Sulfur assimilation is the process by which living organisms incorporate sulfur into their biological molecules. In plants, sulfate is absorbed by the roots and then be transported to the chloroplasts by the transipration stream where the sulfur are reduced to sulfide with the help of a series of enzymatic reactions. Furthermore, the reduced sulfur is incorporated into cysteine, an amino acid that is a precursor to many other sulfur-containing compounds. In animals, sulfur assimilation occurs primarily through the diet, as animals cannot produce sulfur-containing compounds directly. Sulfur is incorporated into amino acids such as cysteine and methionine, which are used to build proteins and other important molecules. Besides, With the rapid development of economy, the increase emission of sulfur results in environmental issues, such as acid rain and hydrogen sulfilde.
3′-Phosphoadenosine-5′-phosphosulfate (PAPS) is a derivative of adenosine monophosphate (AMP) that is phosphorylated at the 3′ position and has a sulfate group attached to the 5′ phosphate. It is the most common coenzyme in sulfotransferase reactions and hence part of sulfation pathways. It is endogenously synthesized by organisms via the phosphorylation of adenosine 5′-phosphosulfate (APS), an intermediary metabolite. In humans such reaction is performed by bifunctional 3′-phosphoadenosine 5′-phosphosulfate synthases using ATP as the phosphate donor.
In enzymology, a tropinone reductase II (EC 1.1.1.236) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
In enzymology, a 4-hydroxyphenylacetaldehyde oxime monooxygenase (EC 1.14.13.68) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
In enzymology, a vitamin-K-epoxide reductase (warfarin-insensitive) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
In enzymology, a formaldehyde dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.1.46) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
Adenylyl-sulfate reductase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction of the reduction of adenylyl-sulfate/adenosine-5'-phosphosulfate (APS) to sulfite through the use of an electron donor cofactor. The products of the reaction are AMP and sulfite, as well as an oxidized electron donor cofactor.
Adenylyl-sulfate reductase (thioredoxin) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
In enzymology, a NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone) (EC 1.6.5.2) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
In enzymology, a peptide-methionine (R)-S-oxide reductase (EC 1.8.4.12) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
In enzymology, a phosphoadenylyl-sulfate reductase (thioredoxin) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
In enzymology, an adenylylsulfatase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
In enzymology, an adenylylsulfate-ammonia adenylyltransferase (EC 2.7.7.51) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction adenylyl sulfate + NH3 adenosine 5'-phosphoramidate + sulfate.
In enzymology, an adenylyl-sulfate kinase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
In enzymology, a dephospho-[reductase kinase] kinase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
In enzymology, a sulfate adenylyltransferase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
Bifunctional 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate synthetase 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PAPSS1 gene.
Gamma-interferon-inducible lysosomal thiol reductase is an enzyme that, in humans, is encoded by the IFI30 gene.
Cytochrome b5 reductase 2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CYB5R2 gene.
Dissimilatory sulfate reduction is a form of anaerobic respiration that uses sulfate as the terminal electron acceptor to produce hydrogen sulfide. This metabolism is found in some types of bacteria and archaea which are often termed sulfate-reducing organisms. The term "dissimilatory" is used when hydrogen sulfide is produced in an anaerobic respiration process. By contrast, the term "assimilatory" would be used in relation to the biosynthesis of organosulfur compounds, even though hydrogen sulfide may be an intermediate.
