodicity of elements.

In chemistry, the law of mass action is the proposition that the rate of a chemical reaction is directly proportional to the product of the activities or concentrations of the reactants. It explains and predicts behaviors of solutions in dynamic equilibrium. Specifically, it implies that for a chemical reaction mixture that is in equilibrium, the ratio between the concentration of reactants and products is constant.

The year 1944 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

Chemical kinetics, also known as reaction kinetics, is the branch of physical chemistry that is concerned with understanding the rates of chemical reactions. It is different from chemical thermodynamics, which deals with the direction in which a reaction occurs but in itself tells nothing about its rate. Chemical kinetics includes investigations of how experimental conditions influence the speed of a chemical reaction and yield information about the reaction's mechanism and transition states, as well as the construction of mathematical models that also can describe the characteristics of a chemical reaction.

The year 1817 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

The year 1869 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">History of the periodic table</span> Development of the table of chemical elements

The periodic table is an arrangement of the chemical elements, structured by their atomic number, electron configuration and recurring chemical properties. In the basic form, elements are presented in order of increasing atomic number, in the reading sequence. Then, rows and columns are created by starting new rows and inserting blank cells, so that rows (periods) and columns (groups) show elements with recurring properties. For example, all elements in group (column) 18 are noble gases that are largely—though not completely—unreactive.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lothar Meyer</span> German physician and chemist (1830–1895)

Julius Lothar Meyer was a German chemist. He was one of the pioneers in developing the earliest versions of the periodic table of the chemical elements. The Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev and he had both worked with Robert Bunsen. Meyer never used his first given name and was known throughout his life simply as Lothar Meyer.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Richard Spruce</span> British botanist and explorer (1817–1893)

Richard Spruce was an English botanist specializing in bryology. One of the great Victorian botanical explorers, Spruce spent 15 years exploring the Amazon from the Andes to its mouth, and was one of the first Europeans to visit many of the places where he collected specimens. Spruce discovered and named a number of new plant species, and corresponded with some of the leading botanists of the nineteenth century.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jakob Johann von Uexküll</span> Baltic German biologist, zoologist, and philosopher (1864–1944)

Jakob Johann Freiherr von Uexküll was a Baltic German biologist who worked in the fields of muscular physiology and animal behaviour studies and was an influence on the cybernetics of life. However, his most notable contribution is the notion of Umwelt, used by semiotician Thomas Sebeok and philosopher Martin Heidegger. His works established biosemiotics as a field of research.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Peter Waage</span> Norwegian chemist (1833–1900)

Peter Waage was a Norwegian chemist and professor of chemistry at the University of Kristiania. Along with his brother-in-law Cato Maximilian Guldberg, he co-discovered and developed the law of mass action between 1864 and 1879.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Clemens Winkler</span> German chemist who discovered germanium (1838–1904)

Clemens Alexander Winkler was a German chemist who discovered the element germanium in 1886, solidifying Dmitri Mendeleev's theory of periodicity.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Odd Hassel</span> Norwegian physical chemist and Nobel Laureate

Odd Hassel was a Norwegian physical chemist and Nobel Laureate.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cato Maximilian Guldberg</span> Norwegian mathematician and chemist

Cato Maximilian Guldberg was a Norwegian mathematician and chemist. Guldberg is best known as a pioneer in physical chemistry.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Timeline of chemistry</span> List of events in the history of chemistry

This timeline of chemistry lists important works, discoveries, ideas, inventions, and experiments that significantly changed humanity's understanding of the modern science known as chemistry, defined as the scientific study of the composition of matter and of its interactions.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Uexküll</span> Baltic-German noble family

The Uexküll family is the name of an old and distinguished Baltic-German noble family, which derived its name from the town of Uexküll, today in Latvia.

The 19th century in science saw the birth of science as a profession; the term scientist was coined in 1833 by William Whewell, which soon replaced the older term of (natural) philosopher.

Events from the year 1864 in Germany.

References

  1. Kwok, Sun (2000). "History and overview". The Origin and Evolution of planetary Nebulae. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–7. ISBN   0-521-62313-8 . Retrieved 13 January 2012.[ permanent dead link ]
  2. Spruce, Richard (1884). "Hepaticae of the Amazon and the Andes of Peru and Ecuador". Transactions and Proceedings of the Botanical Society. 15 (1–2). Edinburgh.
  3. Spruce, Richard (1908). Wallace, Alfred Russel (ed.). Notes of a botanist on the Amazon and the Andes... during the years 1849–1864. London: Macmillan.
  4. Pearson, Michael (2004). Richard Spruce: naturalist and explorer. Settle, Yorkshire: Hudson History. ISBN   1-903783-28-3.
  5. Newlands, John A. R. (1864-08-20). "On Relations Among the Equivalents". Chemical News. 10: 94–95. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 2011-08-30.
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  8. Guldberg, C. M.; Waage, P. (1864). "Studies Concerning Affinity". Forhandlinger i Videnskabs-Selskabet i Christiana: 35.
  9. Waage, P. (1864). "Experiments for Determining the Affinity Law". Forhandlinger i Videnskabs-Selskabet i Christiania: 92.
  10. Guldberg, C. M. (1864). "Concerning the Laws of Chemical Affinity". Forhandlinger i Videnskabs-Selskabet i Christiania: 111.
  11. Schaffer, Jeffrey P. Yosemite National Park (4th ed.). p. 48.
  12. Enneper, A. (1864). "Analytisch-geometrische Untersuchungen". Zeitschrift für mathematische Physik. 9: 96–125.
  13. Maxwell, J. Clerk (1865). "A dynamical theory of the electromagnetic field" (PDF). Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 155: 459–512. doi:10.1098/rstl.1865.0008. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2011-07-28. Retrieved 2011-08-30.
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  19. Brentari, Carlo (2015). Jakob von Uexküll: The Discovery of the Umwelt between Biosemiotics and Theoretical Biology. Springer.