Alan Smithee (also Allen Smithee) is an official pseudonym used by film directors who wish to disown a project. Coined in 1968 and used until it was formally discontinued in 2000, [1] it was the sole pseudonym used by members of the Directors Guild of America (DGA) when directors, dissatisfied with the final product, proved to the satisfaction of a guild panel that they had not been able to exercise creative control over a film. The director was also required by guild rules not to discuss the circumstances leading to the movie or even to acknowledge being the project's director. [2]
Before 1968, DGA rules did not permit directors to be credited under a pseudonym. This was intended to prevent producers from forcing them upon directors, which would inhibit the development of their résumés. [1] The guild also required that the director be credited, in support of the auteur theory, which posits that the director is the primary creative force behind a film. [2]
The Smithee pseudonym was created for use on the film Death of a Gunfighter , released in 1969. During its filming, lead actor Richard Widmark was unhappy with director Robert Totten and arranged to have him replaced by Don Siegel. Siegel later estimated that he had spent 9 to 10 days filming, while Totten had spent 25 days. Each had roughly an equal amount of footage in Siegel's final edit, but Siegel made clear that Widmark had effectively been in charge the entire time. [2] When the film was finished, Siegel did not want to take the credit for it and Totten refused to take credit in his place. The DGA panel hearing the dispute agreed that the film did not represent either director's creative vision. [1]
The original proposal was to credit the fictional "Al Smith", but the name was deemed too common and was already in use within the film industry. The last name was first changed to "Smithe", then "Smithee", [1] which was thought to be distinctive enough to avoid confusion with similar names but without drawing attention to itself. [2] Critics praised the film and its "new" director, with The New York Times commenting that the film was "sharply directed by Allen Smithee who has an adroit facility for scanning faces and extracting sharp background detail," [3] and Roger Ebert commenting, "Director Allen Smithee, a name I'm not familiar with, allows his story to unfold naturally." [4]
Following its coinage, the pseudonym "Alan Smithee" was applied retroactively to Fade In (also known as Iron Cowboy), a film starring Burt Reynolds and directed by Jud Taylor, which was first released before the release of Death of a Gunfighter. [5] Taylor also requested the pseudonym for City in Fear (1980) with David Janssen. Taylor commented on its use when he received the DGA's Robert B. Aldrich Achievement Award in 2003:
I had a couple of problems in my career having to do with editing and not having the contractually required number of days in the editing room that my agent couldn't resolve. So, I went to the Guild and said, "This is what's going on." The Guild went to bat for me. I got Alan Smithee on them both. It was a signal to the industry from a creative rights point of view that the shows had been tampered with. [6]
The spelling "Alan Smithee" became standard, and the Internet Movie Database lists about two dozen feature films and many more television features and series episodes credited to this name. [7] A persistent urban legend suggests that this particular spelling was chosen because it is an anagram of the phrase "the alias men", but this is apocryphal.
Over the years the name and its purpose became more widely known. Some directors violated the embargo on discussing their use of the pseudonym. In 1997, the film An Alan Smithee Film: Burn Hollywood Burn was released, in which a man named Alan Smithee (played by Eric Idle) wishes to disavow a film he directed, but is unable to do so because the only pseudonym he is permitted to use is his own name. The film was directed by Arthur Hiller, who reported to the DGA that producer Joe Eszterhas had interfered with his creative control. He successfully removed his own name from the film, so Alan Smithee was credited instead. The film was a commercial and critical failure, released in only 19 theaters, grossing only $45,779 in the United States with a budget of about $10 million. [8] Rotten Tomatoes reports an aggregate critical rating of only 8% positive. [9]
The film was nominated for eight Golden Raspberry Awards at the following year's ceremony, and won five, including Worst Picture. The harsh negative publicity that surrounded the film drew unwanted mainstream attention to the pseudonym. Following this, the DGA retired the name; for the film Supernova (2000), dissatisfied director Walter Hill was instead credited as "Thomas Lee", [1] and Accidental Love director, David O. Russell, left the product credited to Stephen Greene. [10] [11]
Meanwhile, the name had been used outside of the film industry, and it continues to be used in other media and on film projects not under the purview of the DGA. Although the pseudonym was intended for use by directors, the Internet Movie Database lists several uses as writer credits as well. [7] Variations of the name have also occasionally been used, such as "Alan Smithee and Alana Smithy" (screenwriters for the 2011 film Hidden 3D ).
Historical uses of the "Alan Smithee" credit (or equivalent), in chronological order:
This section needs additional citations for verification .(August 2017) |
The following films credit "Smithee"; the actual director is listed when known.
Film | Year | Director | Notes | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Fade In | 1968 | Jud Taylor | Also called Iron Cowboy; shown in previews with Taylor credited, then shelved; issued in 1975 with Smithee credited as director. | [12] |
Death of a Gunfighter | 1969 | Robert Totten and Don Siegel (separately) | [12] | |
The Barking Dog | 1978 | Unknown | [12] | |
Gypsy Angels | 1980 | Unknown | [12] | |
City in Fear | 1980 | Jud Taylor | ||
Fun and Games | 1980 | Paul Bogart | [13] | |
Student Bodies | 1981 | Mickey Rose | Produced by Michael Ritchie under the pseudonym | |
Twilight Zone: The Movie | 1983 | Anderson House | Second Assistant Director Anderson House used the pseudonym for the first segment, in which actor Vic Morrow and two children were killed in a helicopter accident during production. This represents a rare instance where the "Alan Smithee" credit was taken by an assistant director. | [14] |
Dune | 1984 | David Lynch | Used only for the version as extended and edited for broadcast television. In addition to the "Smithee" directing credit, for the broadcast TV version Lynch's screenwriting credit goes to "Judas Booth" (a reference to Judas Iscariot and John Wilkes Booth). | [15] [16] |
Appointment with Fear | 1985 | Ramsey Thomas | [12] | |
Stitches | 1985 | Rod Holcomb | [12] | |
Let's Get Harry | 1986 | Stuart Rosenberg | [12] | |
Morgan Stewart's Coming Home | 1987 | Paul Aaron and Terry Windsor | [12] | |
Ghost Fever | 1987 | Lee Madden | [12] | |
I Love N.Y. | 1987 | Gianni Bozzacchi | [12] | |
Gunhed | 1989 | Masato Harada | Used for the re-edited TV release in the United States | |
Catchfire | 1990 | Dennis Hopper | Originally released in theaters as Smithee. A subsequent video release under the title Backtrack was Hopper's intended "director's cut", for which he received credit. | [12] |
The Shrimp on the Barbie | 1990 | Michael Gottlieb | [12] | |
Solar Crisis | 1990 | Richard C. Sarafian | [12] | |
The Guardian | 1990 | William Friedkin | Credited to "Alan Von Smithee" only for the version as edited for cable television | |
Bloodsucking Pharaohs in Pittsburgh | 1991 | Dean Tschetter | [12] | |
The Nutt House | 1992 | Adam Rifkin | Used by writers Scott Spiegel (as Peter Perkinson), Bruce Campbell (as R.O.C. Sandstorm), Ivan Raimi (as Alan Smithee Sr.), and Sam Raimi (as Alan Smithee Jr.) | [17] |
Scent of a Woman | 1992 | Martin Brest | Used for the version edited for in-flight viewing | |
Maniac Cop III: Badge of Silence | 1993 | William Lustig | [18] | |
Rudy | 1993 | David Anspaugh | Used for the re-edited TV release | |
The Birds II: Land's End | 1994 | Rick Rosenthal | ||
The Journey Inside | 1994 | Barnaby Jackson | [19] [20] | |
National Lampoon's Senior Trip | 1995 | Kelly Makin | Segment credited to Smithee | |
Raging Angels | 1995 | Unknown | ||
Smoke n Lightnin | 1995 | Unknown | [12] | |
Heat | 1995 | Michael Mann | Used for the re-edited TV release | |
Hellraiser: Bloodline | 1996 | Kevin Yagher | [12] | |
Exit | 1996 | Ric Roman Waugh | [12] | |
Dilemma | 1997 | Eric Larsen and Eric Louzil | [12] | |
Le Zombi de Cap-Rouge | 1997 | Simon Robideaux | [12] | |
Sub Down | 1997 | Gregg Champion | [12] | |
An Alan Smithee Film: Burn Hollywood Burn | 1997 | Arthur Hiller | [12] | |
Picture of Priority | 1998 | Unknown | [12] | |
Meet Joe Black | 1998 | Martin Brest | Used for the version edited for in-flight viewing and cable television | |
Wadd: The Life & Times of John C. Holmes | 1998 | Cass Paley | ||
The Coroner | 1999 | Brian Katkin and Juan A. Mas | [12] | |
The Insider | 1999 | Michael Mann | Used for the version edited for television | |
River Made to Drown In | 1999 | James Merendino | ||
Woman Wanted | 1999 | Kiefer Sutherland | [12] | |
The Disciples | 2000 | Kirk Wong | [12] | |
In the Wrong Hands | 2002 | Chris Johnston and James A. Seale | [12] | |
Fugitives Run | 2003 | Philip Spink | [12] | |
Eep! (Dutch: Iep!) | 2010 | Rita Horst | Credited as Ellen Smith, the only time a Dutch director asked for this credit. Ellen is a Dutch name that is pronounced similarly to Alan. | |
Old 37 | 2015 | Christian Winters | [21] [22] | |
Anatar | 2023 | Lorenzo Dante Zanoni | [23] |
This section needs additional citations for verification .(August 2017) |
This article needs additional citations for verification .(August 2016) |
This section needs additional citations for verification .(August 2017) |
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