1804 in science

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Last updated December 24, 2024

The year 1804 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

Astronomy and space science

April 5 – High Possil meteorite, the first recorded meteorite to fall in Scotland in modern times, falls at Possil.
September 1 – Karl Ludwig Harding discovers the asteroid Juno.

Botany

March 7 – John Wedgwood founds the Horticultural Society of London.^[1]
Jacques-Julien Labillardière begins publication of Novæ Hollandiæ Plantarum Specimen in Paris, the first flora of Australia.
Publication in Paris of Nicolas-Théodore de Saussure's collected papers Recherches chimiques sur la végétation, outlining the basic reaction of photosynthesis.
Publication in London of Maria Elizabetha Jacson's Botanical Lectures by a Lady.

Chemistry

June 21 – Smithson Tennant announces the discovery of the elements iridium and osmium; three days later, William Hyde Wollaston reveals to the Royal Society that he is the formerly anonymous discoverer of palladium.^[2]
German pharmacist Friedrich Sertürner first isolates morphine from opium,^[3]^[4] probably the first ever isolation of a natural plant alkaloid.

Exploration

May 14 – The Lewis and Clark Expedition departs from Camp Dubois and begin their historic journey by traveling up the Missouri River.

Geology

Alexander von Humboldt discovers that the Earth's magnetic field decreases from the poles to the equator.

Medicine

October 13 – In Japan, Hanaoka Seishū (華岡青洲) performs a partial mastectomy for breast cancer on a 60-year-old woman named Kan Aiya, using tsūsensan as a general anesthetic, generally regarded as the first reliably documented operation performed under general anesthesia.^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]
Publication of The Anatomy of the Human Body, vol. 3, Nervous System by Charles Bell.^[9]
English physician Joseph Mason Cox publishes Practical Observations on Insanity; in which some suggestions are offered towards and improved mode of treating diseases of the mind, and some rules proposed which it is hoped may lead to a more humane and successful method of cure.^[10]
Antonio Scarpa publishes Riflessioni ed Osservazione anatomico-chirugiche sull' Aneurisma, a classic text on aneurysms.^[11]

Meteorology

Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac and Jean Baptiste Biot study the atmosphere from a hot-air balloon.

Paleontology

James Parkinson publishes the first volume of Organic Remains of a Former World, supporting belief in catastrophism.^[12]

Technology

February 21 – The Cornishman Richard Trevithick's newly built "Penydarren" steam locomotive operates on the Merthyr Tramroad between Penydarren Ironworks in Merthyr Tydfil and Abercynon in South Wales, following several trials since February 13, the world's first locomotive to work on rails.^[13]
The first Burr Truss bridge is built by Theodore Burr across the Hudson River in Waterford, New York.^[14]
Joseph Marie Jacquard patents the Jacquard machine to automate the loom.^[15]
William Congreve begins development of the solid-fuel Congreve rocket as an artillery weapon.
The British Army first uses shrapnel shells ("spherical case shot"), invented by Major Henry Shrapnel, in action, against the Dutch in Suriname.^[16]

Awards

Copley Medal: Smithson Tennant ^[17]

Births

February 12 – Heinrich Lenz, Russian-born Baltic German physicist (died 1865)
February 18 – Baron Carl von Rokitansky, Bohemian pathologist (died 1878)
March 8 – Alvan Clark, American telescope manufacturer (died 1887)
April 5
- Mary Philadelphia Merrifield, née Watkins, English fashion writer and algologist (died 1889)
- Matthias Schleiden, German botanist (died 1881)
May 4 – Margaretta Riley, English pteridologist (died 1899)
May 9 – Hewett Watson, English biologist (died 1881)
May 13 – Janet Taylor, née Jane Ann Ionn, English mathematician and navigational instrument maker (died 1870)
June 5 – Robert Schomburgk, German-born explorer (died 1865)
July 20 – Richard Owen, English anatomist and paleontologist (died 1892)
September 14 – John Gould, English ornithologist (died 1881)
September 16 – Squire Whipple, American civil engineer (died 1888)
October 1 – William Stokes, Irish physician (died 1878)
October 24 – Wilhelm Eduard Weber, German physicist (died 1891)
December 10 – Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi, German mathematician (died 1851)
December 24 – Édouard Chassaignac, French surgeon (died 1879)

Deaths

February 6 – Joseph Priestley, English chemist (born 1733)
March 26 – Wolfgang von Kempelen, Hungarian inventor (born 1734)
August 30 – Thomas Percival, English reforming physician and medical ethicist (born 1740)
September 20 – Pierre Méchain, French astronomer (born 1744)
October 2 – Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot, French mechanical engineer (born 1725)
November 5 – Louis Lépecq de La Clôture, French epidemiologist (born 1736)^[18]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1804</span> Calendar year

1804 (MDCCCIV) was a leap year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar and a leap year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar, the 1804th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 804th year of the 2nd millennium, the 4th year of the 19th century, and the 5th year of the 1800s decade. As of the start of 1804, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.

Mastectomy is the medical term for the surgical removal of one or both breasts, partially or completely. A mastectomy is usually carried out to treat breast cancer. In some cases, women believed to be at high risk of breast cancer have the operation as a preventive measure. Alternatively, some women can choose to have a wide local excision, also known as a lumpectomy, an operation in which a small volume of breast tissue containing the tumor and a surrounding margin of healthy tissue is removed to conserve the breast. Both mastectomy and lumpectomy are referred to as "local therapies" for breast cancer, targeting the area of the tumor, as opposed to systemic therapies, such as chemotherapy, hormonal therapy, or immunotherapy.

Anesthesia or anaesthesia is a state of controlled, temporary loss of sensation or awareness that is induced for medical or veterinary purposes. It may include some or all of analgesia, paralysis, amnesia, and unconsciousness. An individual under the effects of anesthetic drugs is referred to as being anesthetized.

Richard Trevithick was a British inventor and mining engineer. The son of a mining captain, and born in the mining heartland of Cornwall, Trevithick was immersed in mining and engineering from an early age. He was an early pioneer of steam-powered road and rail transport, and his most significant contributions were the development of the first high-pressure steam engine and the first working railway steam locomotive. The world's first locomotive-hauled railway journey took place on 21 February 1804, when Trevithick's unnamed steam locomotive hauled a train along the tramway of the Penydarren Ironworks, in Merthyr Tydfil, Wales.

The Taff Vale Railway (TVR) was a standard gauge railway in South Wales, built by the Taff Vale Railway Company to serve the iron and coal industries around Merthyr Tydfil and to connect them with docks in Cardiff. It was opened in stages in 1840 and 1841.

Merthyr Tydfil is the main town in Merthyr Tydfil County Borough, Wales, administered by Merthyr Tydfil County Borough Council. It is about 23 miles (37 km) north of Cardiff. Often called just Merthyr, it is said to be named after Tydfil, daughter of King Brychan of Brycheiniog, who according to legend was slain at Merthyr by pagans about 480 CE. Merthyr generally means "martyr" in modern Welsh, but here closer to the Latin martyrium: a place of worship built over a martyr's relics. Similar place names in south Wales are Merthyr Cynog, Merthyr Dyfan and Merthyr Mawr.

The year 1778 in science and technology involved some significant events.

The year 1752 in science and technology involved some significant events.

The year 1801 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

The year 1760 in science and technology involved some significant events.

Friedrich Wilhelm Adam Sertürner was a German pharmacist and a pioneer of alkaloid chemistry. He is best known for his discovery of morphine, which he isolated from opium in 1804, and for conducting tests, including on himself, to evaluate its physiological effects.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hanaoka Seishū</span> Japanese surgeon

Hanaoka Seishū was a Japanese surgeon of the Edo period with a knowledge of Chinese herbal medicine, as well as Western surgical techniques he had learned through Rangaku. Hanaoka is said to have been the first to perform surgery using general anesthesia.

Events from the year 1804 in the United Kingdom.

Samuel Homfray was an English industrialist during the Industrial Revolution in Great Britain, associated with the early iron industry in South Wales.

This article is about the particular significance of the year 1811 to Wales and its people.

This article is about the particular significance of the year 1804 to Wales and its people.

Throughout recorded history, attempts at producing a state of general anesthesia can be traced back to the writings of ancient Sumerians, Babylonians, Assyrians, Akkadians, Egyptians, Persians, Indians, and Chinese.

This article lists events relating to rail transport that occurred during the 1780s.

Merthyr Tydfil County Borough is a county borough in the south-east of Wales. In 2022, it had an estimated population of 58,883, making it the smallest local authority in Wales by population. It is located in the historic county of Glamorgan and takes its name from the town with the same name. The county borough consists of the northern part of the Taff Valley and the smaller neighbouring Taff Bargoed Valley. It borders the counties of Rhondda Cynon Taf to the west, Caerphilly County Borough to the east, and Powys to the north.

Gendai Kamada was a Japanese surgeon. Born in Iyo Province, Gendai moved to Kii Province at the age of 18 to study at a private school run by the prominent surgeon Seishu Hanaoka, where he learned how to administer general anaesthesia. Upon completion of his five-year training he opened a clinic in his hometown; he became well known throughout Japan for his surgical prowess, particularly his skill in treating breast cancer.

References

↑ Penguin Pocket On This Day. Penguin Reference Library. 2006. ISBN 0-14-102715-0.
↑ Howe, James Lewis (1900-07-20). "The Eighth Group of the Periodic System and Some of its Problems". The Chemical News and Journal of Physical Science: 31.
↑ Serturner, F. W. A. (1806) J. Pharm. f. Arzte. Apoth. Chem. 14 47–93.
↑ Meyer, Klaus (2004). "Dem Morphin auf der Spur". Pharmazeutischen Zeitung (in German). GOVI-Verlag. Retrieved 2012-06-12.
↑ Izuo, M. (2004). "Medical history: Seishū Hanaoka and his success in breast cancer surgery under general anesthesia two hundred years ago". Breast Cancer. 11 (4): 319–24. doi:10.1007/BF02968037. PMID 15604985. S2CID 43428862.
↑ Hyodo, M. (1992). "Doctor S. Hanaoka, the world's-first success in providing general anesthesia". In Hyodo, M.; Oyama, T.; Swerdlow, M. (eds.). The Pain Clinic IV: proceedings of the fourth international symposium. Utrecht: VSP. pp. 3–12. ISBN 90-6764-147-2 . Retrieved 2010-09-13.
↑ Perrin, Noel (1979). Giving up the gun: Japan's reversion to the sword, 1543-1879 . Boston: David R. Godine. p. 86. ISBN 0-87923-773-2 . Retrieved 2010-09-13. Giving up the gun Noel Perrin.
↑ Matsuki, A. (2000). "New studies on the history of anesthesiology – a new study on Seishū Hanaoka's "Nyugan chiken roku" (a surgical experience with breast cancer)". Masui: The Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology. 49 (9): 1038–43. ISSN 0021-4892. PMID 11025965. Archived from the original on 2016-04-23. Retrieved 2010-09-13.
↑ Jacyna, L. S. (2004). "Bell, Sir Charles (1774–1842)" . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/1999 . Retrieved 2011-04-06.(Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
↑ Cox, Joseph Mason (1806). Practical Observations on Insanity (2nd ed.). London: Baldwin. Retrieved 2023-07-30– via Wellcome Collection..
↑ Richardson, Benjamin Ward (1886). "Antonio Scarpa, F.R.S., and Surgical Anatomy". The Asclepiad. 4 (16). London: Longmans, Green and Co.: 128–157. Retrieved 2008-06-10.
↑ Bevan, Michael (2004). "Parkinson, James (1755–1824)" . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/21371 . Retrieved 2010-04-11.(Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
↑ Rattenbury, Gordon; Lewis, M. J. T. (2004). Merthyr Tydfil Tramroads and their Locomotives. Oxford: Railway and Canal Historical Society. ISBN 0-901461-52-0.
↑ "The Burr Truss". Truss Styles of Covered Bridges. New York State Covered Bridge Society. January 2006. Archived from the original on 2006-09-08. Retrieved 2011-12-13.
↑ "Programming patterns: the story of the Jacquard loom". Science + Industry Museum. 2019-06-15. Retrieved 2024-11-01.
↑ Hogg, O. F. G. (1970). Artillery: its origin, heyday and decline. London: Hurst. p. 180. ISBN 0-900966-43-2.
↑ "Copley Medal | British scientific award". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 21 July 2020.
↑ "Louis Lépecq de La Clôture (1736-1804)". data.bnf.fr. BNF. Retrieved 21 October 2020.

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[Pocket_On_This_Day-1] Penguin Pocket On This Day. Penguin Reference Library. 2006. ISBN 0-14-102715-0.

[2] Howe, James Lewis (1900-07-20). "The Eighth Group of the Periodic System and Some of its Problems". The Chemical News and Journal of Physical Science: 31.

[3] Serturner, F. W. A. (1806) J. Pharm. f. Arzte. Apoth. Chem. 14 47–93.

[4] Meyer, Klaus (2004). "Dem Morphin auf der Spur". Pharmazeutischen Zeitung (in German). GOVI-Verlag. Retrieved 2012-06-12.

[5] Izuo, M. (2004). "Medical history: Seishū Hanaoka and his success in breast cancer surgery under general anesthesia two hundred years ago". Breast Cancer. 11 (4): 319–24. doi:10.1007/BF02968037. PMID 15604985. S2CID 43428862.

[6] Hyodo, M. (1992). "Doctor S. Hanaoka, the world's-first success in providing general anesthesia". In Hyodo, M.; Oyama, T.; Swerdlow, M. (eds.). The Pain Clinic IV: proceedings of the fourth international symposium. Utrecht: VSP. pp. 3–12. ISBN 90-6764-147-2 . Retrieved 2010-09-13.

[7] Perrin, Noel (1979). Giving up the gun: Japan's reversion to the sword, 1543-1879 . Boston: David R. Godine. p. 86. ISBN 0-87923-773-2 . Retrieved 2010-09-13. Giving up the gun Noel Perrin.

[8] Matsuki, A. (2000). "New studies on the history of anesthesiology – a new study on Seishū Hanaoka's "Nyugan chiken roku" (a surgical experience with breast cancer)". Masui: The Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology. 49 (9): 1038–43. ISSN 0021-4892. PMID 11025965. Archived from the original on 2016-04-23. Retrieved 2010-09-13.

[9] Jacyna, L. S. (2004). "Bell, Sir Charles (1774–1842)" . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/1999 . Retrieved 2011-04-06.(Subscription or UK public library membership required.)

[10] Cox, Joseph Mason (1806). Practical Observations on Insanity (2nd ed.). London: Baldwin. Retrieved 2023-07-30– via Wellcome Collection..

[11] Richardson, Benjamin Ward (1886). "Antonio Scarpa, F.R.S., and Surgical Anatomy". The Asclepiad. 4 (16). London: Longmans, Green and Co.: 128–157. Retrieved 2008-06-10.

[12] Bevan, Michael (2004). "Parkinson, James (1755–1824)" . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/21371 . Retrieved 2010-04-11.(Subscription or UK public library membership required.)

[13] Rattenbury, Gordon; Lewis, M. J. T. (2004). Merthyr Tydfil Tramroads and their Locomotives. Oxford: Railway and Canal Historical Society. ISBN 0-901461-52-0.

[14] "The Burr Truss". Truss Styles of Covered Bridges. New York State Covered Bridge Society. January 2006. Archived from the original on 2006-09-08. Retrieved 2011-12-13.

[15] "Programming patterns: the story of the Jacquard loom". Science + Industry Museum. 2019-06-15. Retrieved 2024-11-01.

[16] Hogg, O. F. G. (1970). Artillery: its origin, heyday and decline. London: Hurst. p. 180. ISBN 0-900966-43-2.

[17] "Copley Medal | British scientific award". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 21 July 2020.

[BNF-18] "Louis Lépecq de La Clôture (1736-1804)". data.bnf.fr. BNF. Retrieved 21 October 2020.

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