1984 Summer Paralympics

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VII Paralympic Games
New York 1984 Paralympics.jpg
Location Nassau County, New York, United States
Stoke Mandeville, United Kingdom
Nations 45 (USA)
41 (GBR)
Athletes1,800 (USA)
1,100 (GBR)
Events375 in 15 sports (USA)
603 in 10 sports (GBR)
Opening17 June 1984 (USA)
22 July 1984 (GBR)
Closing30 June 1984 (USA)
1 August 1984 (GBR)
Opened by
Stadium Mitchel Athletic Complex (USA)
Stoke Mandeville Stadium (GBR)
Summer

The 1984 International Games for the Disabled, commonly known as the 1984 Summer Paralympics, were the seventh Paralympic Games to be held. There were two separate competitions: one in Stoke Mandeville, England, United Kingdom for wheelchair athletes with spinal cord injuries and the other at the Mitchel Athletic Complex and Hofstra University on Long Island, New York, United States for wheelchair and ambulatory athletes with cerebral palsy, amputees, and les autres [the others] (conditions as well as blind and visually impaired athletes). Stoke Mandeville had been the location of the Stoke Mandeville Games from 1948 onwards, seen as the precursors to the Paralympic Games, as the 9th International Stoke Mandeville Games in Rome in 1960 are now recognised as the first Summer Paralympics. [1]

Contents

As with the 1984 Summer Olympics held in Los Angeles, the Soviet Union and other communist countries, except China, East Germany, Hungary, Poland and Yugoslavia, boycotted the Paralympic Games. [2] The Soviet Union did not participate in the Paralympics at the time, arguing that they have no disabled people (called "invalids" by Soviet officials) in the country. [3] The USSR made its Paralympic debut in 1988, during Perestroika.

The 1984 Paralympic Games were the last Summer Games not to be staged by the same host city as the Olympic Games. Seoul hosted both events in 1988, a pattern maintained thereafter.

Ceremonies

In the opening ceremonies, patchy showers greeted the 14,000 spectators packed into the Mitchel Park stadium for the 2pm start of the New York Games opening ceremony on 19 June. [4] New York radio personality William B. Williams introduced everyone with a welcome speech. [4] Entertainers such as Bill Buzzeo and the Dixie Ramblers, Richie Havens, The New Image Drum and Bugle Corps, the ARC Gospel Chorus and the Square Dance Extravaganza followed the introduction speech. [4] At the closing ceremonies, Commander Archie Cameron, President of ICC officially closed the games with a short speech acknowledging the athletes and the next host city, Seoul, South Korea and was to be held in conjunction with the 1988 Summer Olympics. The flag of the Games was lowered and American athletes carried the flag back to the honor stand where they handed over to the President of the Organizing Committee, Dr William T. Callahan and Cameron. [4]

Mascot

Dan D. Lion
Dan D Lion.png
Mascot of the 1984 Summer Paralympics (New York)
CreatorMaryanne McGrath Higgins
SignificanceA lion

The mascot for the 1984 Paralympic Games was Dan D. Lion, which was designed by an art teacher, Maryanne McGrath Higgins. The name was voted on by students of the Human Resources School (now Henry Viscardi School), a school in Albertson, New York for students with severe physical impairments. [5] [6] Another mascot named Dan D. Lion, with a different design, was the mascot for the British team in the Stoke Mandeville portion of the Games. [7]

Sports

Competitors were divided into five disability-specific categories: amputee, cerebral palsy, visually impaired, wheelchair, and les autres (athletes with physical disabilities that had not been eligible to compete in previous Games). The wheelchair category was for those competitors who used a wheelchair due to a spinal cord disability. However some athletes in the amputee and cerebral palsy categories also competed in wheelchairs. Within the sport of athletics, a wheelchair marathon event was held for the first time. The trials for the two wheelchair events to be held at the 1984 Los Angeles Olympic Games was held in conjunction with the New York Games. However, despite the long and established history of using "paralympic" terminology, in the United States the US Olympic Committee prohibited the Games organizers from using the term. The seventeen contested sports are listed below, along with the disability categories which competed in each. [8]

Medal table

The host nations, Great Britain and the United States, are highlighted. Bahrain, China, Jordan, Trinidad and Tobago won their first ever medals, with Luxembourg winning a first ever gold.

RankNationGoldSilverBronzeTotal
1Flag of the United States.svg  United States*137131129397
2Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  Great Britain*107112112331
3Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg  Canada 878269238
4Flag of Sweden.svg  Sweden 834334160
5Flag of Germany.svg  West Germany 817675232
6Flag of France.svg  France 716946186
7Flag of the Netherlands.svg  Netherlands 555228135
8Flag of Australia.svg  Australia 495451154
9Flag of Poland.svg  Poland 463921106
10Flag of Norway.svg  Norway 30303090
11Flag of Denmark.svg  Denmark 30131659
12Flag of Spain.svg  Spain 22101244
13Flag of Belgium (civil).svg  Belgium 21231458
14Flag of Ireland.svg  Ireland 20153166
15Flag of Finland.svg  Finland 18142759
16Flag of Switzerland.svg  Switzerland 18131243
17Flag of Austria.svg  Austria 14201044
18Flag of Hungary.svg  Hungary 1213328
19Flag of Israel.svg  Israel 11211244
20Flag of SFR Yugoslavia.svg  Yugoslavia 11101132
21Flag of Italy.svg  Italy 9191442
22Flag of Japan (1870-1999).svg  Japan 97824
23Flag of New Zealand.svg  New Zealand 810725
24Flag of Brazil (1968-1992).svg  Brazil 717428
25Flag of Mexico.svg  Mexico 6141737
26Flag of Portugal.svg  Portugal 43714
27Flag of Hong Kong (1959-1997).svg  Hong Kong 35917
28Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China 212822
29Flag of Trinidad and Tobago.svg  Trinidad and Tobago 2013
30Flag of Luxembourg.svg  Luxembourg 1416
31Flag of Kuwait.svg  Kuwait 1348
32Flag of Myanmar (1974-2010).svg  Burma 1214
33Flag of Egypt (1972-1984).svg  Egypt 1157
34Flag of Kenya.svg  Kenya 1113
35Flag of East Germany.svg  East Germany 0314
36Flag of Iceland.svg  Iceland 02810
37Flag of India.svg  India 0224
Flag of South Korea (1949-1984).svg  South Korea 0224
39Flag of Jordan.svg  Jordan 0123
Flag of Zimbabwe.svg  Zimbabwe 0123
41Flag of the Bahamas.svg  Bahamas 0112
Flag of Indonesia.svg  Indonesia 0112
43Flag of Bahrain (1972-2002).svg  Bahrain 0022
Totals (43 entries)9789518512,780

Participating delegations

Fifty-four delegations took part in the 1984 Paralympics. Bahrain, China, East Germany, Faroe Islands, Jordan, Liechtenstein, Papua New Guinea, Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago and Venezuela made their first appearances, India and Portugal returned to the Games after a 12-year absence. [9]

Reception at the host cities

Odeda Rosenthal, a professor of humanities at a local community college on Long Island and translator for the Austrian team highlighted a number of problems at the games in a series of articles. [4] She highlighted a number of issues such as poor communication, administrative hiccups and even bus drivers not knowing the routes to scheduled events that even caused some teams to miss events completely. [4] Rosenthal continues by slamming the work by the Police Chief claiming the Chief "took the opposite tack of anything that was suggested to sort out the mess". [4] However, overall reports and the general impression exuded by the games included a friendly atmosphere and volunteers trying their hardest under difficult conditions. [4]

See also

References

  1. "2012 – The Paralympics come home", BBC, 4 July 2008
  2. Bailey, Steve (2008). Athlete First: A history of the paralympic movement . John Wiley & Sons. pp.  35–26. ISBN   9780470058244.
  3. Phillips, Sarah D. (2009). "'There Are No Invalids in the USSR!': A Missing Soviet Chapter in the New Disability History". Disability Studies Quarterly. 29 (3). Ohio State University Libraries; Society for Disability Studies. doi: 10.18061/dsq.v29i3.936 . Retrieved 21 July 2019.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Brittain, Ian (2012). From Stoke Mandeville to Stratford: A history of the Summer Paralympic Games. Illinois: Common Ground Publishing.
  5. "New York 1984 Paralympic Mascot Dan D. Lion – Photos & History". www.paralympic.org. Retrieved 16 October 2015.
  6. "New York 1984 Paralympic Summer Games". National Paralympic Heritage Trust. 28 February 1982. Retrieved 13 October 2024.
  7. "Mascots". National Paralympic Heritage Trust. 3 January 2023. Retrieved 13 October 2024.
  8. "Stoke Mandeville & New York 1984". International Paralympic Committee. 2008. Retrieved 6 August 2008.
  9. "Medal Standings – New York / Stoke Mandevile 1984 Paralympic Games". International Paralympic Committee. 2008. Retrieved 8 August 2008.
Preceded by Summer Paralympics
New YorkStoke Mandeville

VII Paralympic Summer Games (1984)
Succeeded by