2000 in science

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The year 2000 in science and technology involved some significant events.

Contents

Astronomy and space exploration

Conjunction of planets, Moon, and Sun on May 4, 2000 2000May04-conjunction.png
Conjunction of planets, Moon, and Sun on May 4, 2000

Biology

Computer science

Earth sciences

History of science and technology

Mathematics

Medicine

Paleontology

Philosophy

Physics

Institutions

Awards

Deaths

Related Research Articles

In graph theory, an expander graph is a sparse graph that has strong connectivity properties, quantified using vertex, edge or spectral expansion. Expander constructions have spawned research in pure and applied mathematics, with several applications to complexity theory, design of robust computer networks, and the theory of error-correcting codes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2000</span> Calendar year

2000 (MM) was a century leap year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar, the 2000th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 1000th and last year of the 2nd millennium, the 100th and last year of the 20th century, and the 1st year of the 2000s decade.

The year 2001 in science and technology involved many events, some of which are included below.

The year 1908 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

The year 1998 in science and technology involved many events, some of which are included below.

The year 1997 in science and technology involved many significant events, listed below.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gödel Prize</span> Computer science award

The Gödel Prize is an annual prize for outstanding papers in the area of theoretical computer science, given jointly by the European Association for Theoretical Computer Science (EATCS) and the Association for Computing Machinery Special Interest Group on Algorithms and Computational Theory. The award is named in honor of Kurt Gödel. Gödel's connection to theoretical computer science is that he was the first to mention the "P versus NP" question, in a 1956 letter to John von Neumann in which Gödel asked whether a certain NP-complete problem could be solved in quadratic or linear time.

In combinatorial mathematics, rotation systems encode embeddings of graphs onto orientable surfaces by describing the circular ordering of a graph's edges around each vertex. A more formal definition of a rotation system involves pairs of permutations; such a pair is sufficient to determine a multigraph, a surface, and a 2-cell embedding of the multigraph onto the surface.

Robert Allan Weinberg is an American biologist, Daniel K. Ludwig Professor for Cancer Research at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), director of the Ludwig Center of the MIT, and American Cancer Society Research Professor. His research is in the area of oncogenes and the genetic basis of human cancer.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Avi Wigderson</span> Israeli computer scientist and mathematician

Avi Wigderson is an Israeli computer scientist and mathematician. He is the Herbert H. Maass Professor in the school of mathematics at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America. His research interests include complexity theory, parallel algorithms, graph theory, cryptography, and distributed computing. Wigderson received the Abel Prize in 2021 for his work in theoretical computer science. He also received the 2023 Turing Award for his contributions to the understanding of randomness in the theory of computation.

Omer Reingold is an Israeli computer scientist. He is the Rajeev Motwani professor of Computer Science in the Computer Science Department at Stanford University and the director of the Simons Collaboration on the Theory of Algorithmic Fairness. He received a PhD in computer science at Weizmann in 1998 under Moni Naor. He received the 2005 Grace Murray Hopper Award for his work in finding a deterministic logarithmic-space algorithm for st-connectivity in undirected graphs. He, along with Avi Wigderson and Salil Vadhan, won the Gödel Prize (2009) for their work on the zig-zag product. He became a Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery in 2014 "For contributions to the study of pseudorandomness, derandomization, and cryptography."

A symmetric Turing machine is a Turing machine which has a configuration graph that is undirected.

In graph theory, the zig-zag product of regular graphs , denoted by , is a binary operation which takes a large graph and a small graph and produces a graph that approximately inherits the size of the large one but the degree of the small one. An important property of the zig-zag product is that if is a good expander, then the expansion of the resulting graph is only slightly worse than the expansion of .

David R. Smith is an American physicist and professor of electrical and computer engineering at Duke University in North Carolina and visiting professor at Imperial College London. Smith's research focuses on electromagnetic metamaterials, or materials with a negative index of refraction.

In mathematics, a rotation map is a function that represents an undirected edge-labeled graph, where each vertex enumerates its outgoing neighbors. Rotation maps were first introduced by Reingold, Vadhan and Wigderson in order to conveniently define the zig-zag product and prove its properties. Given a vertex and an edge label , the rotation map returns the 'th neighbor of and the edge label that would lead back to .

<span class="mw-page-title-main">The Hallmarks of Cancer</span> 2000 paper by Hanahan and Weinberg

The hallmarks of cancer were originally six biological capabilities acquired during the multistep development of human tumors and have since been increased to eight capabilities and two enabling capabilities. The idea was coined by Douglas Hanahan and Robert Weinberg in their paper "The Hallmarks of Cancer" published January 2000 in Cell.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Douglas Hanahan</span> American biologist

Douglas Hanahan is an American biologist, professor and director emeritus of the Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research at EPFL in Lausanne, Switzerland. He is currently member of the Lausanne branch of the Ludwig Institute.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bastille Day solar storm</span> Solar storm on 14–16 July 2000

The Bastille Day solar storm was a powerful solar storm on 14–16 July 2000 during the solar maximum of solar cycle 23. The storm began on the national day of France, Bastille Day. It involved a solar flare, a solar particle event, and a coronal mass ejection which caused a severe geomagnetic storm.

<i>Zig and Zag</i> (TV series) 2016 childrens animated sitcom

Zig and Zag is an animated sitcom series, commissioned by CBBC and RTÉ and featuring the extraterrestrial puppets Zig and Zag from the planet Zog. It aired on CBBC and RTÉjr. Both Zig and Zag are voiced by the characters' original voice actors, creators and writers, Ciaran Morrison and Mick O'Hara.

<i>Zig Zag</i> (1987 video game) 1987 video game

Zig Zag is a shoot 'em up video game developed by Zig Zag Software and published by Mirrorsoft for the Commodore 64 in 1987. It was designed by Antony Crowther. Spectrum Holobyte published the game in North America in 1988, part of the company's International Series brand.

References

  1. Watari, Shinichi; Kunitake, Manabu; Watanabe, Takashi (January 2001). "The Bastille Day (14 July 2000) event in historical large sun-earth connection events". Solar Physics. 204: 425–438. Bibcode:2001SoPh..204..425W. doi:10.1023/A:1014273227639. S2CID   117394988 . Retrieved January 2, 2021.
  2. "First crew starts living and working on the International Space Station". European Space Agency. October 31, 2000. Archived from the original on December 17, 2018. Retrieved January 24, 2021.
  3. Smith, Kiona N. (January 23, 2021). "The Species That Went Extinct Twice". Forbes. Archived from the original on January 31, 2021.
  4. "White House Press Release". Archived from the original on June 29, 2011. Retrieved August 4, 2011.
  5. "Census of Marine Life" . Retrieved October 10, 2011.
  6. Center for Y2K and Society Records, Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota.
  7. "I2Go eGo". Archived from the original on February 24, 2020. Retrieved December 26, 2020.
  8. Credeur, Mary Jane (September 10, 2001). "2Go is gone after burning through $7 million". Atlanta Business Chronicle.
  9. Reingold, O.; Vadhan, S.; Wigderson, A. (2000), "Entropy waves, the zig-zag graph product, and new constant-degree expanders and extractors", Proceedings of the 41st IEEE Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science (FOCS), pp. 3–13, arXiv: math/0406038 , doi:10.1109/SFCS.2000.892006, ISBN   0-7695-0850-2, S2CID   420651 .
  10. Hanahan Douglas; Weinberg Robert A. (January 2000). "The Hallmarks of Cancer". Cell . 100 (1): 57–70. doi: 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81683-9 . PMID   10647931.
  11. "Harold Shipman: Timeline". BBC News. July 18, 2002. Retrieved August 4, 2011.
  12. Smith, D. R.; Padilla, WJ; Vier, DC; Nemat-Nasser, SC; Schultz, S (2000). "Composite Medium with Simultaneously Negative Permeability and Permittivity". Physical Review Letters. 84 (18): 4184–7. Bibcode:2000PhRvL..84.4184S. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.84.4184 . ISSN   0031-9007. PMID   10990641.
  13. McDonald, Kim (March 21, 2000). "UCSD Physicists Develop a New Class of Composite Material with 'Reverse' Physical Properties Never Before Seen". UCSD Science and Engineering. Archived from the original on June 11, 2011. Retrieved December 17, 2010.
  14. Ferrandis, Joaquín (November 13, 2000). "El mayor museo de las ciencias de España" [The largest science museum of Spain]. El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Archived from the original on March 31, 2022. Retrieved March 30, 2022.