In thermodynamics and engineering, a heat engine is a system that converts heat to mechanical energy, which can then be used to do mechanical work. It does this by bringing a working substance from a higher state temperature to a lower state temperature. A heat source generates thermal energy that brings the working substance to the high temperature state. The working substance generates work in the working body of the engine while transferring heat to the colder sink until it reaches a low temperature state. During this process some of the thermal energy is converted into work by exploiting the properties of the working substance. The working substance can be any system with a non-zero heat capacity, but it usually is a gas or liquid. During this process, some heat is normally lost to the surroundings and is not converted to work. Also, some energy is unusable because of friction and drag.
Thermal conduction is the transfer of internal energy by microscopic collisions of particles and movement of electrons within a body. The colliding particles, which include molecules, atoms, and electrons, transfer disorganized microscopic kinetic and potential energy when joined, known as internal energy. Conduction takes place in most phases: solid, liquid, and plasma.
A vacuum flask is an insulating storage vessel that greatly lengthens the time over which its contents remain hotter or cooler than the flask's surroundings. Invented by Sir James Dewar in 1892, the vacuum flask consists of two flasks, placed one within the other and joined at the neck. The gap between the two flasks is partially evacuated of air, creating a near-vacuum which significantly reduces heat transfer by conduction or convection.
In thermodynamics, heat is energy in transfer to or from a thermodynamic system, by mechanisms other than thermodynamic work or transfer of matter. The various mechanisms of energy transfer that define heat are stated in the next section of this article.
These are the official results of the Women's 100 metres event at the 2001 IAAF World Championships in Edmonton, Canada.
The Women's 100 metres at the 2011 World Championships in Athletics was held at the Daegu Stadium on August 27, 28 and 29.
The women's 100 metres event at the 2011 Summer Universiade was held on 16–17 August.
The men's 200 metres event at the 2011 Summer Universiade was held on 18–19 August.
The men's 110 metres hurdles at the 2012 European Athletics Championships was held at the Helsinki Olympic Stadium on 30 June and 1 July.
The men's 100 metres at the 2013 World Championships in Athletics was held at the Luzhniki Stadium on 10 and 11 August.
The men's 110 metres hurdles at the 2013 World Championships in Athletics was held at the Luzhniki Stadium on 11 and 12 August.
The men's 100 metres at the 2015 World Championships in Athletics was held at the Beijing National Stadium on 22 and 23 August.
These are the complete results of the 2017 European Team Championships Super League on 23-25 June 2017 in Lille, France. As with the previous championships there were a couple of rules applying specifically to this competition, such as the limit of three attempts in the throwing events, long jump and triple jump and the limit of four misses total in the high jump and pole vault.
The men's 100 metres event at the 2017 Summer Universiade was held on 23 and 24 August at the Taipei Municipal Stadium.
The women's 100 metres event at the 2017 Summer Universiade was held on 23 and 24 August at the Taipei Municipal Stadium.
The men's 100 metres event at the 2019 Summer Universiade was held on 8 and 9 July at the Stadio San Paolo in Naples.
The women's 100 metres event at the 2019 Summer Universiade was held on 8 and 9 July at the Stadio San Paolo in Naples.
The men's 200 metres event at the 2019 Summer Universiade was held on 10 and 11 July at the Stadio San Paolo in Naples.
The women's 60 metres at the 2022 World Athletics Indoor Championships took place on 18 March 2022.
The men's 60 metres at the 2022 World Athletics Indoor Championships took place on 19 March 2022
