1869 in science

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The year 1869 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

Events

• November 4 – The first issue of scientific journal Nature is published in London, edited by Norman Lockyer.

Chemistry

Mendeleev's 1869 periodic table

• March 6 – Dmitri Mendeleev makes a formal presentation of his periodic table to the Russian Chemical Society.
• June 15 – John Wesley Hyatt patents celluloid, in Albany, New York.
• July 15 – Hippolyte Mège-Mouriès files a patent for margarine (as oleomargarine) in France as a beef tallow and skimmed milk substitute for butter.
• German chemist Lothar Meyer makes a formal presentation of the revised and expanded version of his independently-created 1864 periodic table, „Die Natur der chemischen Elemente als Funktion ihrer Atomgewichte".
• Publication of Adolphe Wurtz's Dictionnaire de chimie pure et appliquée begins in Paris.

Life sciences

• April 6 – The American Museum of Natural History is founded in New York.
• June 24 – Sea Birds Preservation Act passed in the United Kingdom, preventing killing of designated species during the breeding season, the first Act to offer any protection to British wild birds. ^[1]
• Paul Langerhans discovers the pancreatic islets.
• Friedrich Miescher discovers deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in the pus of discarded surgical bandages. Found in the nuclei of cells, Miescher names it "nuclein".
• Neurasthenia is first published as a diagnosis in psychopathology by Michigan alienist E. H. Van Deusen of the Kalamazoo asylum ^[2] followed a few months later by New York neurologist George Miller Beard. ^[3]
• French missionary and naturalist Père Armand David receives the skin of a giant panda from a hunter, the first time this species has become known to a Westerner; ^[4] he also first describes a specimen of the "pocket handkerchief tree", which will be named in his honor as Davidia involucrata .
• Alfred Russel Wallace publishes The Malay Archipelago .

Mathematics

• W. Stanley Jevons publishes The Substitution of Similars and has a "Logic Piano" constructed to work out problems in symbolic logic. ^[5]
• Hermann Schwarz devises Schwarz–Christoffel mapping.

Technology

• Approximate date – Henry Christopher Mance develops a practical military heliograph in the British Raj. ^{[6] [7] [8]}

Awards

• Copley Medal: Henri Victor Regnault ^[9]
• Wollaston Medal for Geology: Henry Clifton Sorby

Births

• February 14 – C. T. R. Wilson (died 1959), Scottish physicist and meteorologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics.
• February 27 – Alice Hamilton (died 1970), American physician. ^[10]
• April 8 – Harvey Cushing (died 1939), American neurosurgeon.
• April 17 – Robert Robertson (died 1949), Scottish-born chemist.
• June 19 – Christopher Addison (died 1951), English anatomist and politician.
• July 18 – Maria von Linden (died 1936), German bacteriologist and zoologist.
• August 23 – Robert Gunther (died 1940), English historian of science.
• October 3 – Robert W. Paul (died 1943), English pioneer of cinematography.
• November 23 – Valdemar Poulsen (died 1942), Danish audio engineer.
• December 16 – Bertha Lamme (died 1943), American electrical engineer.
• Helen Boyle (died 1957), British physician and psychologist.

Deaths

• July 22 – John A. Roebling (born 1806), German American bridge engineer.
• July 28 – Carl Gustav Carus (born 1789), German physiologist and landscape painter.
• September 11 – Thomas Graham (born 1805), Scottish chemist.

References

1. Barclay-Smith, Phyllis (1959). "The British contribution to bird protection". Ibis . 101 (1): 115–122. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1959.tb02363.x. Archived from the original on 2013-01-05. Retrieved 2021-02-16.
2. Van Deusen, E. H. (April 1869). "Observations on a form of nervous prostration (neurasthenia) culminating in insanity". American Journal of Insanity. 25 (4): 445–461. doi:10.1176/ajp.25.4.445.
3. Beard, George (1869). "Neurasthenia, or nervous exhaustion". The Boston Medical and Surgical Journal. 80 (13): 217–221. doi:10.1056/NEJM186904290801301.
4. "Giant Panda". Encyclopædia Britannica Online . 2010. Retrieved 2010-08-09.
5. Grattan-Guinness, Ivor (2000). The Search for Mathematical Roots, 1870–1940. Princeton University Press. ISBN   978-0-691-05857-3.
6. Woods, Daniel (2008). "Heliograph and Mirrors". In Sterling, Christopher (ed.). Military Communications: From Ancient Times to the 21st Century. ABC-CLIO. p. 208. ISBN   978-1851097326.
7. Mance, Henry (1872-02-10). "The Heliograph or Sun Telegraph". United Service Institution of India. 1 (5): 123–130. hdl:2027/mdp.39015035103855 . Retrieved 2013-06-16.
8. Goode, Samuel (1875-06-14). "Mance's Heliograph, or Sun-Telegraph". Journal of the Royal United Service Institution. XIX (LXXXIII): 534–548. doi:10.1080/03071847509415772 . Retrieved 2011-06-21.
9. "Copley Medal | British scientific award". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 23 July 2020.
10. Sicherman, Barbara (1980). Notable American Women: The Modern Period: a Biographical Dictionary. Cambridge: Belknap Press. p. 303. ISBN   978-0-67462-733-8.