| 1999 IAAF World Indoor Championships | ||
|---|---|---|
 | ||
| Track events | ||
| 60 m | men | women |
| 200 m | men | women |
| 400 m | men | women |
| 800 m | men | women |
| 1500 m | men | women |
| 3000 m | men | women |
| 60 m hurdles | men | women |
| 4 × 400 m relay | men | women |
| 3000 m walk | women | |
| 5000 m walk | men | |
| Field events | ||
| High jump | men | women |
| Pole vault | men | |
| Long jump | men | women |
| Triple jump | men | women |
| Shot put | men | women |
The men's 3000 metres event at the 1991 IAAF World Indoor Championships was held on 8 and 10 March.
| Gold | Silver | Bronze |
Frank O'Mara  Ireland | Hammou Boutayeb  Morocco | Robert Denmark  Great Britain |
First 4 of each heat (Q) and next 2 fastest (q) qualified for the semifinals. [1]
| Rank | Heat | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | Hammou Boutayeb | Morocco | 7:48.62 | Q, PB |
| 2 | 2 | Robert Denmark | Great Britain | 7:48.92 | Q |
| 3 | 2 | John Scherer |  United States | 7:49.05 | Q |
| 4 | 2 | Mogens Guldberg |  Denmark | 7:49.55 | Q, NR |
| 5 | 1 | Frank O'Mara | Ireland | 7:50.64 | Q |
| 6 | 1 | José Luis González |  Spain | 7:50.69 | Q |
| 7 | 1 | Pascal Thiébaut |  France | 7:50.90 | Q |
| 8 | 1 | Jacinto Navarrete |  Colombia | 7:51.19 | Q, AR |
| 9 | 2 | Rob de Brouwer |  Netherlands | 7:51.34 | q, NR |
| 10 | 2 | Mathias Ntawulikura |  Rwanda | 7:51.37 | q, NR |
| 11 | 2 | Anacleto Jiménez | Spain | 7:51.67 | PB |
| 12 | 1 | Moses Kiptanui |  Kenya | 7:53.02 | |
| 13 | 1 | Mahmoud Kalboussi |  Tunisia | 7:53.75 | NR |
| 14 | 1 | Paul Larkins | Great Britain | 7:56.20 | |
| 15 | 1 | Yevgeniy Leontyev |  Soviet Union | 7:56.68 | |
| 16 | 1 | Stéphane Franke |  Germany | 7:58.82 | |
| 17 | 2 | Kaï Jenkel |  Switzerland | 8:03.96 | |
| 18 | 1 | Ricardo Vera |  Uruguay | 8:06.81 | |
| 19 | 1 | Jim Norris | United States | 8:08.34 | |
| 20 | 2 | Nick O'Brien | Ireland | 8:10.63 | |
| 21 | 2 | Diomede Cishahayo |  Burundi | 8:16.87 | NR |
| 22 | 2 | Tadele Abebe |  Ethiopia | 8:22.81 | |
| 1 | Mohamed Issangar | Morocco | DNF | ||
| 2 | Jacky Carlier | France | DNF |
| Rank | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
 | Frank O'Mara | Ireland | 7:41.14 | CR |
 | Hammou Boutayeb | Morocco | 7:43.64 | PB |
 | Robert Denmark | Great Britain | 7:43.90 | |
| 4 | Mogens Guldberg | Denmark | 7:44.76 | NR |
| 5 | John Scherer | United States | 7:45.12 | PB |
| 6 | Pascal Thiébaut | France | 7:47.51 | NR |
| 7 | José Luis González | Spain | 7:48.44 | |
| 8 | Mathias Ntawulikura | Rwanda | 7:48.92 | NR |
| 9 | Jacinto Navarrete | Colombia | 7:49.46 | AR |
| 10 | Rob de Brouwer | Netherlands | 7:51.69 |
Entropy is a scientific concept that is most commonly associated with a state of disorder, randomness, or uncertainty. The term and the concept are used in diverse fields, from classical thermodynamics, where it was first recognized, to the microscopic description of nature in statistical physics, and to the principles of information theory. It has found far-ranging applications in chemistry and physics, in biological systems and their relation to life, in cosmology, economics, sociology, weather science, climate change, and information systems including the transmission of information in telecommunication.
A heat engine is a system that converts heat to usable energy, particularly mechanical energy, which can then be used to do mechanical work. While originally conceived in the context of mechanical energy, the concept of the heat engine has been applied to various other kinds of energy, particularly electrical, since at least the late 19th century. The heat engine does this by bringing a working substance from a higher state temperature to a lower state temperature. A heat source generates thermal energy that brings the working substance to the higher temperature state. The working substance generates work in the working body of the engine while transferring heat to the colder sink until it reaches a lower temperature state. During this process some of the thermal energy is converted into work by exploiting the properties of the working substance. The working substance can be any system with a non-zero heat capacity, but it usually is a gas or liquid. During this process, some heat is normally lost to the surroundings and is not converted to work. Also, some energy is unusable because of friction and drag.
Thermal conduction is the diffusion of thermal energy (heat) within one material or between materials in contact. The higher temperature object has molecules with more kinetic energy; collisions between molecules distributes this kinetic energy until an object has the same kinetic energy throughout. Thermal conductivity, frequently represented by k, is a property that relates the rate of heat loss per unit area of a material to its rate of change of temperature. Essentially, it is a value that accounts for any property of the material that could change the way it conducts heat. Heat spontaneously flows along a temperature gradient. For example, heat is conducted from the hotplate of an electric stove to the bottom of a saucepan in contact with it. In the absence of an opposing external driving energy source, within a body or between bodies, temperature differences decay over time, and thermal equilibrium is approached, temperature becoming more uniform.
The second law of thermodynamics is a physical law based on universal empirical observation concerning heat and energy interconversions. A simple statement of the law is that heat always flows spontaneously from hotter to colder regions of matter. Another statement is: "Not all heat can be converted into work in a cyclic process."
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World Indoor Champions in men's 3000 metres | |
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