Battle of Stavuchany

Battle of Stavuchany
Part of Austro-Russian–Turkish War (1735–39)
Map of Battle of Savuchny (in Russian and German)
Date August 28 (17 in Julian calendar), 1739 Location near Khotyn, now in Chernivtsi Oblast, Ukraine Result Russian victory Treaty of Belgrade Territorial changes Russians occupy most of Moldavia
Belligerents
Russian Empire Zaporozhian Host	Ottoman Empire Crimean Khanate
Commanders and leaders
Burkhard Christoph von Munnich	Veli Pasha
Strength
61,000 (48,000 regular troops) 250 guns	30,000–40,000 Turks up to 50,000 Crimean Tatars 70 guns
Casualties and losses
Official data: 13 killed, 54 wounded [1] Some estimates: Total losses 1,800–2,000 [2]	Russian estimate: More than 1,000 killed [1] Some estimates: 2,000–15,000 killed and wounded [3]

The Battle of Stavuchany was fought between the Russian and Ottoman armies, which took place on August 28 (17) of 1739 during the Russo-Turkish War of 1735-1739. ^[4]

Prelude

Stavuchany (Moldovan Stăuceni) is a small moldavian village some 12 km southwest of Khotyn (today's Chernivtsi Oblast in Ukraine, Ukrainian : Ставчанами, Russian:Ставучаны). The Russian army (approx. 61,000 men ^[5] and 250 cannons) under the command of Field Marshal Burkhard Christoph von Münnich approached Stavuchany, where the Ottoman army (80,000 to 90,000 men ^[6] ) under the leadership of serasker Veli Pasha was concentrated. The army consisted of 30–40,000 Turks (including the garrison of the Khotyn fortress) and Crimean Tatars (up to 50,000, according to Russian estimates), with 70 guns. The Turks blocked the way to Khotyn, while the Tatars surrounded the Russian army from the rear and threatened its wagon train. By the evening of August 27 (16), Münnich's army was surrounded in the lowlands, but repulsed all the attacks of the Turkish and Tatar cavalry. The main forces of the Turks with artillery occupied the commanding heights beyond the Shulanets River, on the road to Khotyn, and fortified there. ^[1]

Battle

On the morning of August 28 (17), Munnich moved a strong detachment under the command of Gustav Biron (brother of Ernst Johann von Biron, a lover of Empress Anna of Russia) across the river. This detachment stood for several hours under Turkish artillery fire, and then retreated back across the river. The Turks decided that the offensive of the Russian army was repulsed, and Veli Pasha even sent a corresponding report to Khotyn. However, at this time, the Russians built a large number of bridges across the Shulanets River on their right flank (where Karl Biron, another brother of Empress's lover, commanded) and with their entire army rushed there, bypassing the fortified positions of the Turks from the east. The Turks launched several attacks trying to stop this advance, but were completely defeated and fled, leaving their fortified camp, which was captured by the Russian army. The Russian army captured some 50 cannons and other trophies. ^[1]

Aftermath

According to Russian data, the Ottoman army left more than 1,000 people killed on the battlefield (the number of wounded is unknown). In the official report of Münnich, the losses of the Russian army were indicated in only 13 killed and 54 wounded. ^[1] However, these data are completely unreliable. So, for the Semenovsky regiment, losses are indicated as 1 wounded person. ^[7] Actually in the fighting on August 27-28 (16–17), the regiment lost 43 men killed and 102 wounded. ^[8] Other estimates of Russian casualties indicate a total of 1,800-2,000 killed and wounded. ^{[2] [9]}

As a result of the Battle of Stavuchany, the Ottoman fortress of Khotyn was captured by Russians on August 30 (19), Soon after that, Münnich entered Iași on September 14 (3), and occupied most of the Principality of Moldavia. Despite those victories, the Russian court decided to accept French mediation, that resulted in the Treaty of Niš (October 3) by which Russia had to return almost all captured territories, including those gained in Moldavia. ^[10]

References

1. Баиов А. К. Русская армия в царствование императрицы Анны Иоанновны. Война России с Турцией в 1736-1739 гг — СПб.: Электро-Типография Н. Я. Стойковой; Николаевская Академия Генерального штаба, 1906. — Т. 2.- С.226
2. Ставуча́нское cраже́ние 1739. Great Russian Encyclopedia (in Russian). Bolshaya Rossiyskaya Entsiklopediya, Russian Academy of Sciences. 2005–2019.
3. M. I. Bogdanovich. Походы Румянцева, Потемкина и Суворова в Турции. Saint Petersburg: Типография Эдуарда Веймара, 1852. – pp. 8-9.
4. Davies 2011, p. 218, 233-241.
5. Баиов А. К. Русская армия в царствование императрицы Анны Иоанновны. Война России с Турцией в 1736-1739 гг — СПб.: Электро-Типография Н. Я. Стойковой; Николаевская Академия Генерального штаба, 1906. — Т. 2.- С.227
6. Onacewicz W. Empires by Conquest, Volume I. Hero Books, 1985. P. 124
7. Ставучанский поход. Документы 1739 г. СПб., 1892. - (Сб. воен.-ист. материалов ; Вып. 2), (in Russian), page 204
8. Дирин П. П. History of the Semyonovsky Lifeguard Regiment, Volume I, page 229 (in Russian)
9. Керсновский А. А. History of the Russian army, Vol. I, Chapter 2 (in Russian)
10. Aksan 2007, p. 116-117.

Sources

• Aksan, Virginia H. (2007). Ottoman Wars, 1700-1870: An Empire Besieged. London & New York: Routledge.
• Davies, Brian (2011). Empire and Military Revolution in Eastern Europe: Russia's Turkish Wars in the Eighteenth Century. London & New York: Bloomsbury Publishing.

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