1910 in science

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Last updated June 17, 2024

The year 1910 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

Astronomy

January 12 – Great January Comet of 1910 first observed (perihelion: January 17).^[1]
January 22 – At 9:30 in the evening, the Vigarano Meteorite splits as it falls to Earth in Italy at the locality of the same name, near Emilia. Weighing 11.5 kg (or 25 lb.), the stone that is recovered is the first of the CV chondrites named for the location. CV chondrites are described as the oldest rocks in the solar system.^[2] The other piece of the meteorite, weighing 4.5 kilograms (9.9 lb), is found a month later.
April 10 – Halley's Comet becomes visible with the naked eye (perihelion: April 20);^[3] Earth passes through its tail about May 19^[4] (its next visit will be in 1986).
December 30 – A nova (later referred to as DI Lacertae), is spotted in the constellation Lacerta, by Anglican minister and astronomer T. H. E. C. Espin, making him the first human to see the birth of the new star.^[5]
Approximate date – The Hertzsprung–Russell diagram is developed by Ejnar Hertzsprung and Henry Norris Russell.

Cartography

Behrmann projection introduced.

Chemistry

Albert Einstein and Marian Smoluchowski find the Einstein-Smoluchowski formula for the attenuation coefficient due to density fluctuations in a gas.
Umetaro Suzuki isolates the first vitamin complex, aberic acid.^[6]
Hoechst AG market Arsphenamine under the trade name Salvarsan , the first organic antisyphilitic, its properties having been discovered the previous fall by bacteriologist Sahachiro Hata during systematic testing in the laboratory of Paul Ehrlich; it rapidly becomes the world's most widely prescribed drug.^[7]
George Barger and James Ewens of Wellcome Laboratories in London first synthesize dopamine.^[8]
Frederick Soddy shows that the radioelements mesothorium (later shown to be ²²⁸Ra), radium (²²⁶Ra, the longest-lived isotope), and thorium X (²²⁴Ra) are impossible to separate, leading to the identification of isotopes.^[9]

Mathematics

Publication of the 1st volume of Principia Mathematica by Alfred North Whitehead and Bertrand Russell, one of the most important and seminal works in mathematical logic and philosophy.
First known use of the term "Econometrics" (in cognate form), by Paweł Ciompa.^[10]

Physics

German physicist Theodor Wulf climbs the Eiffel Tower with an electrometer and discovers the first evidence of cosmic rays.
Hans Reissner and Gunnar Nordström define the Reissner–Nordström singularity; Hermann Weyl solves the special case for a point-body source.

Physiology and medicine

February 3 – The first pyloromyotomy, a surgery to correct the congenital narrowing (in infants) of the path between the stomach and the intestines (pyloric stenosis) is performed in Edinburgh by Sir Harold Stiles; however, the procedure is named for Dr. Wilhelm Ramstedt, who performs the surgery in 1911.^[11]
March – International Psychoanalytical Association established.
March 20 – The first clinic for treatment of occupational diseases is opened in Milan (Italy). (The first in the United States will be established in 1915.)^[12]
May 18 – At the annual meeting of the American Association for the Study of the Feeble-Minded, Henry H. Goddard introduces a system for classifying individuals with mental retardation based on intelligence quotient (IQ): moron for those with an IQ of 51–70, imbecile for those with an IQ of 26–50, and idiot for those with an IQ of 0-25.
July 15 – Publication of the eighth edition of Emil Kraepelin's Psychiatrie: Ein Lehrbuch für Studierende und Arzte, naming Alzheimer's disease as a variety of dementia.^[13]
October (approx.) – Approximate date of origin of Manchurian plague, a form of pneumonic plague which by December is spreading through northeastern China, killing more than 40,000.^[14]^[15]^[16]
Thomas Hunt Morgan discovers that genes are located on chromosomes.
Chicago cardiologist James B. Herrick makes the first published identification of sickle cells in the blood of a patient with anemia.^[17]
Platelets are first named by James Homer Wright.^[18]
Peyton Rous demonstrates that a malignant tumor can be transmitted by a virus (which becomes known as the Rous sarcoma virus, a retrovirus).^[19]^[20]
Hans Christian Jacobaeus of Sweden performs the first thoracoscopic diagnosis with a cystoscope.^[21]^[22]

Technology

January 12–13 – Lee De Forest conducts an experimental broadcast of part of a live performance of Tosca and, the next day, a performance with the participation of the Italian tenor Enrico Caruso from the stage of Metropolitan Opera House in New York City.^[23]^[24]
February 17 – A patent for the first safety catch (firearms) is filed by the Browning Arms Company in the United States.^[25]
February 25 – Thomas Edison's "trolleyless street car", powered by storage batteries rather than by overhead electric wires, is publicly demonstrated on New York City's 29th Street horse car tracks.^[26]
March 28 – Henri Fabre makes the first flights in a seaplane, at Martigues, France.
June 7 – William G. Allen of the Allen Manufacturing Company is granted a United States patent for a hex key.^[27]
October – First publication of infrared photographs, by American optical physicist Robert W. Wood in the Royal Photographic Society's Journal.
December 3–18 – Georges Claude demonstrates the first modern neon light at the Paris Motor Show.
Lieutenant-Colonel Dr. George Owen Squier of the United States Army invents telephone carrier multiplexing.
Completion of Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad's Paulinskill Viaduct on its Lackawanna Cut-Off, the world's largest reinforced concrete structure at this time, built under the supervision of Lincoln Bush, its chief engineer.^[28]

Institutions

March 17 – The Smithsonian Institution's Natural History Building, later the National Museum of Natural History, opens its doors to the public in Washington, D.C.^[29]

Awards

Nobel Prizes
- Physics – Johannes Diderik van der Waals
- Chemistry – Otto Wallach
- Medicine – Albrecht Kossel

Births

January 20 – Friederike Victoria Gessner, later Joy Adamson (murdered 1980), Austrian-born wildlife conservationist.^[30]
February 9 – Jacques Monod (died 1976), French biochemist, winner of Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1965.
February 13 – William Shockley (died 1989), American physicist.
March 11 – Robert Havemann (died 1982), German chemist.
May 3 – Helen M. Duncan (died 1971), American geologist and paleontologist
May 12 – Dorothy Hodgkin (died 1994), British chemist.
June 11 – Jacques Cousteau (died 1997), French oceanographer.
July 16 – David Lack (died 1973), English ornithologist.
August 18 – Pál Turán (died 1976), Hungarian mathematician.
August 28 – C. Doris Hellman (died 1973), American historian of science.
September 1 – Pierre Bézier (died 1999), French engineer.
October 11 – Cahit Arf (died 1997), Turkish mathematician.
October 27 – Margaret Hutchinson Rousseau (died 2000), American chemical engineer.
October 31 – Victor Rothschild (died 1990), British polymath.
December 24 – Bill Pickering (died 2004), New Zealand-born head of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory.

Deaths

May 10 – Stanislao Cannizzaro (born 1826), Italian chemist.
May 12 – William Huggins (born 1824), English astronomer.
May 27 – Robert Koch (born 1843), German bacteriologist.
July 4 – Giovanni Schiaparelli (born 1835), Italian astronomer.
July 14 – Mihran Kassabian (born 1870), American radiologist.
August 12 – Florence Nightingale (born 1820), English nurse.

Related Research Articles

Plague is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis. Symptoms include fever, weakness and headache. Usually this begins one to seven days after exposure. There are three forms of plague, each affecting a different part of the body and causing associated symptoms. Pneumonic plague infects the lungs, causing shortness of breath, coughing and chest pain; bubonic plague affects the lymph nodes, making them swell; and septicemic plague infects the blood and can cause tissues to turn black and die.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Frederick Soddy</span> English chemist and physicist (1877 – 1956)

Frederick Soddy FRS was an English radiochemist who explained, with Ernest Rutherford, that radioactivity is due to the transmutation of elements, now known to involve nuclear reactions. He also proved the existence of isotopes of certain radioactive elements. In 1921 he received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry "for his contributions to our knowledge of the chemistry of radioactive substances, and his investigations into the origin and nature of isotopes". Soddy was a polymath who mastered chemistry, nuclear physics, statistical mechanics, finance and economics.

Pneumonic plague is a severe lung infection caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis. Symptoms include fever, headache, shortness of breath, chest pain, and coughing. They typically start about three to seven days after exposure. It is one of three forms of plague, the other two being septicemic plague and bubonic plague.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Arsphenamine</span> Antibiotic drug introduced in the 1910s

Arsphenamine, also known as Salvarsan or compound 606, is an antibiotic drug that was introduced at the beginning of the 1910s as the first effective treatment for the deadly infectious diseases syphilis, relapsing fever, and African trypanosomiasis. This organoarsenic compound was the first modern antimicrobial agent.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hydroxycarbamide</span> Medication

Hydroxycarbamide, also known as hydroxyurea, is a medication used in sickle-cell disease, essential thrombocythemia, chronic myelogenous leukemia, polycythemia vera, and cervical cancer. In sickle-cell disease it increases fetal hemoglobin and decreases the number of attacks. It is taken by mouth.

James Bryan Herrick was an American physician and professor of medicine who practiced and taught in Chicago. He is credited with the description of sickle-cell disease and was one of the first physicians to describe the symptoms of myocardial infarction.

Sahachirō Hata was a prominent Japanese bacteriologist who researched the bubonic plague under Kitasato Shibasaburō and assisted in developing the Arsphenamine drug in 1909 in the laboratory of Paul Ehrlich.

Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) is a retrovirus and is the first oncovirus to have been described. It causes sarcoma in chickens.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Francis Peyton Rous</span> American scientist (1879–1970)

Francis Peyton Rous was an American pathologist at the Rockefeller University known for his works in oncoviruses, blood transfusion and physiology of digestion. A medical graduate from the Johns Hopkins University, he was discouraged from becoming a practicing physician due to severe tuberculosis. After three years of working as an instructor of pathology at the University of Michigan, he became dedicated researcher at the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research for the rest of his career.

Nicosan, also known as Hemoxin, Niprisan, or Nix-0699, is a phytochemical which was studied in sickle-cell disease (SCD). As of 2017 it does not appear to be commercially available, as the only manufacturer, which was in Nigeria, has stopped producing it due to financial problems.

Wu Lien-teh (Chinese: 伍連德; pinyin: Wǔ Liándé; Jyutping: Ng⁵ Lin⁴ Dak¹; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Gó͘ Liân-tek; Goh Lean Tuck and Ng Leen Tuck in Minnan and Cantonese transliteration respectively; 10 March 1879 – 21 January 1960) was a Malayan physician renowned for his work in public health, particularly the Manchurian plague of 1910–11. He is the inventor of the Wu mask, which is the forerunner of today's N95 respirator.

James Van Gundia Neel was an American geneticist who played a key role in the development of human genetics as a field of research in the United States. He made important contributions to the emergence of genetic epidemiology and pursued an understanding of the influence of environment on genes. In his early work, he studied sickle-cell disease and acatalasia. conducted research on the effects of radiation on survivors of the Hiroshima atomic bombing.

Harvey Akio Itano was an American biochemist best known for his work on the molecular basis of sickle cell anemia and other diseases. In collaboration with Linus Pauling, Itano used electrophoresis to demonstrate the difference between normal hemoglobin and sickle cell hemoglobin; their 1949 paper "Sickle Cell Anemia, a Molecular Disease" was a landmark in both molecular medicine and protein electrophoresis, though the use of electrophoresis to separate hemoglobin variants had been pioneered by Maud Menten and collaborators some years earlier.

"Sickle Cell Anemia, a Molecular Disease" is a 1949 scientific paper by Linus Pauling, Harvey A. Itano, Seymour J. Singer and Ibert C. Wells that established sickle-cell anemia as a genetic disease in which affected individuals have a different form of the metalloprotein hemoglobin in their blood. The paper, published in the November 25, 1949 issue of Science, reports a difference in electrophoretic mobility between hemoglobin from healthy individuals and those with sickle-cell anemia, with those with sickle cell trait having a mixture of the two types. The paper suggests that the difference in electrophoretic mobility is probably due to a different number of ionizable amino acid residues in the protein portion of hemoglobin, and that this change in molecular structure is responsible for the sickling process. It also reports the genetic basis for the disease, consistent with the simultaneous genealogical study by James V. Neel: those with sickle-cell anemia are homozygous for the disease gene, while heterozygous individuals exhibit the usually asymptomatic condition of sickle cell trait.

Sickle cell disease (SCD), also simply called sickle cell, is a group of hemoglobin-related blood disorders typically inherited. The most common type is known as sickle cell anemia. It results in an abnormality in the oxygen-carrying protein haemoglobin found in red blood cells. This leads to a rigid, sickle-like shape under certain circumstances. Problems in sickle cell disease typically begin around 5 to 6 months of age. A number of health problems may develop, such as attacks of pain in joints, anemia, swelling in the hands and feet, bacterial infections, dizziness and stroke. Long-term pain may develop as people get older. The average life expectancy in the developed world is 40 to 60 years. It often gets worse within age. All the major organs are affected by sickle cell disease. The liver, heart, kidneys, gallbladder, eyes, bones, and joints also can suffer damage from the abnormal functions of the sickle cells, and their inability to flow through the small blood vessels correctly.

CI chondrites, also called C1 chondrites or Ivuna-type carbonaceous chondrites, are a group of rare carbonaceous chondrite, a type of stony meteorite. They are named after the Ivuna meteorite, the type specimen. CI chondrites have been recovered in France, Canada, India, and Tanzania. Their overall chemical composition closely resembles the elemental composition of the Sun, more so than any other type of meteorite.

The 1924 Los Angeles pneumonic plague outbreak was an outbreak of the pneumonic plague in Los Angeles, California that began on September 28, 1924, and was declared fully contained on November 13, 1924. It represented the first time that the plague had emerged in Southern California since plague outbreaks had previously surfaced in San Francisco and Oakland. The suspected reason for this outbreak was a rat epizootic where squirrels that were found to be plague infected were secondarily infected by rats. Due to the evidence of infected squirrels near San Luis Obispo County as late as July 1924 and the migration habits of both squirrels and rats, it is thought that squirrels were the original source of the plague outbreak in Los Angeles.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ernest E. Irons</span> American physician

Ernest Edward Irons was an American physician who led several prominent medical organizations. Working as an intern under physician James B. Herrick, he identified abnormalities on a blood smear that resulted in the first published report of sickle cell disease.

The Manchurian plague was a pneumonic plague that occurred mainly in Manchuria in 1910–1911. It killed 60,000 people, stimulating a multinational medical response and the wearing of the first personal protective equipment (PPE).

John Graydon Kidd was an American physician, pathologist, and virologist.

References

↑ Bortle, J. "The Bright Comet Chronicles". harvard.edu. Retrieved 2008-11-18.
↑ University of Ottawa Archived 2008-05-06 at the Wayback Machine meteorites database
↑ Yeomans, Donald Keith (1998). "Great Comets in History". Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Retrieved 2007-03-15.
↑ Ridpath, Ian (1985). "Through the comet's tail". Revised extracts from "A Comet Called Halley", published by Cambridge University Press in 1985. Retrieved 2011-06-19.
↑ Astrophys. J. 33:410–417 (1911) "New Star on Milky Way", Washington Post, January 15, 1911, p. 47
↑ Tokyo Kagaku Kaishi (1911) ^{[ permanent dead link ]}
↑ "Salvarsan". Chemical & Engineering News . American Chemical Society. 2005. Retrieved 2011-12-31.
↑ Fahn, S. (2008). "The history of dopamine and levodopa in the treatment of Parkinson's disease". Movement Disorders. 23 Suppl 3: S497–508. doi:10.1002/mds.22028. PMID 18781671. S2CID 45572523.
↑ Nagel, Miriam C. (1982). "Frederick Soddy: From Alchemy to Isotopes". Journal of Chemical Education. 59 (9): 739–740. Bibcode:1982JChEd..59..739N. doi:10.1021/ed059p739.
↑ Pesaran, M. Hashem (1987). "Econometrics". The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics. Vol. 2. pp. 8–22.
↑ Bax, N. M. A.; et al. (2008). Endoscopic Surgery in Infants and Children. Springer. p. 281.
↑ Fielding, H. Garrison (1917). An Introduction to the History of Medicine: With Medical Chronology, Suggestions for Study and Bibliographic Data. W.B. Saunders Co. p. 775.
↑ Berchtold, N. C.; Cotman, C. W. (1998). "Evolution in the conceptualization of dementia and Alzheimer's disease: Greco-Roman period to the 1960s". Neurobiology of Aging. 19 (3): 173–89. doi:10.1016/S0197-4580(98)00052-9. PMID 9661992. S2CID 24808582.
↑ "Recalling the 1910 Harbin Plague". Sina.com (in Chinese).
↑ Gamsa, Mark (February 2006). "The Epidemic of Pneumonic Plague in Manchuria 1910–1911". Past & Present . 190 (1): 147–183. doi:10.1093/pastj/gtj001.
↑ Goh, L. G.; Ho, T. M.; Phua, K. H. (January 1987). "Wisdom and Western Science: The Work of Dr Wu Lien-Teh". Asia-Pacific Journal of Public Health . Historical Milestones. 1 (1): 99–109. doi:10.1177/101053958700100123. PMID 3330665. S2CID 33328996.
↑ Herrick, James B. (November 1910). "Peculiar elongated and sickle-shaped red blood corpuscles in a case of severe anemia". Archives of Internal Medicine . 6 (5): 517–521. doi:10.1001/archinte.1910.00050330050003.; Reprinted in Herrick, JB (2001). "Peculiar elongated and sickle-shaped red blood corpuscles in a case of severe anemia. 1910". Yale J Biol Med. 74 (3): 179–84. PMC 2588723 . PMID 11501714.
↑ Wright, J. H. (1910). "The histogenesis of blood platelets". Journal of Morphology. 21 (2): 263–78. doi:10.1002/jmor.1050210204. hdl: 2027/hvd.32044107223588 . S2CID 84877594.
↑ Rous, Peyton (1910-09-01). "A Transmissible Avian Neoplasm (Sarcoma of the Common Fowl)". Journal of Experimental Medicine . 12 (5): 696–705. doi:10.1084/jem.12.5.696. PMC 2124810 . PMID 19867354 . Retrieved 2018-11-04.^{[ dead link ]}
↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1966 – Peyton Rous – Biography". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2011-10-14.
↑ Jacobaeus, Hans Christian (1911). "The Possibilities for Performing Cystoscopy in Examinations of Serous Cavities". Münchner Medizinischen Wochenschrift.
↑ Hatzinger, Martin; et al. (4 December 2006). "Hans Christian Jacobaeus: Inventor of Human Laparoscopy and Thoracoscopy". Journal of Endourology. 20 (11): 848–850. doi:10.1089/end.2006.20.848. PMID 17144849.
↑ Kane, Joseph Nathan (1981). Famous First Facts (4th ed.). New York: The H.W. Wilson Company. p. 442. ISBN 978-0-8242-0661-1.
↑ "MetOpera Database". Metropolitan Opera.
↑ U.S. Patent No. 984,519, granted on February 14, 1911. Hurst v. Glock, Inc. Archived 2011-09-27 at the Wayback Machine , 295 N.J. Super. 165 (1996).
↑ "Test Edison Car On Crosstown Line" (PDF). The New York Times. 1910-02-26. p. 2.
↑ U.S. patent 960,244
↑ Thompson, Sanford E. (1915). Concrete in Railroad Construction: A Treatise ... Atlas Portland Cement Company. p. 36.
↑ "This Day in SI History – March". Smithsonian Institution Archives. Archived from the original on 2010-06-08. Retrieved 2010-04-18.
↑ Haines, Catharine M. C. (2001). International Women in Science: A Biographical Dictionary to 1950. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. p. 3. ISBN 978-1-57607-090-1.

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[1] Bortle, J. "The Bright Comet Chronicles". harvard.edu. Retrieved 2008-11-18.

[2] University of Ottawa Archived 2008-05-06 at the Wayback Machine meteorites database

[3] Yeomans, Donald Keith (1998). "Great Comets in History". Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Retrieved 2007-03-15.

[4] Ridpath, Ian (1985). "Through the comet's tail". Revised extracts from "A Comet Called Halley", published by Cambridge University Press in 1985. Retrieved 2011-06-19.

[5] Astrophys. J. 33:410–417 (1911) "New Star on Milky Way", Washington Post, January 15, 1911, p. 47

[6] Tokyo Kagaku Kaishi (1911) ^{[ permanent dead link ]}

[7] "Salvarsan". Chemical & Engineering News . American Chemical Society. 2005. Retrieved 2011-12-31.

[8] Fahn, S. (2008). "The history of dopamine and levodopa in the treatment of Parkinson's disease". Movement Disorders. 23 Suppl 3: S497–508. doi:10.1002/mds.22028. PMID 18781671. S2CID 45572523.

[9] Nagel, Miriam C. (1982). "Frederick Soddy: From Alchemy to Isotopes". Journal of Chemical Education. 59 (9): 739–740. Bibcode:1982JChEd..59..739N. doi:10.1021/ed059p739.

[10] Pesaran, M. Hashem (1987). "Econometrics". The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics. Vol. 2. pp. 8–22.

[11] Bax, N. M. A.; et al. (2008). Endoscopic Surgery in Infants and Children. Springer. p. 281.

[12] Fielding, H. Garrison (1917). An Introduction to the History of Medicine: With Medical Chronology, Suggestions for Study and Bibliographic Data. W.B. Saunders Co. p. 775.

[13] Berchtold, N. C.; Cotman, C. W. (1998). "Evolution in the conceptualization of dementia and Alzheimer's disease: Greco-Roman period to the 1960s". Neurobiology of Aging. 19 (3): 173–89. doi:10.1016/S0197-4580(98)00052-9. PMID 9661992. S2CID 24808582.

[14] "Recalling the 1910 Harbin Plague". Sina.com (in Chinese).

[15] Gamsa, Mark (February 2006). "The Epidemic of Pneumonic Plague in Manchuria 1910–1911". Past & Present . 190 (1): 147–183. doi:10.1093/pastj/gtj001.

[16] Goh, L. G.; Ho, T. M.; Phua, K. H. (January 1987). "Wisdom and Western Science: The Work of Dr Wu Lien-Teh". Asia-Pacific Journal of Public Health . Historical Milestones. 1 (1): 99–109. doi:10.1177/101053958700100123. PMID 3330665. S2CID 33328996.

[17] Herrick, James B. (November 1910). "Peculiar elongated and sickle-shaped red blood corpuscles in a case of severe anemia". Archives of Internal Medicine . 6 (5): 517–521. doi:10.1001/archinte.1910.00050330050003.; Reprinted in Herrick, JB (2001). "Peculiar elongated and sickle-shaped red blood corpuscles in a case of severe anemia. 1910". Yale J Biol Med. 74 (3): 179–84. PMC 2588723 . PMID 11501714.

[18] Wright, J. H. (1910). "The histogenesis of blood platelets". Journal of Morphology. 21 (2): 263–78. doi:10.1002/jmor.1050210204. hdl: 2027/hvd.32044107223588 . S2CID 84877594.

[19] Rous, Peyton (1910-09-01). "A Transmissible Avian Neoplasm (Sarcoma of the Common Fowl)". Journal of Experimental Medicine . 12 (5): 696–705. doi:10.1084/jem.12.5.696. PMC 2124810 . PMID 19867354 . Retrieved 2018-11-04.^{[ dead link ]}

[20] "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1966 – Peyton Rous – Biography". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2011-10-14.

[21] Jacobaeus, Hans Christian (1911). "The Possibilities for Performing Cystoscopy in Examinations of Serous Cavities". Münchner Medizinischen Wochenschrift.

[22] Hatzinger, Martin; et al. (4 December 2006). "Hans Christian Jacobaeus: Inventor of Human Laparoscopy and Thoracoscopy". Journal of Endourology. 20 (11): 848–850. doi:10.1089/end.2006.20.848. PMID 17144849.

[23] Kane, Joseph Nathan (1981). Famous First Facts (4th ed.). New York: The H.W. Wilson Company. p. 442. ISBN 978-0-8242-0661-1.

[24] "MetOpera Database". Metropolitan Opera.

[25] U.S. Patent No. 984,519, granted on February 14, 1911. Hurst v. Glock, Inc. Archived 2011-09-27 at the Wayback Machine , 295 N.J. Super. 165 (1996).

[26] "Test Edison Car On Crosstown Line" (PDF). The New York Times. 1910-02-26. p. 2.

[27] U.S. patent 960,244

[28] Thompson, Sanford E. (1915). Concrete in Railroad Construction: A Treatise ... Atlas Portland Cement Company. p. 36.

[29] "This Day in SI History – March". Smithsonian Institution Archives. Archived from the original on 2010-06-08. Retrieved 2010-04-18.

[30] Haines, Catharine M. C. (2001). International Women in Science: A Biographical Dictionary to 1950. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. p. 3. ISBN 978-1-57607-090-1.

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