1904 in science

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The year 1904 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

Astronomy

• Johannes Franz Hartmann discovers the interstellar medium. ^[1]
• Edward Walter Maunder plots the first sunspot "butterfly diagram".
• Notable asteroid 522 Helga is discovered by Max Wolf in Heidelberg.
• December 3 – The sixth moon of Jupiter, later called Himalia, is discovered at Lick Observatory.

Cartography

• Van der Grinten projection proposed.

Mathematics

• Henri Poincaré discovers the Poincaré homology sphere, leading him to formulate the Poincaré conjecture.
• Helge von Koch describes the "Koch snowflake", one of the earliest fractal curves described. ^{[2] [3]}
• Charles Spearman develops his rank correlation coefficient. ^[4]
• Ernst Zermelo formulates the axiom of choice to formalize his proof of the well-ordering theorem. ^[5]

Medicine

• September 17 – An early study on the relationship between alcohol and cardiovascular disease is published in the United States. ^[6]
• Epinephrine first artificially synthesized by Friedrich Stolz.
• Antoni Leśniowski presents to a meeting of the Warsaw Medical Society a surgical specimen of an inflammatory tumour of the terminal ileum with a fistula to the ascending colon, consistent with what will later become known as Crohn's disease. ^[7]

Physics

• Vacuum tube invented by John Ambrose Fleming.
• James H. Jeans's The Dynamical Theory of Gases is published in Cambridge.
• J. J. Thomson proposes the plum pudding model for the atom.
• Hantaro Nagaoka develops the Saturnian model for the atom.

Technology

• July 4 – Piero Ginori Conti demonstrates the use of geothermal power to generate electricity, at Larderello in Italy.
• July 23 – A continuous track tractor is patented by David Roberts of Richard Hornsby & Sons of Grantham in England. ^[8]
• November 16 – John Ambrose Fleming patents the first thermionic vacuum tube, the two-electrode diode ("oscillation valve" or Fleming valve). ^[9]
• November 24 – A continuous track tractor is demonstrated by the Holt Manufacturing Company in the United States.
• The first diesel engined submarine, the Z, is built in France.
• The Heckelphone variety of oboe is invented by Wilhelm Heckel and his sons.
• The sleeve valve is invented by Charles Yale Knight.
• The turbine-powered Bliss-Leavitt torpedo, designed by Frank McDowell Leavitt and manufactured by the E. W. Bliss Company of Brooklyn, is put into service by the United States Navy. ^[10]
• Lucien Bull produces the first successful chronophotography (of insect flight), working in France. ^[11]
• Rue Franklin Apartments, Paris, are completed by Auguste Perret and his brother Gustave, an early example of an exposed reinforced concrete frame building. ^[12]

Zoology

• First identification and last confirmed sighting of the Choiseul pigeon in the Solomon Islands. ^[13]

Awards

• Nobel Prizes
  • Physics – John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh
  • Chemistry – Sir William Ramsay
  • Medicine – Ivan Pavlov

Births

• January 21 – Edris Rice-Wray Carson (died 1990), American-born physician, pioneer in family planning.
• January 26 – Ancel Keys (died 2004), American nutritionist.
• March 13 – René Dumont (died 2001), French agronomist.
• March 20 – B. F. Skinner (died 1990), American behavioral psychologist.
• April 11 – Arthur Mourant (died 1994), Jersiais hematologist.
• April 22 – J. Robert Oppenheimer (died 1967), American physicist.
• June 3 – Charles R. Drew (died 1950), African American physician, pioneer in blood transfusion.
• July 5 – Ernst Mayr (died 2005), German-born evolutionary biologist.
• August 5 – Kenneth V. Thimann (died 1997), English-American plant physiologist and microbiologist known for his studies of plant hormones.
• August 17 – Cornelis Simon Meijer (died 1974), Dutch mathematician.
• August 28 – Secondo Campini (died 1980), Italian jet pioneer.
• August 29 – Werner Forssmann (died 1979), German physician, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
• November 11 – J. H. C. Whitehead (died 1960), British mathematician.
• Sven Sømme (died 1961), Norwegian ichthyologist and resistance worker.

Deaths

• March 7 – Ferdinand André Fouqué (born 1828), French geologist, petrologist and volcanologist.
• May 10 – Henry Morton Stanley (born 1841), Welsh-born explorer and journalist.
• July 3 – John Bell Hatcher (born 1861), American paleontologist.
• September 24 – Niels Ryberg Finsen (born 1860), Icelandic/Faroese/Danish physician and scientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
• October 7 – Isabella Bird (born 1831), British explorer, writer, photographer and naturalist.
• October 21 – Isabelle Eberhardt (born 1877), Swiss–Algerian explorer.

References

1. Asimov, Isaac. Asimov's Biographical Encyclopedia of Science and Technology (2nd ed.).
2. "Sur une courbe continue sans tangente, obtenue par une construction géométrique élémentaire".
3. Addison, Paul S. (1997). Fractals and Chaos: An Illustrated Course. Bristol: Institute of Physics. p. 19. ISBN   0-7503-0400-6.
4. Crilly, Tony (2007). 50 Mathematical Ideas you really need to know. London: Quercus. p. 145. ISBN   978-1-84724-008-8.
5. Zermelo, Ernst (1904). "Beweis, dass jede Menge wohlgeordnet werden kann" (reprint). Mathematische Annalen . 59 (4): 514–16. doi:10.1007/BF01445300. S2CID   124189935.
6. Cabot, Richard C. (1904). "The relation of alcohol to arterioscleroisis". Journal of the American Medical Association . 43 (12): 774–775. doi:10.1001/jama.1904.92500120002a . Retrieved 2019-10-04.
7. Reported by him in Pamiętnik Towarzystwa Lekarskiego Warszawskiego. Bartnik, W. (December 2003). "Inflammatory bowel disease – Polish contribution". Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology. 54 (S3). Kraków: Polish Physiological Society: 205–210. PMID   15075474 . Retrieved 2008-03-28.^{[ permanent dead link ]}
8. British Patent No. 16,345. Robinson, Peter (2003). Lincoln's Excavators: The Ruston years 1875–1930. Nynehead: Roundoak. ISBN   1-871565-42-1.
9. The Hutchinson Factfinder. Helicon. 1999. ISBN   978-1-85986-343-5.
10. Newpower, Anthony (2006). Iron Men And Tin Fish: The Race to Build a Better Torpedo During World War II. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 18. ISBN   0-275-99032-X.
11. Reported by him in "Motional mechanism of the insect wing", Comptes rendus de l'Académie des sciences 138:590–592 (29 February); "Application of the electric spark to the chrono-photography of rapid motions", Comptes rendus138:155–157 (21 March); "Chronophotography of rapid motions", Bulletin de la Société Philomathiclue (Paris) (June 11); Synthesis in chronophotography, Bulletin de la Société Philomathiclue (November 12).
12. "Rue Franklin Apartments". GreatBuildings. Retrieved 2012-05-29.
13. Rothschild, Walter (1904-05-20). "Microgoura, n. gen". Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club. 14 (CVII): 77–78. Retrieved 2015-09-29.