1918 in science

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The following events in science and technology occurred in the year 1918.

Astronomy

• June 8 – Nova Aquila, the brightest observed since 1604, is discovered.
• Kiyotsugu Hirayama identifies several groups of main belt asteroids, now known as Hirayama families.
• Harlow Shapley demonstrates that globular clusters are arranged in a spheroid or halo whose center is not the Earth, but the center of the galaxy.
• Heber Curtis discovers a relativistic jet of matter emerging from Elliptical galaxy M87.

Biology

• February 21 – The last known Carolina parakeet (the only parrot species native to the eastern United States) dies in Cincinnati Zoo.
• Around 1000 pilot whales strand in the Chatham Islands.
• R. A. Fisher puts forward a genetic model that shows that continuous variation could be the result of Mendelian inheritance in his paper "The Correlation Between Relatives on the Supposition of Mendelian Inheritance".
• J. Henri Fabre's The Sacred Beetle, and others published in English. ^[1]
• Jacques Loeb's Forced Movements, Tropisms, and Animal Conduct published in the United States. ^[2]

Cryptography

• February 23 – Arthur Scherbius applies to patent the Enigma machine. ^[3]
• Edward Hugh Hebern patents the Hebern rotor machine.

History of science

• Technisches Museum Wien opens in Vienna.

Mathematics

• Felix Hausdorff introduces the concept of the fractional Hausdorff dimension. ^[4]
• Gaston Julia describes the iteration of a rational function. ^[5]

Physics

• July 26 – Emmy Noether introduces what becomes known as Noether's theorem, from which conservation laws are deduced for symmetries of angular momentum, linear momentum and energy, at Göttingen, Germany.
• Josef Lense and Hans Thirring find the gravitomagnetic precession of gyroscopes in the equations of general relativity.
• Hans Reissner and Gunnar Nordström solve the Einstein and Maxwell field equations for charged spherically symmetric non-rotating systems.
• Friedrich Kottler gets a Schwarzschild solution without Einstein vacuum field equations.

Physiology and medicine

• January – 1918 flu pandemic: "Spanish 'flu" (influenza) first observed in Haskell County, Kansas. ^[6]
• March 26 – Dr. Marie Stopes publishes her influential book Married Love in the U.K., following it with Wise Parenthood, a treatise on birth control.
• June–August – "Spanish 'flu" becomes pandemic. ^[7]
• September 7 – J. B. Christopherson publishes his discovery that antimony potassium tartrate is an effective cure for bilharzia. ^[8]
• Hartog Jacob Hamburger describes the chloride shift. ^[9]

Technology

• April 10 – Alexander M. Nicholson files a United States patent for the radio crystal oscillator. ^[10]
• July – American cinematographer Frank D. Williams is granted a patent for the "Williams process" of travelling matte. ^[11]
• Edwin Howard Armstrong develops the superheterodyne receiver. ^[12]
• George Constantinescu publishes Theory of sonics: a treatise on transmission of power by vibrations, ^[13] originating the study of this branch of continuum mechanics.
• Theodore von Karman and Asbóth Oszkár build the first co-axial helicopter.
• Charles Strite invents the pop-up toaster. ^[14]

Awards

• Nobel Prize
  • Physics – Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck
  • Chemistry – Fritz Haber ^[15]
  • Medicine – not awarded

Births

• January 23 – Gertrude B. Elion (died 1999), American pharmacologist, Nobel laureate.
• January 27 – Antonín Mrkos (died 1996), Czech astronomer.
• March 13 – Marjorie Blamey (died 2019), English botanical illustrator.
• March 16 – Frederick Reines (died 1998), American physicist, Nobel laureate. ^[16]
• April 4 – Joseph Ashbrook (died 1980), American astronomer.
• April 25 – Gérard de Vaucouleurs (died 1995), French astronomer.
• May 11 – Richard Feynman (died 1988), American physicist, Nobel laureate.
• May 20 – Alexandra Illmer Forsythe (died 1980), American computer scientist
• June 6 – Edwin G. Krebs (died 2009), American biochemist, Nobel laureate.
• July 15
  • Bertram Brockhouse (died 2003), Canadian physicist.
  • Brenda Milner, English-born neuropsychologist.
• July 16 – Samuel Victor Perry (died 2009), English biochemist, pioneer in the field of muscle biochemistry.
• August 3 – Cheng Kaijia (died 2018), Chinese nuclear physicist.
• August 13 – Frederick Sanger (died 2013), English molecular biologist, double Nobel laureate.
• August 26 – Katherine Johnson (died 2020), African American mathematician and space physicist.
• August 29 – John Herivel (died 2011), British cryptanalyst and science historian.
• September 8 – Derek Barton (died 1998), English-born organic chemist, Nobel laureate.
• September 27 – Martin Ryle (died 1984), English radio astronomer.
• October 4 – Adrian Kantrowitz (died 2008), American cardiac surgeon.
• November 10 – Ernst Otto Fischer (died 2007), German chemist, Nobel laureate.
• November 19 – Hendrik C. van de Hulst (died 2000), Dutch astronomer.
• December 25 – Tamara Mikhaylovna Smirnova (died 2001), Russian astronomer.
• Eleanor C. Pressly (died 2003), American mathematician and aeronautical engineer.

Deaths

• January 6 – Georg Cantor (born 1845), German mathematician.
• January 26 – Ewald Hering (born 1834), German physiologist.
• January 31 – Ivan Puluj (born 1845), Austrian-born Ukrainian physicist.
• April 20 – Karl Ferdinand Braun (born 1850), German physicist, Nobel laureate.
• May 1 – G. K. Gilbert (born 1843), American geologist.
• May 31 – Alexander Mitscherlich (born 1836), German chemist.
• June 13 – Samuel Jean de Pozzi (born 1846), French gynaecologist.
• June 27 – George Mary Searle (born 1839), American astronomer.
• June 29 – Alfred Senier (born 1853), Irish chemist.
• September 7 – Peter Ludwig Mejdell Sylow (born 1832), Norwegian mathematician.
• August 22 – Korbinian Brodmann (born 1868), German neurologist.
• October 28 – Ulisse Dini (born 1845), Italian mathematician.
• November 3 – Aleksandr Lyapunov (born 1857), Russian mathematician and physicist.
• November 29 – Thomas Allinson (born 1858), English physician and dietetic reformer.
• December 26 – William Hampton Patton (born 1853), American entomologist.
• December 27 – Birt Acres (born 1854), American-born English pioneer of cinematography.

References

1. Fabre, Jean-Henri (1918). The Sacred Beetle, and others. Translated by Teixeira de Mattos, Alexander. New York: Dodd, Mead and Company. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.8946.
2. Loeb, Jacques (1918). Forced movements, tropisms, and animal conduct. Philadelphia and London: J.B. Lippincott company. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.18452.
3. Singh, Simon (1999). The Code Book: the Science of Secrecy from Ancient Egypt to Quantum Cryptography. London: Fourth Estate. p. 127. ISBN   978-1-85702-879-9.
4. Crilly, Tony (2007). 50 Mathematical Ideas you really need to know. London: Quercus. p. 97. ISBN   978-1-84724-008-8.
5. "Mémoire sur l'itération des fonctions rationnelles". Journal de Mathématiques Pures et Appliquées . 8: 47–245.
6. Barry, John M. (2005) [2004]. The Great Influenza: The Story of the Deadliest Pandemic in History . New York: Penguin Books.
7. "La Grippe Espagnole de 1918". Institut Pasteur. Archived from the original on 4 June 2011. Retrieved 3 May 2011.
8. Christopherson, J. B. (1918). "The Successful Use of Antimony in Bilharziosis". The Lancet . 192 (4958): 325. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(01)02807-0.
9. Hamburger, H. J. (1918). "Anionenwanderungen in serum und blut unter dem einfluss von CO₂, Saure und Akali". Biochemische Zeitschrift. 86: 309–324.
10. Nicholson, Alexander M. Generating and transmitting electric currents U.S. patent 2,212,845 , granted August 27, 1940.
11. U.S. patent 1,273,435 .
12. "Radio/Broadcasting Timeline". CBN History. WCBN. Archived from the original on 2022-03-01. Retrieved 2019-10-23.
13. London: The Admiralty.
14. U.S. patent 1,394,450 , granted October 18, 1921.
15. "These Nobel Prize Winners Weren't Always Noble". National Geographic News. 6 October 2015. Archived from the original on August 8, 2020. Retrieved 19 January 2021.
16. Wilford, John Noble (28 August 1998). "Frederick Reines Dies at 80; Nobelist Discovered Neutrino" . The New York Times . Retrieved 24 October 2021.