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Adolph Wilhelm Hermann Kolbe was a major contributor to the birth of modern organic chemistry. He was a professor at Marburg and Leipzig. Kolbe was the first to apply the term synthesis in a chemical context, and contributed to the philosophical demise of vitalism through synthesis of the organic substance acetic acid from carbon disulfide, and also contributed to the development of structural theory. This was done via modifications to the idea of "radicals" and accurate prediction of the existence of secondary and tertiary alcohols, and to the emerging array of organic reactions through his Kolbe electrolysis of carboxylate salts, the Kolbe-Schmitt reaction in the preparation of aspirin and the Kolbe nitrile synthesis. After studies with Wöhler and Bunsen, Kolbe was involved with the early internationalization of chemistry through work in London. He was elected to the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, and won the Royal Society of London's Davy Medal in the year of his death. Despite these accomplishments and his training important members of the next generation of chemists, Kolbe is best remembered for editing the Journal für Praktische Chemie for more than a decade, in which his vituperative essays on Kekulé's structure of benzene, van't Hoff's theory on the origin of chirality and Baeyer's reforms of nomenclature were personally critical and linguistically violent. Kolbe died of a heart attack in Leipzig at age 66, six years after the death of his wife, Charlotte. He was survived by four children.
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Events from the year 1847 in the United Kingdom.
References
- ↑ Baily, F. (1847), A catalogue of those stars in the Histoire céleste française of J. De Lalande for which tables of reduction to the session define format EPOCH1 = 1800 have been published by Professor Schumacher, London: British Association for the Advancement of Science
- ↑ "Kolbe, Adolph Wilhelm Hermann". 100 Distinguished European Chemists. European Association for Chemical and Molecular Sciences. 2005. Archived from the original on 2008-10-11. Retrieved 2007-03-12.
- ↑ The Oxford Companion to Sugar and Sweets. Oxford University Press. 2015. p. 157.
- ↑ Reprint.
- ↑ O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F. (2000). "Johann Benedict Listing". MacTutor History of Mathematics archive . University of St Andrews . Retrieved 2011-10-15.
- ↑ Halliday, S. (2003). "Duncan of Liverpool: Britain's first Medical Officer". Journal of Medical Biography . 11 (3): 142–149. doi:10.1177/096777200301100307. PMID 12870037. S2CID 21967666.
- ↑ First communicated to the Medico-Chirurgical Society of Edinburgh, November 10, and published in a pamphlet, Notice of a New Anæsthetic Agent, in Edinburgh, November 12.
- ↑ Gordon, H. Laing (2002). Sir James Young Simpson and Chloroform (1811–1870). Minerva Group, Inc. ISBN 978-1-4102-0291-8 . Retrieved 2011-11-11.
- ↑ Cragg, Roger (1997). Civil Engineering Heritage: Wales and West Central England (2nd ed.). London: Thomas Telford. p. 194. ISBN 0-7277-2576-9.
- ↑ Lewis, Peter R. (2007). Disaster on the Dee: Robert Stephenson's Nemesis of 1847. Stroud: Tempus Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7524-4266-2.
- ↑
- ↑ Savage, Thomas S. (1847). "Communication describing the external character and habits of a new species of Troglodytes (T. gorilla, Savage)". Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History. 2: 245–247. Retrieved 2015-11-07.
- ↑ Savage, Thomas S.; Wyman, Jeffries (1847). "Notice of the external characters and habits of Troglodytes gorilla, a new species of orang from the Gaboon River; Osteology of the same". Boston Journal of Natural History. 5 (4): 417–443. Retrieved 2015-11-07.
- ↑ Conniff, Richard (2009). "Discovering gorilla". Evolutionary Anthropology . 18 (2): 55–61. doi:10.1002/evan.20203. S2CID 221732306.
- ↑ "Copley Medal | British scientific award". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 23 July 2020.
- ↑ McHenry, Robert (1980). Liberty's Women. Springfield: G. & C. Merriam. p. 442. ISBN 978-0-87779-064-8.