1795 in science

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The year 1795 in science and technology involved some significant events.

Astronomy

• December 13 – A meteorite falls to Earth at Wold Newton, East Riding of Yorkshire, England, the first to be recognised in modern times.

Botany

• National Botanic Gardens (Ireland) opened by the Royal Dublin Society.

Mathematics

• The 18-year-old Carl Friedrich Gauss develops the basis for the method of least squares analysis. ^[1]

Medicine

• The British Royal Navy makes the use of lemon juice mandatory to prevent scurvy, largely due to the influence of Gilbert Blane. ^[2]

Metrology

• April 7 – The gram is decreed in France to be equal to "the absolute weight of a volume of water equal to the cube of the hundredth part of the metre, at the temperature of melting ice." ^[3]

Paleontology

• Georges Cuvier identifies the fossilised bones of a huge animal found in the Netherlands in 1770 as belonging to an extinct reptile.

Technology

• August 24 – Rev. Samuel Henshall is granted an English patent for a corkscrew. ^{[4] [5] [6]}
• November 30 – Joseph Bramah is granted an English patent for hydraulic machinery, notably the hydraulic press. ^[7]

Zoology

• Johann Matthäus Bechstein publishes his treatise on songbirds Naturgeschichte der Stubenvögel ("Natural History of Cage Birds") in Gotha.
• Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire publishes "Histoire des Makis, ou singes de Madagascar", introducing his theory of the unity of organic composition.

Publications

• Leonhard Euler's Letters to a German Princess, On Different Subjects in Physics and Philosophy are first translated into English by Scottish minister Henry Hunter, targeted at women, whom Hunter felt Euler intended to educate. ^{[8] [9]}

Awards

• Copley Medal: Jesse Ramsden ^[10]

Births

• January 6 – Anselme Payen, French chemist (died 1878)
• May 5 – Pierre Louis Alphée Cazenave, French dermatologist (died 1877)
• June 24 – Ernst Heinrich Weber, German physician, psychologist (died 1878)
• June 30 – Joseph Bienaimé Caventou, French chemist (died 1877)
• July 5 – Georg Ernst Ludwig Hampe, German pharmacist, botanist and bryologist (died 1880)
• July 10 – Jean-Baptiste Guimet, French industrial chemist (died 1871)
• November 12 – Thaddeus William Harris, American naturalist (died 1856)
• December 8 – Peter Andreas Hansen, Danish astronomer (died 1874)
• December 21
  • Francisco Javier Muñiz, Argentine physician and paleontologist (died 1871)
  • Jack Russell, English dog breeder (died 1883)

Deaths

• January 21 – Samuel Wallis, English navigator (born 1728)
• March 21 – Giovanni Arduino, Italian geologist (born 1714)
• May 6 – Pieter Boddaert, Dutch physician and naturalist (born 1730)
• June 1 – Pierre-Joseph Desault, French anatomist and surgeon (born 1744)
• June 9 – François Chopart, French surgeon (born 1743)
• June 17 – Gilbert Romme, French politician and mathematician (born 1750)
• June 18 – Marie Marguerite Bihéron, French anatomist (born 1719)
• June 24 – William Smellie, Scottish naturalist and encyclopedist (born 1740)
• July 3 – Antonio de Ulloa, Spanish explorer (born 1716)
• August 14 – George Adams, English scientific instrument maker (born 1750)
• October 1 – Robert Bakewell, English agriculturalist and geneticist (born 1725)
• December 28 – Eugenio Espejo, Ecuadorian medical hygienist, lawyer and journalist (born 1747)

References

1. Not published until 1809.
2. Bown, Stephen R. (2003). Scurvy: How a Surgeon, a Mariner and a Gentleman Solved the Greatest Medical Mystery of the Age of Sail. Penguin Books Australia. p. 222.
3. "Decree on weights and measures". 1795. Archived from the original on 24 September 2008. Retrieved 2 October 2008. Gramme, le poids absolu d'un volume d'eau pure égal au cube de la centième partie du mètre , et à la température de la glace fondante
4. "Samuel Henshall (1765–1807)". bullworks.net. Retrieved 2021-06-22.
5. "Antique & Vintage Corkscrew Guide ~ Direct pull corkscrews with Henshall buttons". corkscrewsonline.com. Retrieved 2021-06-22.
6. Dalby, Steward (2000-04-01). "Drink a toast to the worm that turned". The Guardian . London. Retrieved 2021-06-22.
7. McNeill, Ian (1972). Hydraulic Power. London: Longman. ISBN   0-582-12797-1.
8. Goodwin, Gordon (1891). "Hunter, Henry"  . In Lee, Sidney (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography . Vol. 28. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
9. Klyve, Dominic (Spring 2011). "Euler's Letters to a German Princess:Betrayal and Translation" (PDF). Opusculum. 3 (1). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-10-22. Retrieved 2013-10-21.
10. "Copley Medal | British scientific award". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 21 July 2020.