Aemilia gens

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Imperial-era consular fasti listing several Aemilii Kalender.jpg
Imperial-era consular fasti listing several Aemilii

The gens Aemilia, originally written Aimilia, was one of the greatest patrician families at ancient Rome. The gens was of great antiquity, and claimed descent from Numa Pompilius, the second King of Rome. Its members held the highest offices of the state, from the early decades of the Republic to imperial times. [1] The Aemilii were almost certainly one of the gentes maiores, the most important of the patrician families. Their name was associated with three major roads (the Via Aemilia , the Via Aemilia Scauri , and the Via Aemilia in Hirpinis  [ it ]), an administrative region of Italy, and the Basilica Aemilia at Rome.

Contents

Origin

Several stories were told of the foundation of the Aemilii, of which the most familiar was that their ancestor, Mamercus, was the son of Numa Pompilius. In the late Republic, several other gentes claimed descent from Numa, including the Pompilii, Pomponii, Calpurnii, and Pinarii. A variation of this account stated that Mamercus was the son of Pythagoras, who was sometimes said to have taught Numa. However, as Livy observed, this was not possible, as Pythagoras was not born until more than a century after Numa's death, and was still living in the early days of the Republic. [1] [2]

This Mamercus is said to have received the name of Aemilius because of the persuasiveness of his language (δι᾽ αἱμυλίαν λόγου), although such a derivation is certainly false etymology. [1] A more likely derivation is from aemulus, "a rival". [3] According to a different legend, the Aemilii were descended from Aemylos, a son of Ascanius, four hundred years before the time of Numa Pompilius. Still another version relates that the gens was descended from Amulius, the wicked uncle of Romulus and Remus, who deposed his brother Numitor to become king of Alba Longa. [1]

In the late Republic, a number of minor families claimed descent from the figures of Rome's legendary past, including through otherwise unknown sons of Numa. Modern historians dismiss these as late inventions, but the claim of the Aemilii was much older, and there was no corresponding need to demonstrate the antiquity of a gens that was already prominent at the beginning of the Republic. [4] In any case, the Aemilii, like Numa, were almost certainly of Sabine origin. The praenomen Mamercus is derived from Mamers, a god worshipped by the Sabelli of central and southern Italy, and usually regarded as the Sabellic form of Mars. At Rome, this name, and its diminutive, Mamercinus, were known primarily as cognomina of the Aemilii and the Pinarii, although the Aemilii continued to use it as a praenomen. [1] [5] A surname of the later Aemilii, Regillus, seems to be derived from the Sabine town of Regillum, better known as the ancestral home of the Claudia gens, and perhaps alludes to the Sabine origin of the Aemilii.

The roots of the Aemilia gens was also connected to the very founding of Rome through the claim that it descended from Aemilia, the daughter of Aeneas and Lavinia. [6]

Praenomina

The Aemilii regularly used the praenomina Lucius, Manius, Marcus, and Quintus , and occasionally Mamercus. The Aemilii Mamercini also used Tiberius and Gaius , while the Aemilii Lepidi, who had a particular fondness for old and unusual names, used Paullus , presumably with reference to the family of the Aemilii Paulli, which had died out nearly a century earlier. An obscure family of uncertain date seems to have used Caeso . The daughters of the Aemilii are known to have used the numerical praenomina Prima, Secunda, and Tertia, although these were frequently treated as cognomina, and placed at the end of the name.

Branches and cognomina

The oldest stirps of the Aemilii bore the surname Mamercus, together with its diminutive, Mamercinus; these appear somewhat interchangeably in early generations. This family flourished from the earliest period to the time of the Samnite Wars. Several other important families, with the surnames Papus, Barbula, Paullus, and Lepidus, date from this period, and were probably descended from the Mamercini. The most illustrious of the family was undoubtedly Mamercus Aemilius Mamercinus, three times dictator in the second half of the fifth century BC.

The Aemilii Papi occur in history for about a century and a half, from the time of the Samnite Wars down to the early second century BC. [7] Their surname, Papus, like Mamercus, appears to be of Oscan origin. [8] The name Aemilius Papus occurs again in the time of the emperor Hadrian, but properly speaking these appear to have belonged to the Messia gens, and probably claimed descent from the more illustrious Aemilii through a female line. [9]

Barbula, or "little beard", occurs as the surname of one branch of the Aemilii, which appears in history for about a century beginning in the time of the Samnite Wars, and accounting for several consulships. [10] [11] [12]

Paullus, occasionally found as Paulus, was an old praenomen, meaning "little". [13] As a praenomen, its masculine form had fallen into disuse at Rome, although the feminine form, Paulla, in various orthographies, [lower-roman 1] was very common. [14] [15] As a surname, Paullus appeared in many families down to the latest period of the Empire, but none were more famous than the Aemilii Paulli. This family was descended from Marcus Aemilius Paullus, consul in 302 BC, and vanished with the death of Lucius Aemilius Paullus, the conqueror of Macedonia, in 160 BC. His sons, though grown, were adopted into the families of the Fabii Maximi and the Cornelii Scipiones. The Aemilii Lepidi revived the name toward the end of the Republic, when it was fashionable for younger branches of aristocratic families to revive the surnames of older, more illustrious stirpes. [16]

The cognomen Lepidus belongs to a class of surnames derived from the habits of the habits of the bearer, and evidently referred to someone with a pleasant demeanor. [17] The Aemilii Lepidi appear only a generation after the Aemilii Paulli, beginning with Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, consul in 285 BC, and produced many illustrious statesmen down to the first century AD. In the final decades of the Republic, they revived a number of names originally belonging to older stirpes of the Aemilian gens, including Mamercus as a praenomen, Regillus as a cognomen, and Paullus as both. The last generations were related by marriage to the imperial family. [18]

The Aemilii Scauri flourished from the beginning of the second century BC to the beginning of the first century AD. Their surname, Scaurus, referred to the appearance of the feet or ankles; Chase suggests "swollen ankles". [19] [11]

The cognomina Regillus and Buca apparently belonged to short-lived families. Regillus appears to be derived from the Sabine town of Regillum, perhaps alluding to the Sabine origin of the gens. The Aemilii Regilli flourished for about two generations, beginning at the time of the Second Punic War. [20] [21] Buca, probably the same as Bucca, referred to someone with prominent cheeks, or perhaps someone known for shouting or wailing. The Aemilii Buci are known chiefly from coins, and seem to have flourished toward the end of the Republic. [22] [11]

As with other prominent gentes of the Republic, there were some Aemilii whose relationship to the major families is unclear, as the only references to them contain no surname. Some of these may have been descended from freedmen, and been plebeians. Aemilii with a variety of surnames are found in imperial times.

Members

This list includes abbreviated praenomina. For an explanation of this practice, see filiation.

Aemilii Mamerci et Mamercini

Aemilii Papi

Aemilii Barbulae

Aemilii Paulli

Aemilii Lepidi

Obverse of a denarius of Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, the triumvir Marcus Aemilius Lepidus.jpg
Obverse of a denarius of Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, the triumvir

Aemilii Regilli

Aemilii Scauri

Aemilii Bucae

Denarius issued by Aemilius Buca the moneyer, depicting the laureate head of Julius Caesar, and on the reverse Venus holding Victoria and sceptre RSC 0022 - transparent background.png
Denarius issued by Aemilius Buca the moneyer, depicting the laureate head of Julius Caesar, and on the reverse Venus holding Victoria and sceptre

Others

Gravestone of freedmen (liberti) with the nomen Aemilius, from Emerita Augusta, Roman Spain AE 2003,881.JPG
Gravestone of freedmen (liberti) with the nomen Aemilius, from Emerita Augusta, Roman Spain

See also

Explanatory footnotes

  1. In addition to Paulla, the form Polla, was common in Latin, and either could be spelled with one 'l' or two. There were three distinct pronunciations of the vowel, which can be seen from Greek inscriptions, including Παυλλα, Πολλα, and Πωλα. The same variation was probably characteristic of the masculine Paullus, as with other Latin names, such as Claudius, which was frequently spelled Clodius, although this came to be regarded as a plebeian spelling.
  2. Klebs and Sumner [62] tentatively identified him with the praetor peregrinus in 213 BC. Broughton [63] was less certain, suggesting instead an identification with the curio maximus M. Aemilius Papus.
  3. Identified as Manius Aemilius Lepidus, the son of Manius, in Drumann; also formerly read as "Publius Licinius".
  4. Several sources indicate that he was consul a second time in 107, in place of Lucius Cassius Longinus, who fell in battle against the Tigurini. [88] [89] [90] [91] However, Pauly–Wissowa indicates that this is a phantom consulship, arising from a misplaced fragment of the Fasti Capitolini , identifying a consul Scaurus who should instead be identified with Marcus Aurelius Scaurus, consul suffectus in the preceding year. [92]

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References

Citations

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. I, p. 30 ("Aemilia Gens").
  2. Livy, Ab Urbe Condita , i. 18.
  3. Chase, pp. 122, 123.
  4. Cornell, The Beginnings of Rome, p. 10.
  5. Chase, pp. 114, 140, 141.
  6. Weigel, Richard D. (2002). Lepidus: The Tarnished Triumvir. Oxon: Routledge. ISBN   978-1-134-90163-0.
  7. Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. III, p. 120 ("Papus").
  8. Chase, pp. 114, 115.
  9. Birley, The Fasti of Roman Britain, pp. 242, 243.
  10. Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. I, p. 461 ("Barbula").
  11. 1 2 3 Chase, pp. 109, 110.
  12. New College Latin & English Dictionary, s. v. barbula.
  13. Chase, pp. 109, 110, 150.
  14. Chase, pp. 165, 166.
  15. Kajava, Roman Female Praenomina.
  16. Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. III, p. 153 ("Aemilius Paulus").
  17. Chase, pp. 110, 111.
  18. Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. II, p. 762 ("Aemilius Lepidus").
  19. Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. III, pp. 735, 736 ("Scaurus", "Aemilius Scaurus").
  20. Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. III, p. 642 ("Regillus").
  21. Chase, p. 113, 114.
  22. Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. I, p. 516 ("Buca").
  23. Broughton, vol. I, p. 35.
  24. RE, 'Aemilius' 13, 94, 95
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  26. 1 2 Birley, The Fasti of Roman Britain, pp. 242–244.
  27. Birley, p. 243.
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  30. Polybius, i. 36, 37.
  31. Eutropius, ii. 22.
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  41. Horace, Carmen Saeculare, i. 12.
  42. Valerius Maximus, i. 3. § 3.
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  46. Aurelius Victor, De Viris Illustribus, 56.
  47. Valerius Maximus, v. 10. § 2.
  48. Velleius Paterculus, i. 9, 10.
  49. Orelli, Onomasticon Tullianum, vol. ii. p. 16.
  50. Polybius, xxxii. 12.
  51. Diodorus Siculus, excerpta, xxxi.
  52. Valerius Maximus, vi. 7. § 1.
  53. Plutarch, "The Life of Aemilius Paullus", 2.
  54. Livy, xxxviii. 57.
  55. Plutarch, "The Life of Aemilius Paullus", 28.
  56. Cicero, De Divinatione, i. 46, ii. 40.
  57. Plutarch, "The Life of Aemilius Paullus", 10.
  58. 1 2 3 4 5 Drumann, Geschichte Roms, vol. I, "Aemilii", 1, 2.
  59. Broughton, vol. I, p. 186.
  60. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Fasti Capitolini , AE 1900, 83; 1904, 114; AE 1927, 101; 1940, 59, 60.
  61. Broughton, vol. I, pp. 225, 234, 235 (note 2).
  62. Sumner, Orators, p. 66.
  63. Broughton, vol. I, pp. 263, 266 (notes 1, 2)
  64. 1 2 3 Livy, xxiii. 30.
  65. Broughton, vol. I, pp. 238, 240 (note 2); vol. II, p. 526.
  66. Drumann, Geschichte Roms, vol. I, "Aemilii", 1–3.
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  68. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Drumann, Geschichte Roms, vol. I, "Aemilii", 1, 3.
  69. Broughton, vol. I, p. 358; vol. II, p. 526.
  70. Broughton, vol. I, p. 446.
  71. Broughton, vol. I, p. 484.
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  73. Broughton, vol. II, p. 84.
  74. Broughton, vol. II, p. 87.
  75. Drumann, Geschichte Roms, vol. I, "Aemilii", 1, 3, 4.
  76. Broughton, vol. II, p. 151, 152 (note 1).
  77. 1 2 Drumann, Geschichte Roms, vol. I, "Aemilii", 1, 4.
  78. Broughton, vol. II, p. 247.
  79. Drumann, Geschichte Roms, vol. I, "Aemilii", 1, 9–17.
  80. Broughton, vol. II, pp. 292, 356.
  81. Broughton, vol. II, pp. 341, 359.
  82. 1 2 Drumann, Geschichte Roms, vol. I, "Aemilii", 1, 8.
  83. Broughton, vol. II, p. 409.
  84. Drumann, Geschichte Roms, vol. I, "Aemilii", 1, 17.
  85. 1 2 Drumann, Geschichte Roms, vol. I, "Aemilii", 1, 18.
  86. Tansey, "Q. Aemilius Lepidus (Barbula?)", pp. 174, 175, 177.
  87. 1 2 Drumann, Geschichte Roms, vol. I, "Aemilii", 1, 9.
  88. Drumann, Geschichte Roms, vol. I, p. 19.
  89. Orelli, Onomasticon Tullianum, p. 18.
  90. Krause, Vitae et Fragmenta, p. 224.
  91. Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. III, pp. 736, 737 (Scaurus, Aemilius, No. 2).
  92. RE, Aemilius No. 140.
  93. Plutarch, "Life of Pompeius", 9; "Life of Sulla", 33. 3.
  94. RE, Aemilius 137
  95. AE 2003, 881.
  96. Dionysius, ii. 68.
  97. Valerius Maximus, i. 1. § 7.
  98. Plutarch, "Quaestiones Romanae", p. 284.
  99. Livy, Epitome, 63.
  100. Orosius, v. 15.
  101. Asconius Pedianus, In Ciceronis Pro Milone, p. 46, ed. Orelli.
  102. Karl Julius Sillig, Catalogus Artificium (1827), Appendix, s.v.
  103. Desiré-Raoul Rochette, Lettre à M. Schorn, 2nd ed., p. 422.
  104. Cicero, Epistulae ad Familiares xiii. 2, 21, 27.
  105. Cassius Dio, lvii. 10.
  106. Orosius, vii. 4.
  107. Guido Bastianini, "Lista dei prefetti d'Egitto dal 30a al 299p", Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik , 17 (1975), p. 272.
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General sources

PD-icon.svg This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain :  Smith, William, ed. (1870). "Aemilia gens". Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology .

Bibliography