1812 in science

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Last updated May 04, 2024

The year 1812 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

Chemistry

Humphry Davy publishes Elements of Chemical Philosophy in London.
John Davy first describes the synthesis of phosgene.^[1]
Friedrich Mohs introduces his system of classifying minerals and his scale of mineral hardness.
Heinrich Vogel (1778–1867) recognizes that glucose is a product of hydrolyzing lactose.^[2]

Geophysics

February 7 – The last New Madrid earthquake strikes New Madrid, Missouri, with an estimated moment magnitude of over 8.
March 26 – An earthquake destroys Caracas, Venezuela.

Mathematics, statistics and metrology

February 11 – Massachusetts governor Elbridge Gerry invents gerrymandering.
February 12 – Napoleon authorises the usage of Mesures usuelles , the basis of the Metric System.
Pierre-Simon Laplace publishes Théorie analytique des probabilités in which he lays down many fundamental results in statistics.

Medicine

January – The New England Journal of Medicine is founded in Boston, by Dr John Collins Warren as the New England Journal of Medicine and Surgery and the Collateral Branches of Medical Science.^[3]
January 21 – John Parkinson and his father James first describe appendicitis and resultant peritonitis in English.^[4]
Benjamin Rush publishes Medical Inquiries and Observations upon the Diseases of the Mind in Philadelphia, the first textbook on psychiatry issued in the United States.^[5]
James Barry qualifies as a medical doctor at the University of Edinburgh; born Margaret Ann Bulkley, this makes her the first British woman with such a qualification.^[6]
Cholera in Jessore, India.
Coffee is banned in Sweden.

Paleontology

Samuel Thomas von Sömmerring publishes his description of Pterodactylus which he names Ornithocephalus antiquus.^[7]
Georges Cuvier publishes Recherches sur les ossements fossiles de quadrupèdes in Paris.

Technology

February 27 – British poet Lord Byron gives his first address as a member of the House of Lords, in defense of Luddite violence against Industrialism in his home county of Nottinghamshire.
March 15 – Luddites attack the wool factory of Frank Vickerman in West Yorkshire, England.
May 25 – Felling mine disaster: Mine explosion at Felling colliery near Jarrow, England – 96 dead.
August – Henry Bell's PS Comet begins a passenger service on the River Clyde in Scotland, the first commercially successful steamboat service in Europe.^[8]
August 12 – The Middleton Railway, serving coal pits at Leeds in England, becomes the first to use steam locomotives successfully in regular service. The first locomotive, Salamanca , is also the first to use two cylinders and has a rack railway mechanism devised by John Blenkinsop and built by Matthew Murray.^[9]
August 19 – War of 1812: USS Constitution defeats the British frigate Guerrière off the coast of Nova Scotia. British shot is said to have bounced off Constitution's sides, earning her the nickname "Old Ironsides".
Philippe Girard invents a flax-spinning machine.^[10]
The Old Oscar Pepper Distillery (the modern-day Labrot & Graham Distillery), the oldest Kentucky Bourbon whiskey distillery, is established along Glenn's Creek in Woodford County, Kentucky.

Awards

Copley Medal: Not awarded^[11]
Humphry Davy receives a knighthood

Births

March 12 – Joseph Prestwich, English geologist (died 1896)
March 20 – Charles Vincent Walker, English telegraph engineer (died 1882)
March 24 – Robert Gordon Latham, English ethnologist and philologist (died 1888)
May 10 – William Henry Barlow, English railway civil engineer (died 1902)
June 9 – Johann Gottfried Galle, German astronomer (died 1910)
September 12 – Richard March Hoe, American inventor (died 1886)
October 27 – Abraham Dee Bartlett, English zoologist (died 1897)

Deaths

February 24 – Étienne-Louis Malus, French physicist (born 1775)
April 7 – Robert Willan, English dermatologist (born 1757)
May 9 – Charles-Nicolas-Sigisbert Sonnini de Manoncourt, French naturalist (born 1751)
June 22 – Richard Kirwan, Irish scientist (born 1733)
July 10 – Carl Ludwig Willdenow, German botanist (born 1765)

Related Research Articles

Sir Humphry Davy, 1st Baronet, was a British chemist and inventor who invented the Davy lamp and a very early form of arc lamp. He is also remembered for isolating, by using electricity, several elements for the first time: potassium and sodium in 1807 and calcium, strontium, barium, magnesium and boron the following year, as well as for discovering the elemental nature of chlorine and iodine. Davy also studied the forces involved in these separations, inventing the new field of electrochemistry. Davy is also credited with discovering clathrate hydrates.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lactose</span> Carbohydrate

Lactose, or milk sugar, is a disaccharide sugar composed of galactose and glucose subunits and has the molecular formula C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁. Lactose makes up around 2–8% of milk (by mass). The name comes from lact (gen. lactis), the Latin word for milk, plus the suffix -ose used to name sugars. The compound is a white, water-soluble, non-hygroscopic solid with a mildly sweet taste. It is used in the food industry.

Pterodactylus is a genus of extinct pterosaurs. It is thought to contain only a single species, Pterodactylus antiquus, which was the first pterosaur to be named and identified as a flying reptile and one of the first prehistoric reptiles to ever be discovered.

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Andreas Sigismund Marggraf was a German chemist from Berlin, then capital of the Margraviate of Brandenburg, and a pioneer of analytical chemistry. He isolated zinc in 1746 by heating calamine and carbon. Though he was not the first to do so, Marggraf is credited with carefully describing the process and establishing its basic theory. In 1747, Marggraf announced his discovery of sugar in beets and devised a method using alcohol to extract it. His student Franz Achard later devised an economical industrial method to extract the sugar in its pure form.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Samuel Thomas von Sömmerring</span> German physician, anatomist, anthropologist, paleontologist and inventor

Samuel Thomas von Sömmerring was a German physician, anatomist, anthropologist, paleontologist and inventor. Sömmerring discovered the macula in the retina of the human eye. His investigations on the brain and the nervous system, on the sensory organs, on the embryo and its malformations, on the structure of the lungs, etc., made him one of the most important German anatomists.

Carl Eduard Sachau was a German orientalist. He taught Josef Horovitz and Eugen Mittwoch.

Germanodactylus is a genus of germanodactylid pterodactyloid pterosaur from Upper Jurassic-age rocks of Germany, including the Solnhofen Limestone. Its specimens were long thought to pertain to Pterodactylus. The head crest of Germanodactylus is a distinctive feature.

Altmuehlopterus is a genus of pterosaur belonging to the Pterodactyloidea. It lived in the Late Jurassic of what is now Germany. It was formerly known as "Daitingopterus", a nomen nudum, informally coined in 2004.

The Göttingen Academy of Sciences is the oldest continuously existing institution among the eight scientific academies in Germany, which are united under the umbrella of the Union of German Academies of Sciences and Humanities. It has the task of promoting research under its own auspices and in collaboration with academics in and outside Germany. It has its seat in the university town of Göttingen. Its meeting room is located in the auditorium of the University of Göttingen.

Jost Benedum was a German historian of medecine.

References

↑ Davy, John (6 February 1812). "On a gaseous Compound of carbonic Oxide and Chlorine". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society . 102. London: 144–151. doi: 10.1098/rstl.1812.0008 . JSTOR 107310.
↑ Vogel (1812). "Sur le sucre liquide d'amidon, et sur la transmutation des matières douces en sucre fermentescible" (On the liquid sugar of starch, and on the transformation of sweet materials into fermentable sugars). Annales de chemie et de physique series 1 82: 148–164, especially pp. 156–158; "Ueber die Verwandlung der Stärke und andrer Körper in Zucker" (On the conversion of starches and other substances into sugar). Annalen der Physik new series 42:123–134, especially pp. 129–131.
↑ Campion, E.; et al. (2010). "The Journal from 1812 to 1989". The New England Journal of Medicine. 363 (12): 1175–1176. doi: 10.1056/nejme1009367 . PMID 20843253.
↑ Parkinson, J. (1812). "Case of diseased appendix vermiformis". Medico-Chirurgical Transactions. 3: 57–58. doi:10.1177/095952871200300105. PMC 2128895 . PMID 20895178.
↑ Hellemans, Alexander; Bunch, Bryan (1988). The Timetables of Science. Simon & Schuster. p. 261. ISBN 0671621300.
↑ du Preez, Hercules Michael (2008-01-14). "Dr James Barry: The early years revealed". South African Medical Journal . 98 (4). Archived from the original on 2012-02-20. Retrieved 2008-04-03.
↑ von Sömmerring, S. T. (1812). "Über einen Ornithocephalus oder über das unbekannten Thier der Vorwelt, dessen Fossiles Gerippe Collini im 5. Bande der Actorum Academiae Theodoro-Palatinae nebst einer Abbildung in natürlicher Grösse im Jahre 1784 beschrieb, und welches Gerippe sich gegenwärtig in der Naturalien-Sammlung der königlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu München befindet". Denkschriften der Königlichen Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Mathematisch-physikalische Classe. 3. München: 89–158.
↑ McCrorie, Ian (1986). Clyde Pleasure Steamers. Greenock: Orr, Pollock & Co. Ltd. ISBN 1-869850-00-9.
↑ Bushell, J. (1975). The World's Oldest Railway: a history of the Middleton Railway. Sheffield: Turntable Publications. ISBN 0-902844-27-X.
↑ Grun, Bernard (1991). "1812" . The Timetables of History (3rd ed.). New York: Simon and Schuster. p. 381. ISBN 0-671-74919-6.
↑ "Copley Medal | British scientific award". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 21 July 2020.

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[1] Davy, John (6 February 1812). "On a gaseous Compound of carbonic Oxide and Chlorine". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society . 102. London: 144–151. doi: 10.1098/rstl.1812.0008 . JSTOR 107310.

[2] Vogel (1812). "Sur le sucre liquide d'amidon, et sur la transmutation des matières douces en sucre fermentescible" (On the liquid sugar of starch, and on the transformation of sweet materials into fermentable sugars). Annales de chemie et de physique series 1 82: 148–164, especially pp. 156–158; "Ueber die Verwandlung der Stärke und andrer Körper in Zucker" (On the conversion of starches and other substances into sugar). Annalen der Physik new series 42:123–134, especially pp. 129–131.

[3] Campion, E.; et al. (2010). "The Journal from 1812 to 1989". The New England Journal of Medicine. 363 (12): 1175–1176. doi: 10.1056/nejme1009367 . PMID 20843253.

[4] Parkinson, J. (1812). "Case of diseased appendix vermiformis". Medico-Chirurgical Transactions. 3: 57–58. doi:10.1177/095952871200300105. PMC 2128895 . PMID 20895178.

[5] Hellemans, Alexander; Bunch, Bryan (1988). The Timetables of Science. Simon & Schuster. p. 261. ISBN 0671621300.

[6] u Preez, Hercules Michael (2008-01-14). "Dr James Barry: The early years revealed". South African Medical Journal . 98 (4). Archived from the original on 2012-02-20. Retrieved 2008-04-03.

[7] von Sömmerring, S. T. (1812). "Über einen Ornithocephalus oder über das unbekannten Thier der Vorwelt, dessen Fossiles Gerippe Collini im 5. Bande der Actorum Academiae Theodoro-Palatinae nebst einer Abbildung in natürlicher Grösse im Jahre 1784 beschrieb, und welches Gerippe sich gegenwärtig in der Naturalien-Sammlung der königlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu München befindet". Denkschriften der Königlichen Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Mathematisch-physikalische Classe. 3. München: 89–158.

[8] McCrorie, Ian (1986). Clyde Pleasure Steamers. Greenock: Orr, Pollock & Co. Ltd. ISBN 1-869850-00-9.

[9] Bushell, J. (1975). The World's Oldest Railway: a history of the Middleton Railway. Sheffield: Turntable Publications. ISBN 0-902844-27-X.

[10] Grun, Bernard (1991). "1812" . The Timetables of History (3rd ed.). New York: Simon and Schuster. p. 381. ISBN 0-671-74919-6.

[11] "Copley Medal | British scientific award". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 21 July 2020.

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