This is a list of diseases and disorders found in potatoes .
Bacterial Diseases | |
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Bacterial wilt = brown rot |
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Blackleg and bacterial soft rot | Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. atrosepticum
carotovora
|
Pink eye | Pseudomonas fluorescens |
Ring rot | Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus
|
Common scab |
|
Zebra chip = Psyllid yellows? |
Fungal diseases | |
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Black dot |
|
Brown spot and Black pit |
|
Cercospora leaf blotch |
|
Charcoal rot |
|
Choanephora blight | |
Common rust | |
Deforming rust | |
Early blight | |
Fusarium dry rot | Fusarium spp.
Other spp. include: |
Fusarium wilt | Fusarium spp. |
Gangrene | Phoma solanicola f. foveata
|
Gray mold |
|
Phoma leaf spot | |
Powdery mildew | |
Rhizoctonia canker and black scurf | |
Rosellinia black rot | Rosellinia sp.[ which? ]
|
Septoria leaf spot | |
Silver scurf | |
Skin spot | |
Stem rot (southern blight) | |
Thecaphora smut |
|
Ulocladium blight | |
Verticillium wilt | |
Wart | |
White mold | |
Protistan diseases | |
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Late blight (oomycete) | |
Leak (oomycete) | Pythium spp. |
Pink rot (oomycete) | Phytophthora spp. |
Powdery scab (Rhizaria) | |
Viral and viroid diseases | |
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Alfalfa mosaic virus | genus Alfamovirus, Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) |
Andean potato latent virus | genus Tymovirus, Andean potato latent virus (APLV) |
Andean potato mottle virus | genus Comovirus, Andean potato mottle virus (APMV) |
Arracacha virus B - Oca strain | genus Nepovirus, Arracacha virus B Oca strain (AVB-O) |
Beet curly top virus | genus Curtovirus, Beet curly top virus (BCTV) |
Cucumber mosaic virus | genus Cucumovirus, Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) |
Eggplant mottle dwarf virus | genus Rhabdovirus, Eggplant mottle dwarf virus (EMDV) |
Potato aucuba mosaic virus | genus Potexvirus, Potato aucuba mosaic virus (PAMV) |
Potato black ringspot virus | genus Nepovirus, Potato black ringspot virus (PBRSV) |
Potato deforming mosaic virus | genus Geminiviridae Potato deforming mosaic virus subgroup III, (PDMV) |
Potato latent virus | genus Carlavirus, Potato latent virus (PLV) |
Potato leafroll virus | genus Luteovirus, Potato leafroll virus (PLRV) |
Potato mop-top virus (spraing of tubers) | genus Furovirus, Potato mop-top virus (PMTV) |
Potato rugose mosaic | genus Potyvirus, Potato virus Y (PVY, strains O, N and C) |
Potato stem mottle (spraing of tubers) | genus Tobravirus, Tobacco rattle virus (TRV) |
Potato spindle tuber | Potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd) |
Potato yellow dwarf virus | genus Nucleorhabdovirus, Potato yellow dwarf virus (PYDV) |
Potato yellow mosaic virus | genus Geminiviridae, Potato yellow mosaic virus (PYMV); subgroup III |
Potato yellow vein virus | Potato yellow vein virus (PYVV) |
Potato yellowing virus | genus Alfamovirus, Potato yellowing virus (PYV) |
Potato virus A | genus Potyvirus, Potato virus A (PVA) |
Potato virus M | genus Carlavirus, Potato virus M (PVM) |
Potato virus S | genus Carlavirus, Potato virus S (PVS) |
Potato virus H | genus Carlavirus, Potato virus H (PVH) |
Potato virus T | genus Trichovirus, Potato virus T |
Potato virus U | genus Nepovirus, Potato virus U (PVU) |
Potato virus V | genus Potyvirus, Potato virus V (PVV) |
Potato virus X | genus Potexvirus, Potato virus X (PVX) |
Potato virus Y | genus Potyvirus, Potato virus Y (PVY) |
Solanum apical leaf curling virus | Geminiviridae, Solanum apical leaf curling virus (SALCV) subgroup III |
Sowbane mosaic virus | genus Sobemovirus, Sowbane mosaic virus (SoMV) |
Tobacco mosaic virus | genus Tobamovirus, Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) |
Tobacco necrosis virus | genus Necrovirus, Tobacco necrosis virus (TNV) |
Tobacco rattle virus | genus Tobravirus, Tobacco rattle virus (TRV) |
Tobacco streak virus | genus Ilarvirus, Tobacco streak virus (TSV) |
Tomato black ring virus | genus Nepovirus, Tomato black ring virus (ToBRV) |
Tomato mosaic virus | genus Tobamovirus, Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV) |
Tomato spotted wilt virus | genus Tospovirus, Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) |
Tomato yellow mosaic virus | genus Geminiviridae, Tomato yellow mosaic virus (ToYMV) subgroup III |
Wild potato mosaic virus | genus Potyvirus, Wild potato mosaic virus (WPMV) |
Nematode parasitic | |
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Potato cyst nematode | |
Lesion nematode | Pratylenchus spp. |
Potato rot nematode | |
Root knot nematode | Meloidogyne spp. |
Sting nematode | |
Stubby-root nematode | Paratrichodorus spp. |
Phytoplasmal diseases | |
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Aster yellows | Aster yellows group of phytoplasmas |
Witches'-broom | Witches’ broom phytoplasma |
BLTVA | The beet leafhopper-transmitted virescence agent |
Miscellaneous diseases and disorders | |
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Aerial tubers | Phytoplasma infection or anything that constricts the stem, including but not limited to Rhizoctonia canker, heat necrosis, chemical injury, mechanical injury, wind injury |
Air pollution injury | Photochemical oxidants (primarily ozone), sulfur oxides |
Black heart | Oxygen deficiency of internal tuber tissue |
Blackspot bruise | Bruising, pressure contact |
Elephant hide | Roughening of tuber skin due to physiological or environmental causes |
Hollow heart | Excessively rapid tuber enlargement |
Internal brown spot = heat necrosis | Oxygen deficiency of tuber accompanying high soil temperature |
Jelly end rot | Carbohydrate translocation due to second growth |
Physiological leaf roll | Response to adverse environment |
Psyllid yellows | Toxic saliva of the potato (tomato) psyllid, Paratrioza cockerelli |
Shatter bruise | Mechanical damage to tuber |
Skinning | Mechanical damage to tuber |
Stem-end browning | Exact cause(s) unknown, chemical injury, viruses or other pathogens. |
The potato is a starchy root vegetable native to the Americas that is consumed as a staple food in many parts of the world. Potatoes are tubers of the plant Solanum tuberosum, a perennial in the nightshade family Solanaceae.
The sweet potato is a dicotyledonous plant that belongs to the bindweed or morning glory family, Convolvulaceae. Its large, starchy, sweet-tasting tuberous roots are used as a root vegetable. The young shoots and leaves are sometimes eaten as greens. Cultivars of the sweet potato have been bred to bear tubers with flesh and skin of various colors. Sweet potato is only distantly related to the common potato, both being in the order Solanales. Although darker sweet potatoes are often referred to as "yams" in parts of North America, the species is even more distant from the true yams, which are monocots in the order Dioscoreales.
Plant pathology or phytopathology is the scientific study of plant diseases caused by pathogens and environmental conditions. Plant pathology involves the study of pathogen identification, disease etiology, disease cycles, economic impact, plant disease epidemiology, plant disease resistance, how plant diseases affect humans and animals, pathosystem genetics, and management of plant diseases.
Phytophthora infestans is an oomycete or water mold, a fungus-like microorganism that causes the serious potato and tomato disease known as late blight or potato blight. Early blight, caused by Alternaria solani, is also often called "potato blight". Late blight was a major culprit in the 1840s European, the 1845–1852 Irish, and the 1846 Highland potato famines. The organism can also infect some other members of the Solanaceae. The pathogen is favored by moist, cool environments: sporulation is optimal at 12–18 °C (54–64 °F) in water-saturated or nearly saturated environments, and zoospore production is favored at temperatures below 15 °C (59 °F). Lesion growth rates are typically optimal at a slightly warmer temperature range of 20 to 24 °C.
Blight is a specific symptom affecting plants in response to infection by a pathogenic organism.
The Oomycetes, or Oomycota, form a distinct phylogenetic lineage of fungus-like eukaryotic microorganisms within the Stramenopiles. They are filamentous and heterotrophic, and can reproduce both sexually and asexually. Sexual reproduction of an oospore is the result of contact between hyphae of male antheridia and female oogonia; these spores can overwinter and are known as resting spores. Asexual reproduction involves the formation of chlamydospores and sporangia, producing motile zoospores. Oomycetes occupy both saprophytic and pathogenic lifestyles, and include some of the most notorious pathogens of plants, causing devastating diseases such as late blight of potato and sudden oak death. One oomycete, the mycoparasite Pythium oligandrum, is used for biocontrol, attacking plant pathogenic fungi. The oomycetes are also often referred to as water molds, although the water-preferring nature which led to that name is not true of most species, which are terrestrial pathogens.
Citrus greening disease or yellow dragon disease is a disease of citrus caused by a vector-transmitted pathogen. The causative agents are motile bacteria, Liberibacter spp. The disease is transmitted by the Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri, and the African citrus psyllid, Trioza erytreae, also known as the two-spotted citrus psyllid. It has no known cure. It has also been shown to be graft-transmissible.
The potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd) was the first viroid to be identified. PSTVd is a small, single stranded circular RNA molecule closely related to the chrysanthemum stunt viroid. Present within the viroidal RNA is the Pospiviroid RY motif stem loop common to its genus. The natural hosts are potatoes and tomatoes. All potatoes and tomatoes are susceptible to PSTVd and there is no form of natural resistance. Natural infections have also been seen in avocados and infections in other solanaceous crops have been induced in the laboratory. Until 2017 PSTVd was thought to be unable to infect Solanum sisymbriifolium. Then in May seeds exported by a Dutch company were noticed to be infected. These seeds were shipped from the company, but had been originally bred to their specifications in two Asian countries. Pstv also causes Tomato bunchy top and is seed transmitted in tomato.
Black rot is a name used for various diseases of cultivated plants caused by fungi or bacteria, producing dark brown discoloration and decay in the leaves of fruit and vegetables:
Rhizoctonia solani is a species of fungus in the order Cantharellales. Basidiocarps are thin, effused, and web-like, but the fungus is more typically encountered in its anamorphic state, as hyphae and sclerotia. The name Rhizoctonia solani is currently applied to a complex of related species that await further research. In its wide sense, Rhizoctonia solani is a facultative plant pathogen with a wide host range and worldwide distribution. It causes various plant diseases such as root rot, damping off, and wire stem. It can also form mycorrhizal associations with orchids.
Powdery scab is a disease of potato tubers. It is caused by the cercozoan Spongospora subterranea f. sp. subterranea and is widespread in potato growing countries. Symptoms of powdery scab include small lesions in the early stages of the disease, progressing to raised pustules containing a powdery mass. These can eventually rupture within the tuber periderm. The powdery pustules contain resting spores that release anisokont zoospores to infect the root hairs of potatoes or tomatoes. Powdery scab is a cosmetic defect on tubers, which can result in the rejection of these potatoes. Potatoes which have been infected can be peeled to remove the infected skin and the remaining inside of the potato can be cooked and eaten.
Alternaria solani is a fungal pathogen that produces a disease in tomato and potato plants called early blight. The pathogen produces distinctive "bullseye" patterned leaf spots and can also cause stem lesions and fruit rot on tomato and tuber blight on potato. Despite the name "early," foliar symptoms usually occur on older leaves. If uncontrolled, early blight can cause significant yield reductions. Primary methods of controlling this disease include preventing long periods of wetness on leaf surfaces and applying fungicides. Early blight can also be caused by Alternaria tomatophila, which is more virulent on stems and leaves of tomato plants than Alternaria solani.
Colletotrichum coccodes is a plant pathogen, which causes anthracnose on tomato and black dot disease of potato. Fungi survive on crop debris and disease emergence is favored by warm temperatures and wet weather.
Helminthosporium solani is a fungal plant pathogen responsible for the plant disease known as silver scurf. Silver scurf is a blemish disease, meaning the effect it has on tubers is mostly cosmetic and affects "fresh market, processing and seed tuber potatoes." There are some reports of it affecting development, meaning growth and tuber yield. This is caused by light brown lesions, which in turn change the permeability of tuber skin and then it causes tuber shrinkage and water loss, which finally causes weight loss. The disease has become economically important because silver scurf affected potatoes for processing and direct consumption have been rejected by the industry. The disease cycle can be divided into two stages: field and storage. It is mainly a seed borne disease and the primary source of inoculum is mainly infected potato seed tubers. Symptoms develop and worsen in storage because the conditions are conducive to sporulation. The ideal conditions for the spread of this disease are high temperatures and high humidity. There are also many cultural practices that favor spread and development. There are multiple ways to help control the disease.
Tobacco rattle virus (TRV) is a pathogenic plant virus. Over 400 species of plants from 50 families are susceptible to infection.
Streptomyces scabiei is a streptomycete bacterium species found in soils around the world. Unlike most of the 500 or so Streptomyces species it is a plant pathogen causing corky lesions to form on tuber and root crops as well as decreasing the growth of seedlings. Along with other closely related species it causes the potato disease common scab, which is an economically important disease in many potato growing areas. It was first described in 1892, being classified as a fungus, before being renamed in 1914 and again in 1948. Several other species of Streptomyces cause similar diseases to S. scabiei but other, more closely related species, do not.
Common scab is a plant disease of root and tuber crops caused by a small number of Streptomyces species, specifically S. scabies, S. acidiscabies, S. turgidiscabies and others. Common scab mainly affects potato, but can also cause disease on radish, parsnip, beet, and carrot. This plant disease is found wherever these vegetables are grown.
The Plant Journal is a peer-reviewed scientific journal of plant science published by Wiley-Blackwell for the Society for Experimental Biology. It was established in 1991 and is currently edited by Katherine J. Denby. The journal is published twice per month.
Sweet potato leaf curl virus is commonly abbreviated SPLCV. Select isolates are referred to as SPLCV followed by an abbreviation of where they were isolated. For example, the Brazilian isolate is referred to as SPLCV-Br.