1843 in science

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Last updated June 17, 2024

The year 1843 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

Astronomy

March 11–14 – Eta Carinae flares to become the second brightest star.
February 5–April 19 – "Great March Comet" observed.
December 21 – The first total solar eclipse of Saros 139 occurs over southern Asia.
Heinrich Schwabe reports a periodic change in the number of sunspots: they wax and wane in number according to a ten-year cycle.

Chemistry

Jean-Baptiste Dumas names lactose.^[1]
Carl Mosander discovers the chemical elements Terbium and Erbium.^[2]
John J. Waterston produces an account of the kinetic theory of gases.^[3]
Alfred Bird produces single-acting baking powder.^[4]

Mathematics

September – Ada Lovelace translates and expands Menabrea’s notes on Charles Babbage's analytical engine, including an algorithm for calculating a sequence of Bernoulli numbers, regarded as the world's first computer program.^[5]^[6]^[7]
October 16 – William Rowan Hamilton discovers the calculus of quaternions and deduces that they are non-commutative.^[8]
Arthur Cayley and James Joseph Sylvester found the algebraic invariant theory.
John T. Graves discovers the octonions.
Pierre-Alphonse Laurent discovers and presents the Laurent expansion theorem.

Physics

James Prescott Joule experimentally finds the mechanical equivalent of heat.^[9]
Ohm's acoustic law is proposed by German physicist Georg Ohm.

Physiology and medicine

April–May – English surgeon Benjamin Brodie extracts a coin lodged in the bronchus of engineer Isambard Kingdom Brunel using novel methods.^[10]
British surgeon James Braid publishes Neurypnology: or the Rationale of Nervous Sleep, a key text in the history of hypnotism.
Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr., argues that puerperal fever is spread by lack of hygiene in physicians.^[11]

Technology

March 25 – Completion of the Thames Tunnel, the first bored underwater tunnel in the world (engineer: Marc Isambard Brunel).^[12]
July 19 – Launch of SS Great Britain, the first iron-hulled, propeller-driven ship to cross the Atlantic Ocean (designer: Isambard Kingdom Brunel).^[13]
November 21 – Thomas Hancock patents the vulcanisation of rubber using sulphur in the United Kingdom
The steam powered rotary printing press is invented by Richard March Hoe in the United States.^[14]
Robert Stirling and his brother James convert a steam engine at a Dundee factory to operate as a Stirling engine.
The first public telegraph line in the United Kingdom is laid between Paddington and Slough.
Approximate date – Euphonium invented.

Publications

October – Anna Atkins begins publication of Photographs of British Algae: Cyanotype Impressions, a collection of contact printed cyanotype photograms of algae which forms the first book illustrated with photographic images.^[15]^[16]^[17]^[18]

Awards

Copley Medal: Jean-Baptiste Dumas ^[19]
Wollaston Medal for Geology: Jean-Baptiste Elie de Beaumont; Pierre Armand Dufrenoy

Births

January 13 – David Ferrier (died 1928), Scottish neurologist.^[20]
May 6 – G. K. Gilbert (died 1918), American geologist.
June 12 – David Gill (died 1914), Scottish astronomer.
June 23 – Paul Heinrich von Groth (died 1927), German mineralogist.
July 24 – William de Wiveleslie Abney (died 1920), English astronomer.
August 17 – Alexandre Lacassagne (died 1924), French forensic scientist.
November 30 – Martha Ripley (died 1912), American physician.^[21]
December 11 – Robert Koch (died 1910), German physician, famous for the discovery of the tubercle bacillus (1882) and the cholera bacillus (1883) and for his development of Koch's postulates; awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1905
Adelaida Lukanina (died 1908), Russian chemist.

Deaths

July 25 – Charles Macintosh (born 1766), Scottish inventor of a waterproof fabric.^[22]
August 10 – Robert Adrain (born 1775), Irish American mathematician.
September 11 – Joseph Nicollet (born 1786), French geographer, explorer, mathematician and astronomer.
September 19 – Gaspard-Gustave Coriolis (born 1792), French mathematician and discoverer of the Coriolis effect.
September 30 – Richard Harlan (born 1796), American zoologist.
November 16 – Abraham Colles (born 1773), Anglo-Irish surgeon.

Related Research Articles

Augusta Ada King, Countess of Lovelace was an English mathematician and writer, chiefly known for her work on Charles Babbage's proposed mechanical general-purpose computer, the Analytical Engine. She was the first to recognise that the machine had applications beyond pure calculation.

The analytical engine was a proposed digital mechanical general-purpose computer designed by English mathematician and computer pioneer Charles Babbage. It was first described in 1837 as the successor to Babbage's difference engine, which was a design for a simpler mechanical calculator.

Charles Babbage was an English polymath. A mathematician, philosopher, inventor and mechanical engineer, Babbage originated the concept of a digital programmable computer.

1843 (MDCCCXLIII) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar, the 1843rd year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 843rd year of the 2nd millennium, the 43rd year of the 19th century, and the 4th year of the 1840s decade. As of the start of 1843, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.

This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1843.

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Luigi Federico Menabrea, later made 1st Count Menabrea and 1st Marquess of Valdora, was an Italian statesman, general, diplomat, and mathematician who served as the seventh prime minister of Italy from 1867 to 1869.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">BCS Lovelace Medal</span> Award

The Lovelace Medal was established by the British Computer Society in 1998, and is presented to individuals who have made outstanding contributions to the understanding or advancement of computing. It is the top award in computing in the UK. Awardees deliver the Lovelace Lecture.

Isambard Kingdom Brunel was a British civil engineer and mechanical engineer who is considered "one of the most ingenious and prolific figures in engineering history", "one of the 19th-century engineering giants", and "one of the greatest figures of the Industrial Revolution, [who] changed the face of the English landscape with his groundbreaking designs and ingenious constructions". Brunel built dockyards, the Great Western Railway (GWR), a series of steamships including the first purpose-built transatlantic steamship, and numerous important bridges and tunnels. His designs revolutionised public transport and modern engineering.

Events from the year 1843 in the United Kingdom.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bryan Donkin</span> British civil engineer (1768–1855)

Bryan Donkin FRS FRAS developed the first paper making machine and created the world's first commercial canning factory. These were the basis for large industries that continue to flourish today. Bryan Donkin was involved with Thomas Telford's Caledonian Canal, Marc and Isambard Brunel's Thames Tunnel, and Charles Babbage's computer. He was an advisor to the government and held in high esteem by his peers.

The 19th century in science saw the birth of science as a profession; the term scientist was coined in 1833 by William Whewell, which soon replaced the older term of (natural) philosopher.

Note G is a computer algorithm written by Ada Lovelace that was designed to calculate Bernoulli numbers using the hypothetical analytical engine. Note G is generally agreed to be the first algorithm specifically for a computer, and Lovelace is considered as the first computer programmer as a result. The algorithm was the last note in a series labelled A to G, which she employed as visual aids to accompany her English translation of Luigi Menabrea's 1842 French transcription of Charles Babbage's lecture on the analytical engine at the University of Turin, "Notions sur la machine analytique de Charles Babbage". Lovelace's Note G was never tested, as the engine was never built. Her notes, along with her translation, were published in 1843.

References

↑ Dumas (1843). Traité de Chimie, Appliquée aux Arts. 6 Paris: Bechet Jeune. p. 293.
↑ "Carl Gustav Mosander - Oxford Reference". www.oxfordreference.com. Retrieved 16 February 2020.
↑ Thoughts on the Mental Functions; being an attempt to treat metaphysics as a branch of the physiology of the nervous system. Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd. 1843.
↑ Cannon, Matthew (2014-11-03). "Alfred Bird: Egg-free custard inventor and chemist". Birmingham Mail. Retrieved 2018-02-25.
↑ Fuegi, John; Francis, Jo (October–December 2003). "Lovelace & Babbage and the creation of the 1843 'notes'". IEEE Annals of the History of Computing . 25 (4): 16–26. doi:10.1109/MAHC.2003.1253887. S2CID 40077111.
↑ "Ada Byron, Lady Lovelace". Archived from the original on 21 July 2010. Retrieved 2010-07-11.
↑ Menabrea, L. F. (1843). "Sketch of the Analytical Engine Invented by Charles Babbage". Scientific Memoirs . 3. Archived from the original on 13 September 2010. Retrieved 2010-10-01.
↑ "William Rowan Hamilton Plaque". Geograph. 2007. Retrieved 2011-03-08.
↑ Joule, J. P. (1843). "On the Mechanical Equivalent of Heat". Abstracts of the Papers Communicated to the Royal Society of London . 5: 839. doi: 10.1098/rspl.1843.0196 .
↑ Brodie, Benjamin. "An account of a case in which a foreign body was lodged in the right bronchus." Paper to Royal Medical & Chirurgical Society 27 June 1843.
↑ "The Contagiousness of puerperal fever". New England Quarterly Journal of Medicine and Surgery.
↑ Smith, Denis (2001). London and the Thames Valley. London: Thomas Telford. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-7277-2876-0.
↑ "Royal Visit". The Bristol Mirror. 20 July 1843. pp. 1–2.
↑ Meggs, Philip B. (1998). A History of Graphic Design (3rd ed.). Wiley. p. 147. ISBN 978-0-471-29198-5. It receives U.S. patent 5,199 in 1847 and is placed in commercial use the same year.
↑ Parr, Martin; Badger, Gerry (2004). The Photobook: a history, Volume I. London: Phaidon. ISBN 978-0-7148-4285-1.
↑ James, Christopher (2009). The Book of Alternative Photographic Processes (2nd ed.). Clifton Park, NY: Delmar Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-1-4180-7372-5 . Retrieved 2009-08-11.
↑ "Photography. Cyanotype photograph. Anna Atkins (1799-1871)". Seeing is Believing: 700 years of scientific and medical illustration. New York Public Library. 2001 [1843]. Retrieved 2009-08-11.
↑ Peres, Michael R. (2007). The Focal Encyclopedia of Photography: Digital Imaging, Theory and Applications, History, and Science (4th ed.). Amsterdam; Boston: Elsevier/Focal Press. ISBN 978-0-240-80740-9.
↑ "Copley Medal | British scientific award". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 16 February 2020.
↑ Sherrington, C. S.; Bevan, Michael. "Ferrier, Sir David (1843–1928), neurologist" . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/33117 . Retrieved 16 February 2020.(Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
↑ Ogilvie, Marilyn Bailey; Harvey, Joy Dorothy (2000). The Biographical Dictionary of Women in Science: L-Z. Taylor & Francis. p. 1102. ISBN 978-0-415-92040-7.
↑ Day, Lance; McNeil, Ian (11 September 2002). Biographical Dictionary of the History of Technology. Routledge. p. 786. ISBN 978-1-134-65019-4.

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[1] Dumas (1843). Traité de Chimie, Appliquée aux Arts. 6 Paris: Bechet Jeune. p. 293.

[2] "Carl Gustav Mosander - Oxford Reference". www.oxfordreference.com. Retrieved 16 February 2020.

[3] Thoughts on the Mental Functions; being an attempt to treat metaphysics as a branch of the physiology of the nervous system. Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd. 1843.

[4] Cannon, Matthew (2014-11-03). "Alfred Bird: Egg-free custard inventor and chemist". Birmingham Mail. Retrieved 2018-02-25.

[5] Fuegi, John; Francis, Jo (October–December 2003). "Lovelace & Babbage and the creation of the 1843 'notes'". IEEE Annals of the History of Computing . 25 (4): 16–26. doi:10.1109/MAHC.2003.1253887. S2CID 40077111.

[6] "Ada Byron, Lady Lovelace". Archived from the original on 21 July 2010. Retrieved 2010-07-11.

[7] Menabrea, L. F. (1843). "Sketch of the Analytical Engine Invented by Charles Babbage". Scientific Memoirs . 3. Archived from the original on 13 September 2010. Retrieved 2010-10-01.

[8] "William Rowan Hamilton Plaque". Geograph. 2007. Retrieved 2011-03-08.

[9] Joule, J. P. (1843). "On the Mechanical Equivalent of Heat". Abstracts of the Papers Communicated to the Royal Society of London . 5: 839. doi: 10.1098/rspl.1843.0196 .

[10] Brodie, Benjamin. "An account of a case in which a foreign body was lodged in the right bronchus." Paper to Royal Medical & Chirurgical Society 27 June 1843.

[11] "The Contagiousness of puerperal fever". New England Quarterly Journal of Medicine and Surgery.

[12] Smith, Denis (2001). London and the Thames Valley. London: Thomas Telford. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-7277-2876-0.

[13] "Royal Visit". The Bristol Mirror. 20 July 1843. pp. 1–2.

[14] Meggs, Philip B. (1998). A History of Graphic Design (3rd ed.). Wiley. p. 147. ISBN 978-0-471-29198-5. It receives U.S. patent 5,199 in 1847 and is placed in commercial use the same year.

[15] Parr, Martin; Badger, Gerry (2004). The Photobook: a history, Volume I. London: Phaidon. ISBN 978-0-7148-4285-1.

[16] James, Christopher (2009). The Book of Alternative Photographic Processes (2nd ed.). Clifton Park, NY: Delmar Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-1-4180-7372-5 . Retrieved 2009-08-11.

[17] "Photography. Cyanotype photograph. Anna Atkins (1799-1871)". Seeing is Believing: 700 years of scientific and medical illustration. New York Public Library. 2001 [1843]. Retrieved 2009-08-11.

[18] Peres, Michael R. (2007). The Focal Encyclopedia of Photography: Digital Imaging, Theory and Applications, History, and Science (4th ed.). Amsterdam; Boston: Elsevier/Focal Press. ISBN 978-0-240-80740-9.

[19] "Copley Medal | British scientific award". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 16 February 2020.

[20] Sherrington, C. S.; Bevan, Michael. "Ferrier, Sir David (1843–1928), neurologist" . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/33117 . Retrieved 16 February 2020.(Subscription or UK public library membership required.)

[21] Ogilvie, Marilyn Bailey; Harvey, Joy Dorothy (2000). The Biographical Dictionary of Women in Science: L-Z. Taylor & Francis. p. 1102. ISBN 978-0-415-92040-7.

[22] Day, Lance; McNeil, Ian (11 September 2002). Biographical Dictionary of the History of Technology. Routledge. p. 786. ISBN 978-1-134-65019-4.

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