The tribe of Shammar is a tribal Arab Qahtanite confederation, descended from the Tayy, which migrated into the northern Arabian Peninsula from Yemen in the second century. It is the largest branch of the Tayy, and one of the largest and most influential Arab tribes. The historical and traditional seat of the tribe's leadership is in the city of Ḥaʼil in what was the Emirate of Jabal Shammar in what is now Saudi Arabia. In its "golden age", around 1850, the Shammar ruled much of central and northern Arabia from Riyadh to the frontiers of Syria and the vast area of Upper Mesopotamia.
Faisal bin Turki Al Saud was the second ruler of the Second Saudi State and seventh head of the House of Saud.
The Emirate of Nejd or Imamate of Nejd was the Second Saudi State, existing between 1824 and 1891 in Nejd, the regions of Riyadh and Ha'il of what is now Saudi Arabia. Saudi rule was restored to central and eastern Arabia after the Emirate of Diriyah, the First Saudi State, having previously been brought down by the Ottoman Empire's Egypt Eyalet in the Ottoman–Wahhabi War (1811–1818).
Sheikh Abdullah II Sabah II Al-Jabir I Al-Sabah was a cavalry commander in the Military of Kuwait and was the fifth ruler of the Sheikhdom of Kuwait from 1866 to 1892. The eldest son of the fourth ruler of Kuwait, Sabah II, his reign was marked by efforts to manage natural disasters, maintain stability, and fortify ties with the Ottoman Empire, a key supplier of drinking water for Kuwait. Notably, the first coins minted in Kuwait were during his tenure.
Saud bin Faisal Al Saud, also known as Imam Saud, (1833—1875) was the ruler of the Second Saudi State in 1871 and 1873–75. He joined alliances with foreign tribes and revolted against his half-brother Abdullah. His rule was short-lived and Abdullah overthrew him. Saud gained power again in 1873 but died two years later. His reign was notable for the infighting in the House of Saud which he initiated.
Al-Ahsa Oasis, also known as al-Ḥasāʾ (الْحَسَاء) or Hajar (هَجَر), is an oasis and historical region in eastern Saudi Arabia. Al-Ahsa Governorate, which makes up much of the country's Eastern Province, is named after it. The oasis is located about 60 km (37 mi) inland from the coast of the Persian Gulf. Al-Ahsa Oasis comprises four main cities and 22 villages. The cities include Al-Mubarraz and Al-Hofuf, two of the largest cities in Saudi Arabia.
Bani Khalid is an Arab tribal confederation mainly inhabiting the Arabian Peninsula. The tribe ruled southern Iraq, Kuwait, and Eastern Arabia from the 15th century to the 18th century, and again under the auspices of the Ottoman Empire during the early 19th century. At its greatest extent, the domain of Bani Khalid extended from Iraq in the north to the borders of Oman in the South, and Bani Khalid wielded political influence by ruling the region of Najd in central Arabia. Most of the tribe's members presently reside in eastern and central Saudi Arabia, while others live in Iraq, Kuwait, Qatar, Bahrain, Syria, Palestine, Lebanon and the United Arab Emirates. Bani Khalid has both Shia Muslim and Sunni Muslim members.
The Unification of Saudi Arabia was a military and political campaign in which the various tribes, sheikhdoms, city-states, emirates, and kingdoms of most of the central Arabian Peninsula were conquered by the House of Saud, or Al Saud. Unification started in 1902 and continued until 1932, when the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia was proclaimed under the leadership of Abdulaziz, known in the West as Ibn Saud, creating what is sometimes referred to as the Third Saudi State, to differentiate it from the Emirate of Diriyah, the First Saudi State and the Emirate of Nejd, the Second Saudi State, also House of Saud states.
Sheikh Jaber bin Abdullah was the third ruler of the Sheikdom of Kuwait. He governed from 1814 to 1859. He was the eldest son of Abdullah bin Sabah whom he succeeded upon Sheikh Abdullah's death.
Lahsa Eyalet was an eyalet of the Ottoman Empire. The territory of the former eyalet is now part of Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, and Qatar. Al-Ahsa and Qatif were the main cities of the eyalet, and it was named after the former.
The Sheikhdom of Kuwait was a sheikhdom during the pre-oil era. The sheikhdom became a British protectorate between 1899 and 1961 following the Anglo-Kuwaiti agreement of 1899. This agreement was made between Sheikh Mubarak Al-Sabah and the British Government in India, primarily as a defensive measure against threats from the Ottoman Empire. After 1961, the sheikdom became the state of Kuwait.
The sanjak of Najd was a sanjak of the Ottoman Empire. The name is considered misleading, as it covered the al-Hasa region, rather than the much larger Najd region. It was part of Baghdad Vilayet from June 1871 to 1875, when it became part of the Basra Vilayet.
Talib Pasha bin Rajab Al-Naqib Al-Refa'i was an Iraqi politician, who became the first Minister of Interior in Iraq.
Abdullah bin Faisal Al Saud was one of the rulers of the Emirate of Najd, also known as Second Saudi State. His reign witnessed extensive struggle among the members of the Al Saud family which led to turmoil in the region.
The Battle of Khakeekera was a naval battle that took place in March 1811 between the combined forces of Bahrain and Kuwait on one side, and those of the Emirate of Diriyah led by Rahmah ibn Jabir al-Jalhami, the pirate Arab ruler of Dammam and some villages in Qatar, on the other. The battle took place northwest of Qatar and ended with a Bahraini-Kuwaiti victory.
The Battle of Kanzan was a territorial battle between the Al Saud and their long-term enemies, the Ajman tribe, which began in June 1915 and lasted for nearly six months. The reason for the battle was the tribe resisting the Al Saud rule.
The Expedition to Najd (1836) was a military operation organised by Ottoman military commander Muhammad Ali Pasha that invaded the Second Saudi State based in Najd after the refusal of tribute payments by its ruler, Imam Faisal bin Turki al-Saud.
The Thuwaini Al-Saadoun Campaign of (1797) was a military campaign carried out by Sheikh Thuwaini bin Abdullah Al-Saadoun, Emir of the Iraqi Al-Muntafiq tribes, to repel Wahhabi attacks against the cities and valleys of southern Mamluk Iraq, especially the Al-Muntafiq pastures. After the matter of the Wahhabis became so severe that they constituted a real threat to the Hajj route, which prompted the Sharif of Mecca, Ghaleb bin Musaed, to explain to Sultan Selim III the fatal consequences if conditions continued as they were, the Sublime Porte asked the Mamluk ruler of Iraq, Sulayman the Great, to eliminate the Wahhabis because of the threat and danger they posed. However, the ruler was an old man, worn down by age. Unwilling to handle the issue, he began to procrastinate and used many pretexts. In the end, after the insistence of Istanbul, the ruler assigned the task to Sheikh Thuwaini Al-Saadoun after he returned to him the sheikhdom of Al-Muntafiq in the year 1796 AD. Thuwaini took advantage of that opportunity and announced a general mobilization, and the Arabs of Al-Muntafiq and the people of Az Zubayr and Basra gathered around him. In addition, the ruler of Baghdad with his army joined him in Al-Jahra. Thuwaini led his campaign south towards Al-Ahsa, instead of heading directly towards Diriyah, as Al-Ahsa was an easy supply point for the army. However, Thuwaini Al-Saadoun’s campaign was not able to achieve its goal, because he was killed at the hands of one of Bani Khalid’s slaves, before carrying out any successful operation against the Saudi forces that headed towards Al-Ahsa. Due to his death, the ranks of the Iraqi campaign became disorganized and were forced to retreat. The Saudi forces chased the remnants of the army to the borders of modern day Kuwait.They seized much of their equipment, cannons, and weapons, and took a lot of spoils.
The campaign of Ali Al-Kahiya or the campaign of Ali Al-Kikhia was a campaign that took place in the year 1213 AH/1798 AD and was led by Ali Al-Kakhiya or Al-Kahiya to invade Al-Ahsa in the year 1798 AD in preparation for the march towards Diriyah. This campaign came in the wake of the collapse of the Thuwaini bin Abdullah Al-Saadoun campaign to stop the Wahhabi attacks against the cities. And in the valley of southern Mamluk Iraq, especially the pastures of Emirate of Muntafiq, after the assassination of Sheikh Thuwaini. In the year 1798 AD, Mamluk ruler Sulayman the Great prepared a large campaign of men and weapons and supplemented it with units from the Shammar tribes led by Sheikh Faris bin Muhammad al-Jarba and Ali al-Kahiya. However, the campaign failed in its mission after peace was established between the two parties.
Muhammad bin Abdul Wahhab Al Faihani Palace, also known as the Al Faihani Palace, is an ancient palace adjacent to a fortress known as Darin Castle. It is located in the village of Darin on Tarout Island in Qatif Governorate in eastern Saudi Arabia. The castle was restored by Muhammad bin Abdul Wahhab Al Faihani between 1884 and 1885 and became known by his name.
Ottoman Empire 
Sheikhdom of Kuwait 
Emirate of Nejd 
