1971 in science

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The year 1971 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

Contents

Astronomy and space exploration

Biology

Computer science

Conservation

Earth sciences

Mathematics

Medicine

Physics

Psychology

Technology

Institutions

Awards

Births

Deaths

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Roger Penrose</span> English mathematical physicist (born 1931)

Sir Roger Penrose is an English mathematician, mathematical physicist, philosopher of science and Nobel Laureate in Physics. He is Emeritus Rouse Ball Professor of Mathematics in the University of Oxford, an emeritus fellow of Wadham College, Oxford, and an honorary fellow of St John's College, Cambridge, and University College London.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Giant-impact hypothesis</span> Theory of the formation of the Moon

The giant-impact hypothesis, sometimes called the Big Splash, or the Theia Impact, suggests that the Moon was formed from the ejecta of a collision between the early Earth and a Mars-sized planet, approximately 4.5 billion years ago in the Hadean eon. The colliding body is sometimes called Theia, named after the mythical Greek Titan who was the mother of Selene, the goddess of the Moon. Analysis of lunar rocks published in a 2016 report suggests that the impact might have been a direct hit, causing a fragmentation and thorough mixing of both parent bodies.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Timeline of computing hardware before 1950</span>

This article presents a detailed timeline of events in the history of computing software and hardware: from prehistory until 1949. For narratives explaining the overall developments, see History of computing.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lunar meteorite</span> Meteorite that originated from the Moon

A lunar meteorite is a meteorite that is known to have originated on the Moon. A meteorite hitting the Moon is normally classified as a transient lunar phenomenon.

The Voyager Mars Program was a planned series of uncrewed NASA probes to the planet Mars. The missions were planned, as part of the Apollo Applications Program, between 1966 and 1968 and were scheduled for launch in 1974–75. The probes were conceived as precursors for a crewed Mars landing in the 1980s.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Stuart Hameroff</span> American anesthesiologist

Stuart Hameroff is an American anesthesiologist and professor at the University of Arizona known for his studies of consciousness and his controversial contention that consciousness originates from quantum states in neural microtubules. He is the lead organizer of the Science of Consciousness conference.

The year 1969 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

Daniel Gray "Dan" Quillen was an American mathematician. He is known for being the "prime architect" of higher algebraic K-theory, for which he was awarded the Cole Prize in 1975 and the Fields Medal in 1978.

The year 1976 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

The year 1972 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

The year 1965 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

The year 1962 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gérard de Vaucouleurs</span> French astronomer

Gérard Henri de Vaucouleurs was a French astronomer best known for his studies of galaxies.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Orchestrated objective reduction</span> Theory of a quantum origin of consciousness

Orchestrated objective reduction is a theory which postulates that consciousness originates at the quantum level inside neurons, rather than the conventional view that it is a product of connections between neurons. The mechanism is held to be a quantum process called objective reduction that is orchestrated by cellular structures called microtubules. It is proposed that the theory may answer the hard problem of consciousness and provide a mechanism for free will. The hypothesis was first put forward in the early 1990s by Nobel laureate for physics, Roger Penrose, and anaesthesiologist and psychologist Stuart Hameroff. The hypothesis combines approaches from molecular biology, neuroscience, pharmacology, philosophy, quantum information theory, and quantum gravity.

<i>Voyage</i> (novel) 1996 novel by Stephen Baxter

Voyage is a 1996 hard science fiction novel by British author Stephen Baxter. The book depicts a crewed mission to Mars as it might have been in another timeline, one where John F. Kennedy survived the assassination attempt on him on 22 November 1963. Voyage won a Sidewise Award for Alternate History, and was nominated for the Arthur C. Clarke Award in 1997.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Brian O'Leary</span> American astronaut (1940–2011)

Brian Todd O'Leary was an American scientist, author, and NASA astronaut. He was part of NASA Astronaut Group 6, a group of scientist-astronauts chosen with the intention of training for the Apollo Applications Program.

<i>Shadows of the Mind</i> Book by Roger Penrose

Shadows of the Mind: A Search for the Missing Science of Consciousness is a 1994 book by mathematical physicist Roger Penrose that serves as a followup to his 1989 book The Emperor's New Mind: Concerning Computers, Minds and The Laws of Physics.

With the advent of robotic and human spaceflight a new era of American history had presented itself. Keeping with the tradition of honoring the country's history on U.S. postage stamps, the U.S. Post Office began commemorating the various events with its commemorative postage stamp issues. The first U.S. Postage issue to depict a U.S. space vehicle was issued in 1948, the Fort Bliss issue. The first issue to commemorate a space project by name was the ECHO I communications satellite commemorative issue of 1960. Next was the Project Mercury issue of 1962. As U.S. space exploration progressed a variety of other commemorative issues followed, many of which bear accurate depictions of satellites, space capsules, Apollo Lunar Modules, space suits, and other items of interest.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Margaret Hamilton (software engineer)</span> United States software engineer (born 1936)

Margaret Elaine Hamilton is an American computer scientist, systems engineer, and business owner. She was director of the Software Engineering Division of the MIT Instrumentation Laboratory, which developed on-board flight software for NASA's Apollo program. She later founded two software companies—Higher Order Software in 1976 and Hamilton Technologies in 1986, both in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Theia (planet)</span> Planet hypothesized to have impacted Earth and created the Moon

Theia is a hypothesized ancient planet in the early Solar System that, according to the giant-impact hypothesis, collided with the early Earth around 4.5 billion years ago, with some of the resulting ejected debris gathering to form the Moon. Such a collision, with the two planets' cores and mantles fusing, could explain why Earth's core is larger than expected for a body its size. Collision simulations support the idea that the large low-shear-velocity provinces in the lower mantle may be remnants of Theia. Theia is hypothesized to have been about the size of Mars, and may have formed in the outer Solar System and provided much of Earth's water.

References

  1. Howarth, Francis G. (1972-01-21). "Cavernicoles in Lava Tubes on the Island of Hawaii". Science . 175 (4019): 325–326. Bibcode:1972Sci...175..325H. doi:10.1126/science.175.4019.325. JSTOR   1733505. PMID   17814543. S2CID   36219772.
  2. O'Keefe, John; Dostrovsky, Jonathan (1971). "The hippocampus as a spatial map: preliminary evidence from unit activity in the freely-moving rat". Brain Research . 34 (1): 171–175. doi:10.1016/0006-8993(71)90358-1. PMID   5124915.
  3. Binder, Marc D (2009). Encyclopedia of Neuroscience . Springer. p.  3166. ISBN   978-3-540-23735-8.
  4. Hart, Michael (August 1992). "The History and Philosophy of Project Gutenberg". Project Gutenberg. Retrieved 2011-10-05..
  5. Tomlinson, Ray. "The First Network Email". Archived from the original on 2006-05-06. Retrieved 2011-10-05.
  6. Cook, Stephen (1971). "The complexity of theorem proving procedures". Proceedings of the Third Annual ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing. pp. 151–158. doi:10.1145/800157.805047. ISBN   9781450374644. S2CID   7573663.
  7. Quillen, Daniel (1971). "The Adams Conjecture". Topology . 10: 67–80. doi: 10.1016/0040-9383(71)90018-8 . ISSN   0040-9383. MR   0279804.
  8. Takiff, S. J. (1971). "Rings of invariant polynomials for a class of Lie algebras". Transactions of the American Mathematical Society . 160: 249–262. doi: 10.2307/1995803 . ISSN   0002-9947. JSTOR   1995803. MR   0281839.
  9. Beckmann, E. C. (2006). "CT scanning: the early days". British Journal of Radiology. 79 (937): 5–8. doi:10.1259/bjr/29444122. PMID   16421398.
  10. Bywaters, E. G. L. (March 1971). "Still's disease in the adult". Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases . 30 (2): 121–33. doi:10.1136/ard.30.2.121. PMC   1005739 . PMID   5315135.
  11. "Americas region is declared the world's first to eliminate rubella". WHO. 2015-04-30. Archived from the original on 2015-05-18. Retrieved 2015-04-30.
  12. Penrose, R.; Floyd, R. M. (1971). "Extraction of Rotational Energy from a Black Hole". Nature Physical Science. 229 (6): 177. Bibcode:1971NPhS..229..177P. doi:10.1038/physci229177a0.