Adonis aestivalis

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Adonis aestivalis
Adonis aestivalis 1.jpg
Adonis aestivalis
Scientific classification Red Pencil Icon.png
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Order: Ranunculales
Family: Ranunculaceae
Genus: Adonis
Species:
A. aestivalis
Binomial name
Adonis aestivalis
L.
Adonis aestivalis - MHNT Adonis aestivalis MHNT.BOT.2016.24.42.jpg
Adonis aestivalis – MHNT

Adonis aestivalis, the summer pheasant's-eye, [1] is a medicinal [2] and ornamental plant. It is native to Europe and Asia but has been introduced elsewhere, such as the western and eastern parts of the United States, as an ornamental plant. In particular, it has been known to invade alfalfa fields, contaminating feed used for horse hay. [3] It is a member of the buttercup family. It is an annual herb. [4]

Contents

Etymology

The genus name, Adonis, comes from a tale in Greek mythology. Aphrodite is said to have turned her lover, Adonis, into a plant with red flowers after his death. [5] The specific epithet, aestivalis, is derived from Latin and means "pertaining to the summer". [6]

Description

It is an annual herb that grows up to 0.1m (roughly 3 feet) tall. The stems are erect with simple, pinnately-dissected, alternate leaves and a small, terminal flower. [7] The flowers are perfectThe radially symmetrical flowers are an orange to red colour, and each petal has a black splotch at its base. [5] Its petals curl to form a cup-like shape. [8] [7] The fruit is an achene. [2] A single flower can produce 50 to 100 seeds. [9]

Uses

Medicinal Uses

A. aestivalis has been used in European folk medicine to treat weak hearts by stimulating cardiac activity. [8] The plant is dried out and combined with some water to form a tonic. [10] [11] It can be toxic at large doses, causing paralysis of the heart muscles. [11] It is also used to treat coughs and spasms and as a diuretic and sleeping aid. [8] It has also been used in Iran to treat rheumatism and heart disease. [12]

It is used in the homeopathic community as a remedy for heart and kidney diseases. [11]

Fish feed

The flowers contain a pigment called astaxanthin, which gives the plant its blood-red colour. [13] The pigment may extracted from the flower and added to fish feed. This results in an accumulation of the red pigment in the flesh and skin of the fish, giving it a reddish colour that is palatable to consumers. [14] [13] However, if the entire flower is used, as opposed to just the extract, mortality may occur due to the toxic compounds present. [13] The exact toxic mechanisms have yet to be studied.

Toxicity

In humans

Toxicity in humans is rarely reported or studied. [15] Toxicosis is rare in humans because it is unlikely to accumulate in the body, further, A. aestivalis contains lower levels of cardiac glycosides than other members of the Adonis genus, so toxicosis is very unlikely to occur as a result of consumption. [16] Toxicity may result in gastrointestinal symptoms such as diarrhea and vomiting. [5] In extreme cases, this plant can excite nerves in the heart and increase arterial tension, [17] later resulting in paralysis of the heart muscles and, consequently, death may occur. [11]

In livestock

Typically, A. aestivalis is not consumed by livestock as it is unpalatable and feed contaminated with the plant is usually refused. [7] Toxicity results in gastrointestinal symptoms, cardiac arrhythmias, and death. [8] However, poisoning of livestock may be more common as it contaminates the fields harvested for hay and other animal feed. [7]

Though cases are rare, toxicity has been reported in various livestock. A study examining horses after eating contaminated hay showed that the horses exhibited varying symptoms, ranging frrom gastrointestinal symptoms, lethargy, dehydration, and muscle tremors. [7] However, most of the horses refused to eat the hay and did not suffer symptoms of A. aestivalis toxicity. In a small. acute-toxicity study with ewes, no clinical signs or life-threatening symptoms were observed but the long-term effects are unclear. [18] Similarly, a small, acute-toxicity study with calves did not show life threatening symptoms but minor cardiac abnormalities and gastrointestinal issues were observed. [19]

Toxicology

Like other members of the Adonis genus, this species contains cardenolides, a class of cardiac glycosides. [7] [8] Cardiac glycosides are used to treat various heart diseases. [12]

Subspecies

Subspecies include: [20]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cardiac glycoside</span> Class of organic compounds

Cardiac glycosides are a class of organic compounds that increase the output force of the heart and decrease its rate of contractions by inhibiting the cellular sodium-potassium ATPase pump. Their beneficial medical uses are as treatments for congestive heart failure and cardiac arrhythmias; however, their relative toxicity prevents them from being widely used. Most commonly found as secondary metabolites in several plants such as foxglove plants, these compounds nevertheless have a diverse range of biochemical effects regarding cardiac cell function and have also been suggested for use in cancer treatment.

<i>Digitalis</i> Genus of flowering plants in the family Plantaginaceae

Digitalis is a genus of about 20 species of herbaceous perennial plants, shrubs, and biennials, commonly called foxgloves.

<i>Kalmia latifolia</i> Species of plant

Kalmia latifolia, the mountain laurel, calico-bush, or spoonwood, is a species of flowering plant in the heath family Ericaceae, that is native to the eastern United States. Its range stretches from southern Maine south to northern Florida, and west to Indiana and Louisiana. Mountain laurel is the state flower of Connecticut and Pennsylvania. It is the namesake of Laurel County in Kentucky, the city of Laurel, Mississippi, and the Laurel Highlands in southwestern Pennsylvania.

<i>Digitalis purpurea</i> Toxic flowering plant in the family Plantaginaceae

Digitalis purpurea, the foxglove or common foxglove, is a poisonous species of flowering plant in the plantain family Plantaginaceae, native to and widespread throughout most of temperate Europe. It has also naturalised in parts of North America and some other temperate regions. The plant is a popular garden subject, with many cultivars available. It is the original source of the heart medicine digoxin. This biennial plant grows as a rosette of leaves in the first year after sowing, before flowering and then dying in the second year. It generally produces enough seeds, however, so that new plants will continue to grow in a garden setting.

<i>Nerium</i> Species of plant

Nerium oleander, most commonly known as oleander or nerium, is a shrub or small tree cultivated worldwide in temperate and subtropical areas as an ornamental and landscaping plant. It is the only species currently classified in the genus Nerium, belonging to subfamily Apocynoideae of the dogbane family Apocynaceae. It is so widely cultivated that no precise region of origin has been identified, though it is usually associated with the Mediterranean Basin.

<i>Eranthis</i> Genus of flowering plants in the buttercup family Ranunculaceae

Eranthis is a genus of eight species of flowering plants in the buttercup family Ranunculaceae, native to southern Europe and east across Asia to Japan. The common name winter aconite comes from the early flowering time and the resemblance of the leaves to those of the related genus Aconitum, the true aconite. Like the notoriously toxic AconitumEranthis is poisonous, although its chemistry is different, the toxic compounds present being mainly cardiac glycosides of the bufadienolide group similar to those found in Adonis vernalis, rather than the virulent alkaloids of Aconitum.

<i>Eranthis hyemalis</i> Species of flowering plant in the family Ranunculaceae

Eranthis hyemalis, the winter aconite, is a species of flowering plant in the buttercup family Ranunculaceae, native to calcareous woodland habitats in France, Italy and the Balkans, and widely naturalized elsewhere in Europe.

<i>Cicuta</i> Genus of plants

Cicuta, commonly known as water hemlock, is a genus of four species of highly poisonous plants in the family Apiaceae. They are perennial herbaceous plants which grow up to 2.5 meters (8 ft) tall, having distinctive small green or white flowers arranged in an umbrella shape (umbel). Plants in this genus may also be referred to as cowbane or poison parsnip. Cicuta is native to temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere, mainly North America and Europe, typically growing in wet meadows, along streambanks and other wet and marshy areas. These plants bear a close resemblance to other members in the family Apiaceae and may be confused with a number of edible or poisonous plants. The common name hemlock may also be confused with poison hemlock, or with the Hemlock tree.

<i>Taxus cuspidata</i> Species of plant

Taxus cuspidata, the Japanese yew or spreading yew, is a member of the genus Taxus, native to Japan, Korea, northeast China and the extreme southeast of Russia.

<i>Adonis vernalis</i> Species of flowering plant in the buttercup family Ranunculaceae

Adonis vernalis, known variously as pheasant's eye, spring pheasant's eye, yellow pheasant's eye and false hellebore, is a perennial flowering plant in the buttercup family Ranunculaceae. It is found in dry meadows and steppes in Eurasia. More specifically, this plant grows in a wide range of locations which include open forests, forest clearings, dry meadows, mesic steppe, and mostly calcareous soil. Isolated populations are found from Spain in the west across Central Europe with fine examples in Valais, Switzerland, and southern Europe, reaching southern Sweden in the north and Abruzzo in the south, with its main area of distribution being the Pannonian Basin and the West Siberian Plain. In contrast to most other European Adonis species, the flowers appear in springtime, and are up to 80 mm (3.1 in) in diameter, with up to 20 bright yellow petals. Not only do the flowers begin to grow, but so do the plants aerial organs, from around April to May.

<i>Sambucus nigra</i> Species of flowering plant in the moschatel family Adoxaceae

Sambucus nigra is a species complex of flowering plants in the family Adoxaceae native to most of Europe. Common names include elder, elderberry, black elder, European elder, European elderberry, European black elderberry and tramman. It grows in a variety of conditions including both wet and dry fertile soils, primarily in sunny locations. The plant is widely grown as an ornamental shrub or small tree. Both the flowers and the berries have a long tradition of culinary use, primarily for cordial and wine.

<i>Digitalis lanata</i> Species of flowering plant in the plantain family Plantaginaceae

Digitalis lanata, vernacularly often called woolly foxglove or Grecian foxglove, is a species of foxglove, a flowering plant in the plantain family Plantaginaceae. It gets its name due to the woolly indumentum of the leaves. D. lanata, like other foxglove species, is toxic in all parts of the plant. Symptoms of digitalis poisoning include nausea, vomiting, severe headache, dilated pupils, problems with eyesight, and convulsions at the worst level of toxicity. The plant is also harmful to other animals.

<i>Pieris japonica</i> Species of flowering plant

Pieris japonica, the Japanese andromeda or Japanese pieris, is a species of flowering plant in the heath family Ericaceae. It is native to eastern China, Taiwan, and Japan, where it grows in mountain thickets. This medium-sized evergreen shrub or tree is widely cultivated in gardens.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Oleandrin</span> Chemical compound

Oleandrin is a cardiac glycoside found in the poisonous plant oleander. As a main phytochemical of oleander, oleandrin is associated with the toxicity of oleander sap, and has similar properties to digoxin.

<i>Cotyledon tomentosa</i> Species of succulent

Cotyledon tomentosa is a species of flowering plant in the family Crassulaceae, native to South Africa. It is a succulent evergreen shrub with large chunky ovate fuzzy green leaves. Its autonymous subspecies is known as the bear's paw because of the prominent "teeth" at the tips of its leaves. It forms large orange bell-shaped flowers in spring. In its native habitat, the Little Karoo region of South Africa, cotyledons usually grow in rocky quartz fields where they have excellent drainage provided by very porous soil.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Antiarin</span> Chemical compound

Antiarins are cardiac glycoside poisons produced by the upas tree. There are two forms, α-antiarin and β-antiarin.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Daphnin</span> Chemical compound

Daphnin is a plant toxin with the chemical formula C15H16O9 and is one of the active compounds present in the Eurasian and North African genus Daphne of the Thymelaeaceae, a plant family with a predominantly Southern Hemisphere distribution with concentrations in Australia and tropical Africa.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Taxine alkaloids</span> Chemical compound

Taxine alkaloids, which are often named under the collective title of taxines, are the toxic chemicals that can be isolated from the yew tree. The amount of taxine alkaloids depends on the species of yew, with Taxus baccata and Taxus cuspidata containing the most. The major taxine alkaloids are taxine A and taxine B although there are at least 10 different alkaloids. Until 1956, it was believed that all the taxine alkaloids were one single compound named taxine.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Carboxyatractyloside</span> Chemical compound

Carboxyatractyloside (CATR) is a highly toxic diterpene glycoside that inhibits the ADP/ATP translocase. It is about 10 times more potent than its analog atractyloside. While atractyloside is effective in the inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation, carboxyatractyloside is considered to be more effective. The effects of carboxyatractyloside on the ADP/ATP translocase are not reversed by increasing the concentration of adenine nucleotides, unlike its counterpart atractyloside. Carboxyatractyloside behavior resembles bongkrekic acid while in the mitochondria. Carboxyatractyloside is poisonous to humans as well as livestock, including cows and horses.

References

  1. ↑ BSBI List 2007 (xls). Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on 2015-06-26. Retrieved 2014-10-17.
  2. 1 2 Heyn, Chaia C.; Pazy, Batia (1989). "The annual species of Adonis (Ranunculaceae) —a polyploid complex". Plant Systematics and Evolution. 168 (3/4): 181–193. ISSN   0378-2697.
  3. ↑ Knight, Anthony (2007-01-01). A Guide to Poisonous House and Garden Plants. Teton NewMedia. ISBN   978-1-4822-4104-4.
  4. ↑ "Adonis aestivalis Calflora". www.calflora.org. Retrieved 2022-01-11.
  5. 1 2 3 Burrows, George E.; Tyrl, Ronald J. (2012-12-28). Toxic Plants of North America (1 ed.). Wiley. doi:10.1002/9781118413425. ISBN   978-0-8138-2034-7.
  6. ↑ Eggli, Urs; Newton, Leonard E. (2004). Etymological Dictionary of Succulent Plant Names. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. p. 4. ISBN   978-3-540-00489-9 . Retrieved 12 November 2018.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Woods, L. W.; Filigenzi, M. S.; Booth, M. C.; Rodger, L. D.; Arnold, J. S.; Puschner, B. (May 2004). "Summer Pheasant's Eye ( Adonis aestivalis ) Poisoning in Three Horses". Veterinary Pathology. 41 (3): 215–220. doi:10.1354/vp.41-3-215. ISSN   0300-9858.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 Al-Snafi, Ali Esmail (2016). "Adonis Aestivalis: Pharmacological and Toxicological Activities - A Review" (PDF). Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Science & Technology. 6 (2): 96–102 – via Research Gate.
  9. ↑ Brütting, C.; Wesche, K.; Meyer, S.; Hensen, I. (2012-03-01). "Genetic diversity of six arable plants in relation to their Red List status". Biodiversity and Conservation. 21 (3): 745–761. doi:10.1007/s10531-011-0212-z. ISSN   1572-9710.
  10. ↑ Uphof, Johannes Cornelis Theodorus (1968). Dictionary of economic plants. Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh. ISBN   3-904144-71-5. OCLC   48693661.
  11. 1 2 3 4 King, John; Lloyd, John Uri; Felter, Harvey Wickes (1905). King's American Dispensatory. Cincinnati: Ohio Valley Co. pp. 116–117.
  12. 1 2 Hosseini, Marzieh; Taherkhani, Mahboubeh; Ghorbani Nohooji, Majid (2019-03-19). "Introduction of Adonis aestivalis as a new source of effective cytotoxic cardiac glycoside". Natural Product Research. 33 (6): 915–920. doi:10.1080/14786419.2017.1413573. ISSN   1478-6419.
  13. 1 2 3 Kamata, Tadashi; Neamtu, Gavril; Tanaka, Yoshito; Sameshima, Muneo; Simpson, Kenneth L. (1990). "Utilization of Adonis aestivalis as a Dietary Pigment Source for Rainbow Trout Salmo gairdneri". Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi. 56 (5): 783–788. doi:10.2331/suisan.56.783.
  14. ↑ Zhang, Chunyan; Yao, Wenxiang; Wen, Dengxin; Li, Xiaoqin; Wu, Shilin; Leng, Xiangjun (2020-08-28). "Dietary Adonis. aestivalis extract improved the flesh pigmentation, antioxidative status and shelf‐life of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)". Aquaculture Nutrition. 26 (6): 2032–2042. doi:10.1111/anu.13144. ISSN   1353-5773.
  15. ↑ Nelson, Lewis S.; Shih, Richard D; Balick, Michael J (2007). Handbook of Poisonous and Injurious Plants (2nd ed.). The New York Botanical Garden. ISBN   978-0387-31268-2.
  16. ↑ Frohne, Dietrich (2000). A colour atlas of poisonous plants : a handbook for pharmacists, doctors, toxicologists, biologists and veterinarians. Manson. ISBN   1-874545-94-4. OCLC   43672725.
  17. ↑ Butnariu, Monica (2017). "Biodiversity of the Phytoconstituents in the Some Plant Species Potentially Toxic". Journal of Biodiversity & Endangered Species. 05 (01). doi:10.4172/2332-2543.1000e127. ISSN   2332-2543.
  18. ↑ Woods, L. W.; Puschner, B.; Filigenzi, M. S.; Woods, D. M.; George, L. W. (January 2011). "Evaluation of the toxicity of Adonis aestivalis in sheep". Veterinary Record. 168 (2): 49–49. doi:10.1136/vr.c6231. ISSN   0042-4900.
  19. ↑ Woods, Leslie W.; George, Lisle W.; Anderson, Mark L.; Woods, Dale M.; Filigenzi, Mike S.; Puschner, Birgit (September 2007). "Evaluation of the Toxicity of Adonis Aestivalis in Calves". Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation. 19 (5): 581–585. doi:10.1177/104063870701900523. ISSN   1040-6387.
  20. ↑ "summer pheasant's eye - Encyclopedia of Life". eol.org. Retrieved 2022-01-07.
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