Burrow

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An Eastern chipmunk at the entrance of its burrow Chipmunk-burrow (exits).jpg
An Eastern chipmunk at the entrance of its burrow

A burrow is a hole or tunnel excavated into the ground by an animal to construct a space suitable for habitation or temporary refuge, or as a byproduct of locomotion. Burrows provide a form of shelter against predation and exposure to the elements, and can be found in nearly every biome and among various biological interactions. Many animal species are known to form burrows. These species range from small amphipods, [1] to very large vertebrate species such as the polar bear. [2] Burrows can be constructed into a wide variety of substrates and can range in complexity from a simple tube a few centimeters long to a complex network of interconnecting tunnels and chambers hundreds or thousands of meters in total length; an example of the latter level of complexity, a well-developed burrow, would be a rabbit warren.

Contents

Vertebrate burrows

A black-tailed prairie dog, with young, emerges from its burrow Prariehund P1010308.JPG
A black-tailed prairie dog, with young, emerges from its burrow

A large variety of vertebrates construct or use burrows in many types of substrate; burrows can range widely in complexity. Some examples of vertebrate burrowing animals include a number of mammals, amphibians, fish (dragonet and lungfish [3] ), reptiles, and birds (including small dinosaurs [4] ). Mammals are perhaps most well known for burrowing. Mammal species such as Insectivora like the mole, and rodents like the gopher, great gerbil and groundhog are often found to form burrows. Some other mammals that are known to burrow are the platypus, pangolin, pygmy rabbit, armadillo, rat and weasel. [5] Some rabbits, members of the family Leporidae, are well-known burrowers. Some species such as the groundhog can construct burrows that occupy a full cubic metre, displacing about 300 kilograms (660 lb) of dirt. [6] There is evidence that rodents may construct the most complex burrows of all vertebrate burrowing species. [7] For example, great gerbils live in family groups in extensive burrows, which can be seen on satellite images. Even the unoccupied burrows can remain visible in the landscape for years. The burrows are distributed regularly, although the occupied burrows appear to be clustered in space. [8] [9] Even Carnivora like the meerkat, and marsupials, such as wombats [10] are burrowers. The largest burrowing animal is probably the polar bear when it makes its maternity den in snow or earth. [11] Lizards are also known to construct and live in burrows, and may exhibit territorial behaviour over the burrows as well. There is also evidence that a burrow provides protection for the Adelaide pygmy blue-tongue skink (Tiliqua adelaidensis) when fighting, as they may fight from inside their burrows. [12]

Burrows by birds are usually made in soft soils; some penguins and other pelagic seabirds are noted for such burrows. The Magellanic penguin is an example, constructing burrows along coastal Patagonian regions of Chile and Argentina. [13] Other burrowing birds are puffins, kingfishers, and bee-eaters.

Bird burrows on the Volga shore near Kstovo, Russia C0136-bird-burrrows.jpg
Bird burrows on the Volga shore near Kstovo, Russia

Kangaroo mice construct burrows in fine sand.

Invertebrate burrows

Scabies mites construct their burrows in the skin of the infested animal or human. Termites and some wasps construct burrows in the soil and wood. Ants construct burrows in the soil. Some sea urchins and clams can burrow into rock.

The burrows produced by invertebrate animals can be filled actively or passively. Dwelling burrows which remain open during the occupation by an organism are filled passively, by gravity rather than by the organism. Actively filled burrows, on the other hand, are filled with material by the burrowing organism itself. [14]

The establishment of an invertebrate burrow often involves the soaking of surrounding sediment in mucus to prevent collapse and to seal off water flow. [14]

Examples of burrowing invertebrates are insects, spiders, sea urchins, crustaceans, clams and worms.

Excavators, modifiers, and occupants

Burrowing animals can be divided into three categories: primary excavators, secondary modifiers and simple occupants. [15] Primary excavators are the animals that originally dig and construct the burrow, and are generally very strong. [16] Some animals considered to be primary excavators are the prairie dog and the aardvark. [16] Pygmy gerbils are an example of secondary modifiers, as they do not build an original burrow, but will live inside a burrow made by other animals and improve or change some aspects of the burrow for their own purpose. [16] The third category, simple occupants, neither build nor modify the burrow but simply live inside or use it for their own purpose. [16] Some species of bird make use of burrows built by tortoises, which is an example of simple occupancy. [16] These animals can also be referred to as commensals. [16]

Protection

Crustacean burrows in a Jurassic limestone, southern Israel ThalassinoidesIsrael.JPG
Crustacean burrows in a Jurassic limestone, southern Israel

Some species may spend the majority of their days inside a burrow, indicating it must have good conditions and provide some benefit to the animal. [17] Burrows may be used by certain species as protection from harsh conditions, [18] or from predators. [12] Burrows may be found facing the direction of sunlight or away from the direction of cold wind. [19] This could help with heat retention and insulation, providing protection from temperatures and conditions outside. [19] Insects such as the earwig may construct burrows to live in during winter, and use them for physical protection. [18] Some species will also use burrows to store and protect food. This provides a benefit to the animal as it can keep food away from other competition. [17] It also allows the animal to keep a good stock of food inside the burrow to avoid extreme weather conditions or seasons where certain food sources may be unavailable. [17] Additionally, burrows can protect to animals that have just had their young, providing good conditions and safety for vulnerable newborn animals. [17] Burrows may also provide shelter to animals residing in areas frequently destroyed by fire, as animals deep underground in a burrow may be kept dry, safe and at a stable temperature. [19]

Fossil burrows

Burrows are also commonly preserved in the fossil record as burrow fossils, a type of trace fossil.

See also

Related Research Articles

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Invertebrate</span> Animals without a vertebral column

Invertebrates is an umbrella term describing animals that neither develop nor retain a vertebral column, which evolved from the notochord. It is a paraphyletic grouping including all animals excluding the chordate subphylum Vertebrata, i.e. vertebrates. Well-known phyla of invertebrates include arthropods, mollusks, annelids, echinoderms, flatworms, cnidarians and sponges.

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Bioturbation is defined as the reworking of soils and sediments by animals or plants. It includes burrowing, ingestion, and defecation of sediment grains. Bioturbating activities have a profound effect on the environment and are thought to be a primary driver of biodiversity. The formal study of bioturbation began in the 1800s by Charles Darwin experimenting in his garden. The disruption of aquatic sediments and terrestrial soils through bioturbating activities provides significant ecosystem services. These include the alteration of nutrients in aquatic sediment and overlying water, shelter to other species in the form of burrows in terrestrial and water ecosystems, and soil production on land.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rodent</span> Order of mammals

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References

  1. ↑ Jones, S. E.; Jago, C. F. (1993-01-01). "In situ assessment of modification of sediment properties by burrowing invertebrates". Marine Biology. 115 (1): 133–142. Bibcode:1993MarBi.115..133J. doi:10.1007/BF00349395. ISSN   1432-1793. S2CID   85234722.
  2. ↑ Jonkel, Charles J.; Kolenosky, George B.; Robertson, Richard J.; Russell, Richard H. (1972). "Further Notes on Polar Bear Denning Habits". Bears: Their Biology and Management. 2: 142–158. doi:10.2307/3872578. ISSN   1936-0614. JSTOR   3872578.
  3. ↑ Dubiel, Russel; Blodgett, Robert H; Bown, Thomas M (May 1987). "Lungfish Burrows in the Upper Triassic Chinle and Dolores Formations, Colorado Plateau". Journal of Sedimentary Petrology. 57: 512–521.
  4. ↑ Varricchio, David J.; Martin, Anthony J.; Katsura, Yoshihiro (2007). "First trace and body fossil evidence of a burrowing, denning dinosaur". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences . 274 (1616): 1361–1368. doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.0443. PMC   2176205 . PMID   17374596.
  5. ↑ O. J., Reichman, Stan. C. Smith (1990). Current Mammalogy. New York and London: Plenum Press. pp. 369–416.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  6. ↑ Harrington, Monica (April 2014). "What a woodchuck could chuck". Lab Animal. 43 (4): 117. doi: 10.1038/laban.516 . PMID   24651779. S2CID   26461588.
  7. ↑ O. J., Reichman, Stan. C. Smith (1990). Current Mammalogy. New York and London: Plenum Press. pp. 369–416.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  8. ↑ Wilschut, L.I.; Addink, E.A.; Heesterbeek, J.A.P.; Dubyanskiy, V.M.; Davis, S.A.; Laudisoit, A.; Begon, M.; Burdelov, L.; Atshabar, B.B.; de Jong, S.M. (2013). "Mapping the distribution of the main host for plague in a complex landscape in Kazakhstan: An object-based approach using SPOT-5 XS, Landsat 7 ETM+, SRTM and multiple Random Forests". International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation. 23 (100): 81–94. Bibcode:2013IJAEO..23...81W. doi:10.1016/j.jag.2012.11.007. PMC   4010295 . PMID   24817838.
  9. ↑ Wilschut, L.I; Laudisoit, A.; Hughes, N.; Addink, E.A.; de Jong, S.M.; Heesterbeek, J.A.P.; Reijniers, J.; Eagle, S.; Dubyanskiy, V.M.; Begon, M. (2015). "Spatial distribution patterns of plague hosts : point pattern analysis of the burrows of great gerbils in Kazakhstan". Journal of Biogeography. 42 (7): 1281–1292. Bibcode:2015JBiog..42.1281W. doi:10.1111/jbi.12534. PMC   4737218 . PMID   26877580.
  10. ↑ Old JM, Hunter NE, Wolfenden J (2018). Who utilises bare-nosed wombat burrows? Australian Zoologist. 39, 409-413. DOI: 10.7882/AZ.2018.006
  11. ↑ "burrow". National Geographic Society . 2012-06-06. Retrieved 2018-01-05.
  12. 1 2 Fenner, A. L., Bull, C. M. (August 17, 2010), Central-place territorial defence in a burrow-dwelling skink: aggressive responses to conspecific models in pygmy bluetongue lizards{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  13. ↑ C. Michael Hogan, (2008) Magellanic penguin, Globaltwitcher.com, ed. Nicklas Stromberg
  14. 1 2 Donovan, Stephen K., ed. (1994). The Palaeobiology of Trace Fossils. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN   0-471-94843-8.
  15. ↑ Mukherjee, Aditi., Pilakandy, Rajan., Kumara Honnavalli Nagaraj., Manchi, Shirish S., Bhupathy, Subramanian. (June 2017). "Burrow characteristics and its importance in occupancy of burrow dwelling vertebrates in Semiarid area of Keoladeo National Park, Rajasthan, India". Journal of Arid Environments . 141: 7–15. Bibcode:2017JArEn.141....7M. doi:10.1016/j.jaridenv.2017.02.003.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  16. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Kinlaw, Al (1999). "A review of burrowing by semi-fossorial vertebrates in arid environments". Journal of Arid Environments. 41 (2): 127–145. Bibcode:1999JArEn..41..127K. doi:10.1006/jare.1998.0476 – via Elsevier Science Direct.
  17. 1 2 3 4 O. J., Reichman, Stan. C. Smith (1990). Current Mammalogy. New York and London: Plenum Press. pp. 369–416.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  18. 1 2 Körner, Maximilian; Foitzik, Susanne; Meunier, Joël (2018). "Extended winters entail long-term costs for insect offspring reared in an overwinter burrow" (PDF). Journal of Thermal Biology. 74: 116–122. doi:10.1016/j.jtherbio.2018.03.021. PMID   29801616. S2CID   44067573.
  19. 1 2 3 Torres, M. Rocío; Borghi, Carlos E.; Giannoni, Stella M.; Pattini, Andrea (May 2003). "Portal Orientation and Architecture of Burrows in Tympanoctomys barrerae (Rodentia, Octodontidae)". Journal of Mammalogy. 84 (2): 541–546. doi: 10.1644/1545-1542(2003)084<0541:poaaob>2.0.co;2 . hdl: 11336/96235 . ISSN   0022-2372.
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