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Dayton is a city in and the county seat of Montgomery County, Ohio, United States. A small part of the city extends into Greene County. As of the 2020 census, the city proper had a population of 137,644, making it the sixth-most populous city in Ohio. Dayton anchors the state's fourth-largest metropolitan area, the Dayton metropolitan area, which had 814,049 residents. Dayton is located within Ohio's Miami Valley region, 50 miles (80 km) north of Cincinnati and 60 miles (97 km) west of Columbus. It is a principal city of the Dayton–Springfield–Sidney combined statistical area, home to a population of 1,086,512.
In the broader context of racism in the United States, mass racial violence in the United States consists of ethnic conflicts and race riots, along with such events as:
Springfield is a city in and the county seat of Clark County, Ohio, United States. The municipality is located in southwestern Ohio and is situated on the Mad River, Buck Creek, and Beaver Creek, approximately 45 miles (72 km) west of Columbus and 25 miles (40 km) northeast of Dayton. As of the 2020 census, the city had a total population of 58,662, while the Springfield metropolitan area had a population of 136,001 residents.
Xenia is a city in and the county seat of Greene County, Ohio, in the United States of America. Located in southwestern Ohio, it is 15 miles (24 km) east of Dayton and is part of the Dayton metropolitan area as well as the Miami Valley region. The city's name comes from the Greek word Xenia (ξενία), which means "hospitality".
The East St. Louis massacre was a series of violent attacks on African Americans by white Americans in East St. Louis, Illinois between late May and early July of 1917. These attacks also displaced 6,000 African Americans and led to the destruction of approximately $400,000 worth of property. They occurred in East St. Louis, an industrial city on the east bank of the Mississippi River, directly opposite the city of St. Louis, Missouri. The July 1917 episode in particular was marked by white-led violence throughout the city. The multi-day rioting has been described as the "worst case of labor-related violence in 20th-century American history", and among the worst racial riots in U.S. history.
The Hough riots were riots in the predominantly African-American community of Hough in Cleveland, Ohio, United States which took place from July 18 to 23, 1966. During the riots, four African Americans were killed and 50 people were injured. There were 275 arrests and numerous incidents of arson and firebombings. City officials at first blamed black nationalist and communist organizations for the riots, but historians generally dismiss these claims today, arguing that the cause of the Hough Riots were primarily poverty and racism. The riots caused rapid population loss and economic decline in the area, which lasted at least five decades after the riots.
The Chicago race riot of 1919 was a violent racial conflict between White Americans and Black Americans that began on the South Side of Chicago, Illinois, on July 27 and ended on August 3, 1919. During the riot, 38 people died. Over the week, injuries attributed to the episodic confrontations stood at 537, two thirds Black and one third white; and between 1,000 and 2,000 residents, most of them Black, lost their homes. Due to its sustained violence and widespread economic impact, it is considered the worst of the scores of riots and civil disturbances across the United States during the "Red Summer" of 1919, so named because of its racial and labor violence. It was also one of the worst riots in the history of Illinois.
The 1943 race riot in Beaumont, Texas, erupted on June 15 and ended two days later. It related to wartime tensions in the overcrowded city, which had been flooded by workers from across the South. The immediate catalyst to white workers from the Pennsylvania Shipyard in Beaumont attacking black people and their property was a rumor that a white woman had been raped by a black man. This was one of several riots in the summer of 1943 in which black people suffered disproportionately as victims and had the greatest losses in property damage. The first took place in the largest shipyard in Mobile, Alabama in late May; others took place in Detroit and Los Angeles in June, and Harlem in August. They were related to social competition and tensions arising from the wartime build-up. Some cities were struggling to accommodate the influx of black and white defense workers, dealing with shortages in housing and strained services.
Dick Rowland or Roland was an African American teenage shoeshiner whose arrest for assault in May 1921 was the impetus for the Tulsa race massacre. Rowland was 19 years old at the time. The alleged victim of the assault was a white 17-year-old elevator operator Sarah Page. She had declined to prosecute. According to conflicting reports, the arrest was prompted after Rowland tripped in Page's elevator on his way to a segregated bathroom, and a white store clerk reported the incident as an "assault" or a rape.
The 1967 Milwaukee riot was one of 159 race riots that swept cities in the United States during the "Long Hot Summer of 1967". In Milwaukee, Wisconsin, African American residents, outraged by the slow pace in ending housing discrimination and police brutality, began to riot on the evening of July 30, 1967. The inciting incident was a fight between teenagers, which escalated into full-fledged rioting with the arrival of police. Within minutes, arson, looting, and sniping were occurring in the north side of the city, primarily the 3rd Street Corridor.
Waukegan riot of 1966 was a period of conflict between police and some residents of the town's predominantly African-American and Puerto Rican neighborhoods on the south side that occurred in the midst of the Civil Rights Movement.
The Washington race riot of 1919 was civil unrest in Washington, D.C. from July 19, 1919, to July 24, 1919. Starting July 19, white men, many in the armed forces, responded to the rumored arrest of a black man for rape of a white woman with four days of mob violence against black individuals and businesses. They rioted, randomly beat black people on the street, and pulled others off streetcars for attacks. When police refused to intervene, the black population fought back. The city closed saloons and theaters to discourage assemblies. Meanwhile, the four white-owned local papers, including the Washington Post, fanned the violence with incendiary headlines and calling in at least one instance for mobilization of a "clean-up" operation. After four days of police inaction, President Woodrow Wilson ordered 2,000 federal troops to regain control in the nation's capital. But a violent summer rainstorm had more of a dampening effect. When the violence ended, 15 people had died: at least 10 white people, including two police officers; and around 5 black people. Fifty people were seriously wounded and another 100 less severely wounded. It was one of the few times in 20th-century riots of whites against blacks that white fatalities outnumbered those of black people. The unrest was also one of the Red Summer riots in America.
The Johnson–Jeffries riots refer to the dozens of race riots that occurred throughout the United States after African-American boxer Jack Johnson defeated white boxer James J. Jeffries in a boxing match termed the "Fight of the Century". Johnson became the first black World Heavyweight champion in 1908 which made him unpopular with the predominantly white American boxing audiences. Jeffries, a former heavyweight champion came out of retirement to fight Johnson and was nicknamed the "Great White Hope". After Johnson defeated Jeffries on July 4, 1910, many white people felt humiliated and began attacking black people who were celebrating Johnson's victory.
Richard Allen Schools (RAS) is a charter school system headquartered in Dayton, Ohio. It operates schools in Dayton and Hamilton.
Neal Bradley Long, known as The Shotgun Slayer, was an American serial killer responsible for at least 21 attacks perpetrated against African-American men in Dayton, Ohio, between 1972 and September 1975, as a result of which between four and seven people died and 14 others received injuries of varying severity. Following his capture, Long fully admitted his guilt and was convicted of the murders, receiving several life imprisonment terms as punishment. He died in a federal medical center in Minnesota in 1998.
The 1967 Riviera Beach riot was one of 159 riots during the Long, hot summer of 1967. It originated at the Blue Heron Bar in Riviera Beach, Florida and involved 400 rioters swarming the establishment. Forty-five people were arrested over the four hours it took to disperse the riot, including 14 teenagers in nearby West Palm Beach who were in possession of bomb-making materials.
Colonel White High School was built in 1929 in Dayton Ohio. It stood on the corner of Wabash and Niagara in Upper Dayton View until it was demolished in 2008.
References
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Perry 2013, p. 76.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Stolz, Claudia Matherly (2007). "Dayton (Ohio) Riot of 1966". In Rucker, Walter; Upton, James Nathaniel (eds.). Encyclopedia of American Race Riots. Greenwood Milestones in African American History. Vol. 1: A-M. Foreword by Dominic J. Capeci Jr. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. p. 148. ISBN 978-0-313-33301-9.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Mack, Will (January 8, 2017). "The Dayton Ohio Uprising (1966)". BlackPast.org . Archived from the original on February 17, 2022. Retrieved February 17, 2022.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Sweigart, Josh (August 30, 2016). "Lasting Scars, Part 2: Fifty years later, Dayton remains segregated". Dayton Daily News . Archived from the original on February 17, 2022. Retrieved February 17, 2022.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Sweigart, Josh (August 30, 2016). "Lasting Scars, Part 1: Shooting sparked 1966 Dayton riots". Dayton Daily News . Archived from the original on February 17, 2022. Retrieved February 17, 2022.
- 1 2 3 4 Cooper, Jonathon A. (2021). Twentieth-Century Influences on Twenty-First-Century Policing: Continued Lessons of Police Reform. Foreword by John L. Worrall (Revised ed.). Lanham, Maryland: Lexington Books. p. 49. ISBN 978-1-7936-4757-3.
- ↑ Perry 2013, pp. 76–77.
- ↑ Perry 2013, pp. 75–76.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Sweigart, Josh (August 30, 2016). "Lasting Scars, Part 3: Once 'vibrant,' west side in economic distress". Dayton Daily News . Archived from the original on February 17, 2022. Retrieved February 17, 2022.
- 1 2 Sweigart, Josh (August 30, 2016). "Mitchell slaying unsolved, but detective convinced he talked to killer". Dayton Daily News . Archived from the original on February 17, 2022. Retrieved February 17, 2022.
- 1 2 3 Quarles, Benjamin (1996). The Negro in the Making of America. With a new introduction by V. P. Franklin (Third ed.). New York City: Touchstone. p. 319. ISBN 978-0-684-81888-7.
- ↑ "Riot-Control Laws May Be Sought For Ohio". Jet . Johnson Publishing Company. XXXI (12): 9. December 29, 1966.
- ↑ Schneider, Cathy Lisa (2014). Police Power and Race Riots: Urban Unrest in Paris and New York. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-8122-4618-6.
- 1 2 Anderson, Terry H. (2004). The Pursuit of Fairness: A History of Affirmative Action. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 98. ISBN 978-0-19-803583-1.
- 1 2 Sweigart, Josh (August 30, 2016). "Lasting Scars, Part 4: 'Good things on the horizon' for west Dayton". Dayton Daily News . Archived from the original on February 17, 2022. Retrieved February 17, 2022.