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Huntington's disease (HD), also known as Huntington's chorea, is an incurable neurodegenerative disease that is mostly inherited. The earliest symptoms are often subtle problems with mood or mental/psychiatric abilities. A general lack of coordination and an unsteady gait often follow. It is also a basal ganglia disease causing a hyperkinetic movement disorder known as chorea. As the disease advances, uncoordinated, involuntary body movements of chorea become more apparent. Physical abilities gradually worsen until coordinated movement becomes difficult and the person is unable to talk. Mental abilities generally decline into dementia, depression, apathy, and impulsivity at times. The specific symptoms vary somewhat between people. Symptoms usually begin between 30 and 50 years of age, and can start at any age but are usually seen around the age of 40. The disease may develop earlier in each successive generation. About eight percent of cases start before the age of 20 years, and are known as juvenile HD, which typically present with the slow movement symptoms of Parkinson's disease rather than those of chorea.
The year 1808 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.
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Sir Charles Wyville Thomson was a Scottish natural historian and marine zoologist. He served as the chief scientist on the Challenger expedition; his work there revolutionized oceanography and led to his being knighted.
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is the ninth known human herpesvirus; its formal name according to the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) is Human gammaherpesvirus 8, or HHV-8 in short. Like other herpesviruses, its informal names are used interchangeably with its formal ICTV name. This virus causes Kaposi's sarcoma, a cancer commonly occurring in AIDS patients, as well as primary effusion lymphoma, HHV-8-associated multicentric Castleman's disease and KSHV inflammatory cytokine syndrome. It is one of seven currently known human cancer viruses, or oncoviruses. Even after many years since the discovery of KSHV/HHV8, there is no known cure for KSHV associated tumorigenesis.
George Huntington was an American physician who contributed a classic clinical description of the disease that bears his name—Huntington's disease.
Moritz Kaposi was a physician and dermatologist from the Austro-Hungarian Empire who discovered the skin tumor that received his name.
Paul Charles Zamecnik was an American scientist who played a central role in the early history of molecular biology. He was a professor of medicine at Harvard Medical School and a senior scientist at Massachusetts General Hospital.
Yuan Chang is a Taiwanese-born American virologist and pathologist who co-discovered together with her husband, Patrick S. Moore, the Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) and Merkel cell polyomavirus, two of the seven known human oncoviruses.
Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is a type of cancer that can form masses on the skin, in lymph nodes, in the mouth, or in other organs. The skin lesions are usually painless, purple and may be flat or raised. Lesions can occur singly, multiply in a limited area, or may be widespread. Depending on the sub-type of disease and level of immune suppression, KS may worsen either gradually or quickly. Except for Classical KS where there is generally no immune suppression, KS is caused by a combination of immune suppression and infection by Human herpesvirus 8.
References
- ↑ U.S. Patent 127,568.
- ↑ "Yellowstone, the First National Park". Archived from the original on 29 June 2011. Retrieved 16 June 2011.
- ↑ U.S. Statutes at Large, Vol. 17, Chap. 24, pp. 32-33. "An Act to set apart a certain Tract of Land lying near the Head-waters of the Yellowstone River as a public Park." From The Evolution of the Conservation Movement, 1850-1920 collection, Library of Congress.
- ↑ Rice, A. L. (1999). "The Challenger Expedition". Understanding the Oceans: Marine Science in the Wake of HMS Challenger. London: Routledge. pp. 27–48. ISBN 978-1-85728-705-9 . Retrieved 8 May 2011.
- 1 2 Crilly, Tony (2007). 50 Mathematical Ideas you really need to know. London: Quercus. ISBN 978-1-84724-008-8.
- ↑ Huntington, G. (1872-04-13). "On Chorea". Medical and Surgical Reporter of Philadelphia. 26 (15): 317–321.
- ↑ Lanska, D. J. (2000). "George Huntington (1850–1916) and hereditary chorea". Journal of the History of the Neurosciences . 9 (1): 76–89. doi:10.1076/0964-704X(200004)9:1;1-2;FT076. PMID 11232352. S2CID 22659368.
- ↑ Vale, Thiago Cardoso; Cardoso, Francisco (2015). "Chorea: A journey through history". Tremor and Other Hyperkinetic Movements. 5: 1–6. doi:10.7916/D8WM1C98. PMC 4454991 . PMID 26056609.
- ↑ Kaposi, Moriz (1872). "Idiopathisches multiples Pigmentsarkom der Haut". Archiv für Dermatologie und Syphilis. 4 (2): 265–73. doi:10.1007/bf01830024. S2CID 31438763. Translated as: Kaposi, M. (1982). "Idiopathic Multiple Pigmented Sarcoma of the Skin". CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians. 32 (6): 342–7. doi: 10.3322/canjclin.32.6.342 .
- ↑ "Moriz Kohn Kaposi". Whonamedit? . Retrieved 2011-03-25.
- ↑ Monoyer, F. (1872). "Sur l'introduction du système métrique dans le numérotage des verres de lunettes et sur le choix d'une unité de réfraction". Annales d'Oculistiques. 68: 101.
- ↑ Encyclopaedia of Physics (2nd ed.). 1991.
- ↑ Improvement in Gas-Engines (Patent no. 125166).
- ↑ Borth, Christy (1945). Masters of Mass Production. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill. p. 152.
- ↑ Beare, T. H. (2004). "Hopkinson, John (1849–1898)" . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/13758 . Retrieved 2011-06-02.(Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
- ↑ "The Evolution of the Hydroplane". Flight . 6: 796. 1914-07-24. Retrieved 2012-01-09.
- ↑ "History". Polytechnic Museum.
- ↑ "Copley Medal | British scientific award". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 23 July 2020.
- ↑ Lightman, Bernard (2004). Dictionary Of Nineteenth-Century of British Scientists Vol.1. Bristol: Thoemmes. p. 356. ISBN 978-1-85506-999-2.