1936 in science

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Last updated May 08, 2023

The year 1936 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

Chemistry

February 4 – Radium E (bismuth-210) becomes the first radioactive element to be made synthetically.
December 23 – The first nerve agent, Tabun, is discovered (accidentally) by a research team headed by Dr Gerhard Schrader of IG Farben in Germany.^[1]^[2]

Computer science

May 28 – Alan Turing's paper "On Computable Numbers" is received by the London Mathematical Society for publication, introducing the concept of the theoretical "a[utomatic]-machine" or Turing machine. Its formal publication is on November 12.^[3]
Rózsa Péter presents a paper entitled "Über rekursive Funktionen der zweite Stufe" to the International Congress of Mathematicians in Oslo,^[4] helping to found the modern field of recursive function theory.^[5]^[6]

Earth sciences

Inge Lehmann argues that the Earth's molten interior has a solid inner core.^[7]^[8]

History of science and technology

Economist John Maynard Keynes buys a trunk of Isaac Newton's papers at auction.^[9]

Mathematics

March – Alonzo Church's "A Note on the Entscheidungsproblem " is published.^[10]
Dutch mathematician Cornelis Simon Meijer introduces the Meijer G-function.^[11]

Physiology and medicine

July 4 – First publication recognizing stress as a biological condition.^[12]^[13]
December 7 – Streptococcous meningitis (a condition previously 99% fatal) is successfully treated for the first time with a sulfonamide.^[14]
American researcher Thomas Francis Jr. isolates influenza B virus. Also this year, Australian Macfarlane Burnet discovers that Orthomyxoviridae can be grown in embryonated hens’ eggs.^[15]
António Egas Moniz publishes his first report of performing a prefrontal leukotomy on a human patient.^[16]
Guido Fanconi describes a connection between celiac disease, cystic fibrosis of the pancreas and bronchiectasis.^[17]
Harry Himsworth distinguishes the two principal types of diabetes.^[18]

Psychology

Sherif's experiment on conformity.^[19]

Technology

June 26 – Focke-Wulf Fw 61, the first fully controllable helicopter, makes its first flight.
November 3 – The world's first regular daily high-definition (at this time defined as at least 200 lines) television broadcast service is begun by the British Broadcasting Corporation from Alexandra Palace in London (following test transmissions since August). The service initially alternates on a weekly basis between John Logie Baird's 240-line electromechanical system and the Marconi-EMI all-electronic 405-line television system.

Zoology

September 7 – Death of the last recorded thylacine, in Hobart Zoo.^[20]
November 9 – American explorer Ruth Harkness encounters and captures in China a live giant panda, a cub named Su Lin, the first to enter the United States.^[21]

Awards

Fields Prize in Mathematics (first award): Lars Ahlfors and Jesse Douglas
Nobel Prizes
- Physics – Victor Franz Hess, Carl David Anderson
- Chemistry – Peter Debye
- Medicine – Sir Henry Hallett Dale, Otto Loewi

Births

January 8 – Robert May, Australian-born Government Chief Scientific Adviser (United Kingdom) (died 2020).
January 10
- Walter Bodmer, German-born British human geneticist.
- Robert Wilson, American physicist and radio astronomer.
January 27 – Barry Barish, American gravitational physicist, Nobel Prize winner.
March 16 – Raymond Vahan Damadian, Armenian-American MRI practitioner.
March 24 – David Suzuki, Canadian geneticist and populariser of science.
April 1 – Abdul Qadeer Khan (died 2021), Pakistani nuclear physicist.^[22]
April 17 – Meemann Chang, Chinese paleontologist.
June 29 – Leon O. Chua, American electrical engineer and computer scientist.
August 1 – W. D. Hamilton (died 2000), English evolutionary biologist, widely recognised as one of the greatest evolutionary theorists of the 20th century.^[23]
August 17 – Margaret Hamilton, American computer scientist, Presidential Medal of Freedom laureate.
September 17 – Gerald Guralnik (died 2014), American physicist most famous for his co-discovery of the Higgs mechanism and Higgs boson.
November 25 – John Taylor, English inventor.
December 22 – James Burke, British historian and populariser of science.
December 31 – Szilveszter E. Vizi, Hungarian physician, neuroscientist and pharmacologist.

Deaths

February 9 – Sir Charles Ballance (born 1856), English surgeon.
February 27 – Ivan Pavlov (born 1849), Russian physiologist.
April 8 – Róbert Bárány (born 1876), Austro-Hungarian-born otologist, Nobel Prize winner in medicine.
April 9 – John Uri Lloyd (born 1849), American pharmacist and science fiction author.
April 27 – Karl Pearson (born 1857), English mathematician.
August 25 – Maria von Linden (born 1869), German bacteriologist and zoologist.

Related Research Articles

In computability theory, the Church–Turing thesis is a thesis about the nature of computable functions. It states that a function on the natural numbers can be calculated by an effective method if and only if it is computable by a Turing machine. The thesis is named after American mathematician Alonzo Church and the British mathematician Alan Turing. Before the precise definition of computable function, mathematicians often used the informal term effectively calculable to describe functions that are computable by paper-and-pencil methods. In the 1930s, several independent attempts were made to formalize the notion of computability:

In mathematics and computer science, the Entscheidungsproblem is a challenge posed by David Hilbert and Wilhelm Ackermann in 1928. The problem asks for an algorithm that considers, as input, a statement and answers "Yes" or "No" according to whether the statement is universally valid, i.e., valid in every structure satisfying the axioms.

Maxwell Herman Alexander Newman, FRS,, generally known as Max Newman, was a British mathematician and codebreaker. His work in World War II led to the construction of Colossus, the world's first operational, programmable electronic computer, and he established the Royal Society Computing Machine Laboratory at the University of Manchester, which produced the world's first working, stored-program electronic computer in 1948, the Manchester Baby.

A Turing machine is a mathematical model of computation describing an abstract machine that manipulates symbols on a strip of tape according to a table of rules. Despite the model's simplicity, it is capable of implementing any computer algorithm.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Alonzo Church</span> American mathematician and computer scientist (1903–1995)

Alonzo Church was an American mathematician, computer scientist, logician, and philosopher who made major contributions to mathematical logic and the foundations of theoretical computer science. He is best known for the lambda calculus, the Church–Turing thesis, proving the unsolvability of the Entscheidungsproblem, the Frege–Church ontology, and the Church–Rosser theorem. He also worked on philosophy of language. Alongside his doctoral student Alan Turing, Church is considered one of the founders of computer science.

The year 1906 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

The year 1874 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

The year 1937 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

The year 1927 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

The year 1954 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

The year 1979 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

The year 1932 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

The year 1939 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

The year 1950 in science and technology included some significant events.

The year 1949 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">António Egas Moniz</span> Portuguese neurologist (1874–1955)

António Caetano de Abreu Freire Egas Moniz, known as Egas Moniz, was a Portuguese neurologist and the developer of cerebral angiography. He is regarded as one of the founders of modern psychosurgery, having developed the surgical procedure leucotomy—better known today as lobotomy—for which he became the first Portuguese national to receive a Nobel Prize in 1949.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rózsa Péter</span> Hungarian mathematician

Rózsa Péter, born Rózsa Politzer, was a Hungarian mathematician and logician. She is best known as the "founding mother of recursion theory".

The Einstein Institute of Mathematics is a centre for scientific research in mathematics at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, founded in 1925 with the opening of the university. A leading research institute, the institute's faculty has included recipients of the Nobel Prize, Fields Medal, Wolf Prize, and Israel Prize.

References

↑ "A Short History of the Development of Nerve Gases". Noblis.org. Archived from the original on 2009-02-03. Retrieved 2011-10-07.
↑ "Nerve Agent: GA". Cbwinfo.com. Archived from the original on 2011-09-27. Retrieved 2011-10-07.
↑ Turing, A. M. (January 1937). "On computable numbers, with an application to the Entscheidungsproblem". Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society . Series 2. 42: 230–265. doi:10.1112/plms/s2-42.1.230 . Retrieved 2017-12-24.
↑ "Rózsa Péter". MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive . School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of St Andrews, Scotland. Retrieved 14 April 2014.
↑ Albers, Donald J.; Alexanderson, Gerald L.; Reid, Constance, eds. (1990), "Rozsa Peter 1905–1977", More Mathematical People, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, p. 149
↑ Andrásfai, Béla (1986), "Rózsa (Rosa) Péter", Periodica Polytechnica Electrical Engineering, 30 (2–3): 139–145
↑ Lehmann, Inge (1936). "P'". Publications du Bureau Central Séismologique International. A14 (3): S.87–115.
↑ Bolt, Bruce A. (1987). "50 years of studies on the inner core". Eos . 68 (6): 73, 80–81. Bibcode:1987EOSTr..68Q..73B. doi:10.1029/eo068i006p00073-01.
↑ Bryson, Bill (2004). A Short History of Nearly Everything. Broadway Books. p. 71. ISBN 978-0767908184.
↑ Church, Alonzo (1936). "A Note on the Entscheidungsproblem". Journal of Symbolic Logic . 1 (1): 40–41. doi:10.2307/2269326. JSTOR 2269326. S2CID 42323521. Submitted April 15 [sic.]
↑ Meijer, C. S. (1936). "Über Whittakersche bzw. Besselsche Funktionen und deren Produkte". Nieuw Archief voor Wiskunde (2) (in German). 18 (4): 10–39. JFM 62.0421.02.
↑ Selye, Hans (1936). "A Syndrome Produced by Diverse Nocuous Agents". Nature . 138 (3479): 32. Bibcode:1936Natur.138...32S. doi: 10.1038/138032a0 . Archived from the original on 2008-01-07. Retrieved 2020-02-16.
↑ Szabo, S.; Yoshida, M.; Filakovszky, J.; Juhasz, G. (2017). ""Stress" is 80 Years Old: From Hans Selye Original Paper in 1936 to Recent Advances in GI Ulceration" (PDF). Current Pharmaceutical Design. 23 (27): 4029–4041. doi:10.2174/1381612823666170622110046. PMID 28641541.
↑ "1936". MusicAndHistory. Archived from the original on 2013-06-10. Retrieved 2015-08-16.
↑ "Influenza Historic Timeline". CDC. 2019-01-30. Retrieved 2022-03-19.
↑ "Egas Moniz - Biography". Nobelprize.org. 9 Jun 2010. Archived from the original on 2010-06-09. Retrieved 11 July 2010.
↑ Fanconi, G.; Uehlinger, E.; Knauer, C. (1936). "Das coeliakiesyndrom bei angeborener zysticher pankreasfibromatose und bronchiektasien". Wiener medizinische Wochenschrift. 86: 753–756.
↑ Himsworth, H. P. (1936). "Diabetes mellitus: its differentiation into insulin-sensitive and insulin-insensitive types". The Lancet . London. 227 (5864): 127–30. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(01)36134-2.
↑ Hogg, Michael A.; Vaughan, Graham M. (2005). Social Psychology (4th ed.). Harlow: Prentice Hall. ISBN 0273686992.
↑ Paddle, Robert (2000). The Last Tasmanian Tiger: the History and Extinction of the Thylacine. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-53154-3.
↑ Watson, D. A. "The Panda Lady: Ruth Harkness (Part 1)". Female explorers. Archived from the original on 15 December 2006. Retrieved 2007-02-01.
↑ Corera, Gordon (2021-10-10). "AQ Khan: The most dangerous man in the world?". BBC News . Retrieved 2021-10-10.
↑ Dawkins, Richard (2000-03-10). "Obituary". The Independent . London. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2021-10-10.

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[1] "A Short History of the Development of Nerve Gases". Noblis.org. Archived from the original on 2009-02-03. Retrieved 2011-10-07.

[2] "Nerve Agent: GA". Cbwinfo.com. Archived from the original on 2011-09-27. Retrieved 2011-10-07.

[3] Turing, A. M. (January 1937). "On computable numbers, with an application to the Entscheidungsproblem". Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society . Series 2. 42: 230–265. doi:10.1112/plms/s2-42.1.230 . Retrieved 2017-12-24.

[MacTutor-4] "Rózsa Péter". MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive . School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of St Andrews, Scotland. Retrieved 14 April 2014.

[5] Albers, Donald J.; Alexanderson, Gerald L.; Reid, Constance, eds. (1990), "Rozsa Peter 1905–1977", More Mathematical People, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, p. 149

[6] Andrásfai, Béla (1986), "Rózsa (Rosa) Péter", Periodica Polytechnica Electrical Engineering, 30 (2–3): 139–145

[7] Lehmann, Inge (1936). "P'". Publications du Bureau Central Séismologique International. A14 (3): S.87–115.

[8] Bolt, Bruce A. (1987). "50 years of studies on the inner core". Eos . 68 (6): 73, 80–81. Bibcode:1987EOSTr..68Q..73B. doi:10.1029/eo068i006p00073-01.

[9] Bryson, Bill (2004). A Short History of Nearly Everything. Broadway Books. p. 71. ISBN 978-0767908184.

[10] Church, Alonzo (1936). "A Note on the Entscheidungsproblem". Journal of Symbolic Logic . 1 (1): 40–41. doi:10.2307/2269326. JSTOR 2269326. S2CID 42323521. Submitted April 15 [sic.]

[11] Meijer, C. S. (1936). "Über Whittakersche bzw. Besselsche Funktionen und deren Produkte". Nieuw Archief voor Wiskunde (2) (in German). 18 (4): 10–39. JFM 62.0421.02.

[12] Selye, Hans (1936). "A Syndrome Produced by Diverse Nocuous Agents". Nature . 138 (3479): 32. Bibcode:1936Natur.138...32S. doi: 10.1038/138032a0 . Archived from the original on 2008-01-07. Retrieved 2020-02-16.

[13] Szabo, S.; Yoshida, M.; Filakovszky, J.; Juhasz, G. (2017). ""Stress" is 80 Years Old: From Hans Selye Original Paper in 1936 to Recent Advances in GI Ulceration" (PDF). Current Pharmaceutical Design. 23 (27): 4029–4041. doi:10.2174/1381612823666170622110046. PMID 28641541.

[14] "1936". MusicAndHistory. Archived from the original on 2013-06-10. Retrieved 2015-08-16.

[15] "Influenza Historic Timeline". CDC. 2019-01-30. Retrieved 2022-03-19.

[16] "Egas Moniz - Biography". Nobelprize.org. 9 Jun 2010. Archived from the original on 2010-06-09. Retrieved 11 July 2010.

[17] Fanconi, G.; Uehlinger, E.; Knauer, C. (1936). "Das coeliakiesyndrom bei angeborener zysticher pankreasfibromatose und bronchiektasien". Wiener medizinische Wochenschrift. 86: 753–756.

[18] Himsworth, H. P. (1936). "Diabetes mellitus: its differentiation into insulin-sensitive and insulin-insensitive types". The Lancet . London. 227 (5864): 127–30. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(01)36134-2.

[19] Hogg, Michael A.; Vaughan, Graham M. (2005). Social Psychology (4th ed.). Harlow: Prentice Hall. ISBN 0273686992.

[20] Paddle, Robert (2000). The Last Tasmanian Tiger: the History and Extinction of the Thylacine. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-53154-3.

[21] Watson, D. A. "The Panda Lady: Ruth Harkness (Part 1)". Female explorers. Archived from the original on 15 December 2006. Retrieved 2007-02-01.

[22] Corera, Gordon (2021-10-10). "AQ Khan: The most dangerous man in the world?". BBC News . Retrieved 2021-10-10.

[23] Dawkins, Richard (2000-03-10). "Obituary". The Independent . London. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2021-10-10.

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