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1804 (MDCCCIV) was a leap year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar and a leap year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar, the 1804th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 804th year of the 2nd millennium, the 4th year of the 19th century, and the 5th year of the 1800s decade. As of the start of 1804, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.
Mastectomy is the medical term for the surgical removal of one or both breasts, partially or completely. A mastectomy is usually carried out to treat breast cancer. In some cases, women believed to be at high risk of breast cancer have the operation as a preventive measure. Alternatively, some women can choose to have a wide local excision, also known as a lumpectomy, an operation in which a small volume of breast tissue containing the tumor and a surrounding margin of healthy tissue is removed to conserve the breast. Both mastectomy and lumpectomy are referred to as "local therapies" for breast cancer, targeting the area of the tumor, as opposed to systemic therapies, such as chemotherapy, hormonal therapy, or immunotherapy.
Anesthesia or anaesthesia is a state of controlled, temporary loss of sensation or awareness that is induced for medical or veterinary purposes. It may include some or all of analgesia, paralysis, amnesia, and unconsciousness. An individual under the effects of anesthetic drugs is referred to as being anesthetized.
Richard Trevithick was a British inventor and mining engineer. The son of a mining captain, and born in the mining heartland of Cornwall, Trevithick was immersed in mining and engineering from an early age. He was an early pioneer of steam-powered road and rail transport, and his most significant contributions were the development of the first high-pressure steam engine and the first working railway steam locomotive. The world's first locomotive-hauled railway journey took place on 21 February 1804, when Trevithick's unnamed steam locomotive hauled a train along the tramway of the Penydarren Ironworks, in Merthyr Tydfil, Wales.
Merthyr Tydfil is the main town in Merthyr Tydfil County Borough, Wales, administered by Merthyr Tydfil County Borough Council. It is about 23 miles (37 km) north of Cardiff. Often called just Merthyr, it is said to be named after Tydfil, daughter of King Brychan of Brycheiniog, who according to legend was slain at Merthyr by pagans about 480 CE. Merthyr generally means "martyr" in modern Welsh, but here closer to the Latin martyrium: a place of worship built over a martyr's relics. Similar place names in south Wales are Merthyr Cynog, Merthyr Dyfan and Merthyr Mawr.
The year 1778 in science and technology involved some significant events.
The Taff Trail is a walking and cycle path that runs for 55 miles (89 km) between Cardiff Bay and Brecon in Wales. It is so named because it follows the course of the River Taff. Along much of its length, it follows the National Cycle Network Route 8 that continues to Holyhead, and is substantially off-road.
The River Taff is a river in Wales. It rises as two rivers in the Brecon Beacons; the Taf Fechan and the Taf Fawr before becoming one just north of Merthyr Tydfil. Its confluence with the River Severn estuary is in Cardiff.
Friedrich Wilhelm Adam Sertürner was a German pharmacist and a pioneer of alkaloid chemistry. He is best known for his discovery of morphine which he isolated from opium in 1804 and for conducting tests, including on himself, to evaluate its physiological effects.
Abercynon, is both a village and a community in the Cynon Valley within the unitary authority of Rhondda Cynon Taf, Wales. The community comprises the village and the districts of Carnetown and Grovers Field to the south, Navigation Park to the east, and Glancynon to the north.
Hanaoka Seishū was a Japanese surgeon of the Edo period with a knowledge of Chinese herbal medicine, as well as Western surgical techniques he had learned through Rangaku. Hanaoka is said to have been the first to perform surgery using general anesthesia.
Thomas Stephens was a Welsh historian, literary critic, and social reformer. His works include The Literature of the Kymry (1849,1876), Madoc: An Essay on the Discovery of America by Madoc ap Owen Gwynedd in the Twelfth Century (1858,1893), and Orgraff yr Iaith Gymraeg (1859), as well as a number of prize-winning essays presented at eisteddfodau between 1840 and 1858. He was the first Welsh historian and literary critic to employ rigorous scientific methods, and is considered to have done more to raise the standards of the National Eisteddfod than any other Welshman of his time. Stephens also figured prominently in efforts to implement social, educational and sanitary reforms both locally in Merthyr Tydfil and more broadly throughout Wales.
Events from the year 1804 in the United Kingdom.
Samuel Homfray was an English industrialist during the Industrial Revolution in Great Britain, associated with the early iron industry in South Wales.
This article is about the particular significance of the year 1804 to Wales and its people.
Penydarren is a community and electoral ward in Merthyr Tydfil County Borough in Wales.
Throughout recorded history, attempts at producing a state of general anesthesia can be traced back to the writings of ancient Sumerians, Babylonians, Assyrians, Egyptians, Indians, and Chinese. Despite significant advances in anatomy and surgical technique during the Renaissance, surgery remained a last-resort treatment largely due to the pain associated with it. However, scientific discoveries in the late 18th and early 19th centuries paved the way for the development of modern anesthetic techniques.
Takamine Ueekata Tokumei was an Okinawan interpreter (Chinese-Okinawan). He was ordered to learn harelip surgery and successfully performed the surgery for the grandson of King Shō Tei, Shō Eki, under general anesthesia.
Merthyr Tydfil County Borough is a county borough in the south-east of Wales. In mid 2018, it had an estimated population of 60,183 making it the smallest local authority in Wales by both population and land area. It is located in the historic county of Glamorgan and takes its name from the town with the same name. The county borough consists of the northern part of the Taff Valley and the smaller neighbouring Taff Bargoed Valley. It borders the counties of Rhondda Cynon Taf to the west, Caerphilly County Borough to the east, and Powys to the north.
Gendai Kamada was a Japanese surgeon. Born in Iyo Province, Gendai moved to Kii Province at the age of 18 to study at a private school run by the prominent surgeon Seishu Hanaoka, where he learned how to administer general anaesthesia. Upon completion of his five-year training he opened a clinic in his hometown; he became well known throughout Japan for his surgical prowess, particularly his skill in treating breast cancer.
References
- ↑ Penguin Pocket On This Day. Penguin Reference Library. 2006. ISBN 0-14-102715-0.
- ↑ Serturner, F. W. A. (1806) J. Pharm. f. Arzte. Apoth. Chem. 14 47–93.
- ↑ Meyer, Klaus (2004). "Dem Morphin auf der Spur". Pharmazeutischen Zeitung (in German). GOVI-Verlag. Retrieved 2012-06-12.
- ↑ Izuo, M. (2004). "Medical history: Seishū Hanaoka and his success in breast cancer surgery under general anesthesia two hundred years ago". Breast Cancer. 11 (4): 319–24. doi:10.1007/BF02968037. PMID 15604985. S2CID 43428862.
- ↑ Hyodo, M. (1992). "Doctor S. Hanaoka, the world's-first success in providing general anesthesia". In Hyodo, M.; Oyama, T.; Swerdlow, M. (eds.). The Pain Clinic IV: proceedings of the fourth international symposium. Utrecht: VSP. pp. 3–12. ISBN 90-6764-147-2 . Retrieved 2010-09-13.
- ↑ Perrin, Noel (1979). Giving up the gun: Japan's reversion to the sword, 1543-1879 . Boston: David R. Godine. p. 86. ISBN 0-87923-773-2 . Retrieved 2010-09-13.
Giving up the gun Noel Perrin.
- ↑ Matsuki, A. (2000). "New studies on the history of anesthesiology – a new study on Seishū Hanaoka's "Nyugan chiken roku" (a surgical experience with breast cancer)". Masui: The Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology. 49 (9): 1038–43. ISSN 0021-4892. PMID 11025965. Archived from the original on 2016-04-23. Retrieved 2010-09-13.
- ↑ Jacyna, L. S. (2004). "Bell, Sir Charles (1774–1842)" . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/1999 . Retrieved 2011-04-06.(Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
- ↑ Cox, Joseph Mason (1806). Practical Observations on Insanity (2nd ed.). London: Baldwin. Retrieved 2023-07-30– via Wellcome Collection..
- ↑ Richardson, Benjamin Ward (1886). "Antonio Scarpa, F.R.S., and Surgical Anatomy". The Asclepiad. London: Longmans, Green and Co. 4 (16): 128–157. Retrieved 2008-06-10.
- ↑ Bevan, Michael (2004). "Parkinson, James (1755–1824)" . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/21371 . Retrieved 2010-04-11.(Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
- ↑ Rattenbury, Gordon; Lewis, M. J. T. (2004). Merthyr Tydfil Tramroads and their Locomotives. Oxford: Railway and Canal Historical Society. ISBN 0-901461-52-0.
- ↑ "The Burr Truss". Truss Styles of Covered Bridges. New York State Covered Bridge Society. January 2006. Archived from the original on 2006-09-08. Retrieved 2011-12-13.
- ↑ Hogg, O. F. G. (1970). Artillery: its origin, heyday and decline. London: Hurst. p. 180. ISBN 0-900966-43-2.
- ↑ "Copley Medal | British scientific award". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 21 July 2020.
- ↑ "Louis Lépecq de La Clôture (1736-1804)". data.bnf.fr. BNF. Retrieved 21 October 2020.