Paratrichodorus | |
---|---|
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Nematoda |
Class: | Adenophorea |
Order: | Triplonchida |
Family: | Trichodoridae |
Genus: | Paratrichodorus Siddiqi, 1974 [1] |
Type species | |
Paratrichodorus tunisiensis Siddiqi | |
Species | |
Paratrichodorus is a genus of terrestrial root feeding (stubby-root) nematodes in the Trichodoridae family (trichorids), being one of five genera. [2] They are economically important plant parasites and virus vectors. [3] The females are didelphic (two genital tracts), and are distributed worldwide. [4]
Historically, Trichodorus formed the only genus in the Trichodoridae family. Then Trichodorus was split into two genera in 1974 by Siddiqi, [1] Trichodorus and Paratrichodorus. The genus, which is the second largest in the family consists of 34 species. [4] Siddiqi based the separation on the position of the gland nuclei and the type of pharyngo-intestinal junction.
Using the same characteristics as those establishing the genus, Siddiqi described three subgenera, Paratrichodorus, Atlantadorus and Nanidorus, but Decraemer did not support the validity of this. [5] While the latter approach has not been accepted by some authorities, [5] Siddiqi elevated them to genus status in 1980, [6] [7] an approach that few other authors have followed, [8] but maintained by that author, [9] and now receiving some support from modern molecular approaches to taxonomy. At least in the case of Nanidorus, phylogenetic analysis has supported its recognition as a separate genus, although clustering with Trichodorus rather than its parent Paratrichodorus. [8] [10]
Trichorids became of interest in 1951. [11] At that time Trichodorus christie (= Paratrichodorus minor ) was recognised as a pest of crops in Florida. [12]
Leptosomatidae is a family of benthic marine nematode worms.
Enoplea (enopleans) is a class, which with the classes Secernentea and Chromadorea make up the phylum Nematoda in current taxonomy. The Enoplea are considered to be a more ancestral group than the Chromadorea, and researchers have referred to its members as the "ancestrally diverged nematodes", compared to the "more recently diverged nematodes" of Chromadorea.
Secernentea was a class of nematodes in the Classical Phylogeny System and is no longer in use. This morphological-based classification system has been replaced by the Modern Phylogeny system, where taxonomy assignment is based on small subunit ribosomal DNA.
Pratylenchus brachyurus is a plant parasitic nematode.
Hirschmanniella oryzae, i.e. rice root nematode (RRN), is among the major pests of rice and is the most common plant-parasitic nematode found on irrigated rice. Recent modifications in cultivation practices have led to a substantial increase in rice production, which has been accompanied by heightened levels of RRN. The proportional increases in RRN with rice production can be explained by the nematode's impeccable adaptation towards constantly flooded conditions in which irrigated rice is often being grown.
Xiphinema americanum, the American dagger nematode, is a species of plant pathogenic nematodes. It is one of many species that belongs to the genus Xiphinema. It was first described by N. A. Cobb in 1913, who found it on both sides of the United States on the roots of grass, corn, and citrus trees. Not only is Xiphinema americanum known to vector plant viruses, but also X. americanum has been referred to as "the most destructive plant parasitic nematode in America", and one of the four major nematode pests in the Southeastern United States.
Hemicriconemoides mangiferae is a plant pathogenic nematode.
Tobacco rattle virus (TRV) is a pathogenic plant virus. Over 400 species of plants from 50 families are susceptible to infection.
Diplogasterida was an order of nematodes. It was sometimes placed in a monotypic subclass Diplogasteria, but molecular phylogenetic evidence has shown it to be embedded in the family Rhabditidae. The confusion of having a hierarchical nesting of groups that were formerly mutually exclusive has led to a profusion of names. Although completely revised taxonomy of nematodes that builds on recent classification systems as well as recent phylogenetic evidence is still necessary, most contemporary taxonomic studies now treat all groups listed under "Diplogasterina" below as a single family, Diplogastridae.
The nematodes, roundworms or eelworms constitute the phylum Nematoda. They are a diverse animal phylum inhabiting a broad range of environments. Most species are free-living, feeding on microorganisms, but there are many that are parasitic. The parasitic worms (helminths) are the cause of soil-transmitted helminthiases.
Helicotylenchus is a genus of nematodes in the family Hoplolaimidae. They are known generally as spiral nematodes. They are found worldwide because they can live and survive in a wide range of habitats. They are among the most common parasitic nematodes of plants; found in corn, bananas, grass, soybeans.
Enoplida is an order of nematodes. It is one of two orders in Enoplia, which is one of two subclasses in Class Enoplea.
The Enoplia are a subclass of nematodes in the class Enoplea.
Longidorus is a genus of needle nematodes. Some of its species are plant pests.
Longidoridae is a family of polyphagous root ectoparasites in the phylum Nematoda (nematodes) with a worldwide distribution.
Root-gall nematodes are plant-parasitic nematodes from the genus Subanguina that affect grasses, including cereals, and some other plants, such as mugwort. They are distinct from the Root-knot nematodes which are from the genus Meloidogyne. So far around twenty-five separate species of Subanguina have been identified, although the most well-known and type species is Subanguina radicicola.
Triplonchida is an order of terrestrial nematodes, and is one of two orders making up the subclass Enoplia.
Diphtherophorina is a suborder of terrestrial nematodes, being one of three that constitute suborder Triplonchida.
Trichodoridae is a family of terrestrial root feeding nematodes, being one of two that constitute suborder Triplonchida. They are economically important plant parasites and virus vectors.
Trichodorus is a genus of terrestrial root feeding (stubby-root) nematodes in the Trichodoridae family (trichorids), being one of five genera. They are economically important plant parasites and virus vectors.