A paleoburrow is an underground shelter (tunnel, burrow, lair, etc.) excavated by extinct paleo-vertebrate megafauna (i.e., giant mammals, such as ground sloths) that lived in the prehistoric era. [1] [2] [3]
A crotovina (molehill) is a paleoburrow filled with sediments (sands, clays, etc.) that have been deposited over the centuries through rainfall and accumulated due to the porosity of the terrain. Generally, fossils found in crotovinas exhibit large proportions similar to known megafauna of their geological period. [4] [5]
In Brazil, hundreds of paleontological sites characterized as paleoburrows exist, [6] such as in Ponta do Abunã, in Rondônia, within the Amazon region, [7] in the Serra do Gandarela National Park, in Minas Gerais, [8] in Monte Bonito, the southern Rio Grande, [9] as well as the Toca do Tatu in Santa Catarina. [10]
After the extinction of the megafauna about 10,000 years ago, some paleoburrows were reused by indigenous human populations. Recent searches indicate that these structures were used as temporary shelters as well as for ritual purposes. In the interior of some paleoburrows, researchers discovered stone tools, ceramic artifacts, human burials, and inscriptions engraved in the walls.
Paleoburrows are classified as paleontological sites; however, if the remains of ancient populations are also found, the site may become the object of research for both paleontologists and archaeologists. [11] [12]
Minas Gerais is one of the 27 federative units of Brazil, being the fourth largest state by area and the second largest in number of inhabitants with a population of 20,539,989 according to the 2022 census. Located in the Southeast Region of the country, it is limited to south and southwest with São Paulo; Mato Grosso do Sul to the west; Goiás and the Federal District to the northwest; Bahia to the north and northeast; Espírito Santo to the east; and Rio de Janeiro to the southeast. The state's capital and largest city, Belo Horizonte, is a major urban and finance center in Brazil, being the sixth most populous municipality in the country while its metropolitan area ranks as the third largest in Brazil with just over 5.8 million inhabitants, after those of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. Minas Gerais' territory is subdivided into 853 municipalities, the largest number among Brazilian states.
Resende is a municipality located in the Brazilian state of Rio de Janeiro. The population is 132,312 in an area of 1094 km2. Resendense refers to people or things that come from or inhabit Resende. It is the oldest town in this region, which has boundaries with the state of São Paulo and Minas Gerais. It is an important industrial, automotive, metallurgical, and tourist center, and headquarters of the world's second-largest military complex, the Academia Militar das Agulhas Negras (AMAN). Resende is of national importance and houses the Nuclear Fuel Factory complex of the "Indústrias Nucleares" of Brasil, the only one able to enrich uranium. Resende's automotive area holds MAN Latin America, the biggest truck and bus factory of Brazil, limited to PSA Peugeot Citroën and Michelin.
América Futebol Clube, commonly referred to as simply América Mineiro, is a Brazilian football team from the city of Belo Horizonte, capital city of the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais. Founded in 1912, the club preserves its name and crest since its inception. The original home kit colours are white and green only; the black color was incorporated in the 1970s. The team also played with a red home kit between 1933 and 1942, as a protest to the introduction of professionalism. It hosts its matches at Independência stadium, being the only professional club in Belo Horizonte to have its own stadium. The club has the third largest fan base among the teams from Minas Gerais.
Mineiro, Mineirês, or the Brazilian mountain accent is the Brazilian Portuguese term for the accent spoken in the Center, East and Southeast regions of the state of Minas Gerais.
Bernardo Joaquim da Silva Guimarães was a Brazilian poet and novelist. He is the author of the famous romances A Escrava Isaura and O Seminarista. He also introduced to Brazilian poetry the verso bestialógico, also referred to as pantagruélico — poems whose verses are very nonsensical, although very metrical. Under the verso bestialógico, he wrote polemical erotic verses, such as "O Elixir do Pajé" and "A Origem do Mênstruo". A non-erotic poem written in verso bestialógico is "Eu Vi dos Polos o Gigante Alado".
Mining in Brazil is centered on the extraction of iron, copper, gold, aluminum, manganese, tin, niobium, and nickel. About gemstones, Brazil is the world's largest producer of amethyst, topaz, agate and is a big producer of tourmaline, emerald, aquamarine, garnet and opal.
Arantina is a Brazilian municipality located in the state of Minas Gerais. Its population as of 2020 is estimated to be 2,787 people living in a total area of 89.382 km². The city belongs to the mesoregion of Sul and Sudoeste de Minas and to the microregion of Andrelândia.
The Caturrita Formation is a rock formation found in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Its sediments were deposited in the Paraná Basin. The formation is from the Upper Triassic and forms part of the Santa Maria Supersequence in the upper section of the Rosário do Sul Group.
São João das Missões is a municipality in the north of the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais. As of 2020 the population was 13,125 in a total area of 675 km². The elevation is 501 meters. It became a municipality in 1997.
Cássia is a Brazilian municipality located in the center of the state of Minas Gerais. Its population as of 2020 was 17,740 people living in a total area of 643 km². The city belongs to the meso-region of Sul e Sudoeste de Minas and to the micro-region of Passos. It became a municipality in 1890.
The Rio Pomba is a river of Minas Gerais and Rio de Janeiro states in southeastern Brazil, one of the principle tributaries of the Paraíba do Sul.
Muzambinho is a municipality in the state of Minas Gerais in the Southeast region of Brazil.
São João Evangelista is a municipality in the state of Minas Gerais in the Southeast region of Brazil.
Peçanha is a municipality in the state of Minas Gerais in the Southeast region of Brazil.
Rio Preto is a municipality in the state of Minas Gerais in the Southeast region of Brazil.
Flausino Rodrigues Valle, better known as Flausino Vale was a Brazilian violinist/composer. Although he was a lawyer, he was a major researcher on Brazilian folk music. He was professor of History of Music at the Conservatório Mineiro de Música. Like Paganini, he had composed an album of 26 Preludes for solo violin in a Brazilian landscape style.
Events in the year 1990 in Brazil.
The Public Forces of the states of Brazil were already called "small state armies" in the First Brazilian Republic (1889–1930) due to their martial character. They took part in the various struggles and rebellions of the period alongside, and sometimes against, the Brazilian Army. Their character was hybrid, police and warfare. They emerged in the federalism of the First Republic as shields of state power against central power, represented by the Army, and were dismantled by the federal government in the Vargas Era (1930–1945) onwards, losing their conventional warfare capabilities.