Alan Smithee

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Alan Smithee (also Allen Smithee) is an official pseudonym used by film directors who wish to disown a project. Coined in 1968 and used until it was formally discontinued in 2000, [1] it was the sole pseudonym used by members of the Directors Guild of America (DGA) when directors, dissatisfied with the final product, proved to the satisfaction of a guild panel that they had not been able to exercise creative control over a film. The director was also required by guild rules not to discuss the circumstances leading to the movie or even to acknowledge being the project's director. [2]

Contents

History

Before 1968, DGA rules did not permit directors to be credited under a pseudonym. This was intended to prevent producers from forcing them upon directors, which would inhibit the development of their résumés. [1] The guild also required that the director be credited, in support of the auteur theory, which posits that the director is the primary creative force behind a film. [2]

The Smithee pseudonym was created for use on the film Death of a Gunfighter , released in 1969. During its filming, lead actor Richard Widmark was unhappy with director Robert Totten and arranged to have him replaced by Don Siegel. Siegel later estimated that he had spent 9 to 10 days filming, while Totten had spent 25 days. Each had roughly an equal amount of footage in Siegel's final edit, but Siegel made clear that Widmark had effectively been in charge the entire time. [2] When the film was finished, Siegel did not want to take the credit for it and Totten refused to take credit in his place. The DGA panel hearing the dispute agreed that the film did not represent either director's creative vision. [1]

The original proposal was to credit the fictional "Al Smith", but the name was deemed too common and was already in use within the film industry. The last name was first changed to "Smithe", then "Smithee", [1] which was thought to be distinctive enough to avoid confusion with similar names but without drawing attention to itself. [2] Critics praised the film and its "new" director, with The New York Times commenting that the film was "sharply directed by Allen Smithee who has an adroit facility for scanning faces and extracting sharp background detail," [3] and Roger Ebert commenting, "Director Allen Smithee, a name I'm not familiar with, allows his story to unfold naturally." [4]

Following its coinage, the pseudonym "Alan Smithee" was applied retroactively to Fade In (also known as Iron Cowboy), a film starring Burt Reynolds and directed by Jud Taylor, which was first released before the release of Death of a Gunfighter. [5] Taylor also requested the pseudonym for City in Fear (1980) with David Janssen. Taylor commented on its use when he received the DGA's Robert B. Aldrich Achievement Award in 2003:

I had a couple of problems in my career having to do with editing and not having the contractually required number of days in the editing room that my agent couldn't resolve. So, I went to the Guild and said, "This is what's going on." The Guild went to bat for me. I got Alan Smithee on them both. It was a signal to the industry from a creative rights point of view that the shows had been tampered with. [6]

The spelling "Alan Smithee" became standard, and the Internet Movie Database lists about two dozen feature films and many more television features and series episodes credited to this name. [7] A persistent urban legend suggests that this particular spelling was chosen because it is an anagram of the phrase "the alias men", but this is apocryphal.

Over the years the name and its purpose became more widely known. Some directors violated the embargo on discussing their use of the pseudonym. In 1997, the film An Alan Smithee Film: Burn Hollywood Burn was released, in which a man named Alan Smithee (played by Eric Idle) wishes to disavow a film he directed, but is unable to do so because the only pseudonym he is permitted to use is his own name. The film was directed by Arthur Hiller, who reported to the DGA that producer Joe Eszterhas had interfered with his creative control. He successfully removed his own name from the film, so Alan Smithee was credited instead. The film was a commercial and critical failure, released in only 19 theaters, grossing only $45,779 in the United States with a budget of about $10 million. [8] Rotten Tomatoes reports an aggregate critical rating of only 8% positive. [9]

The film was nominated for eight Golden Raspberry Awards at the following year's ceremony, and won five, including Worst Picture. The harsh negative publicity that surrounded the film drew unwanted mainstream attention to the pseudonym. Following this, the DGA retired the name; for the film Supernova (2000), dissatisfied director Walter Hill was instead credited as "Thomas Lee", [1] and Accidental Love director, David O. Russell, left the product credited to Stephen Greene. [10] [11]

Meanwhile, the name had been used outside of the film industry, and it continues to be used in other media and on film projects not under the purview of the DGA. Although the pseudonym was intended for use by directors, the Internet Movie Database lists several uses as writer credits as well. [7] Variations of the name have also occasionally been used, such as "Alan Smithee and Alana Smithy" (screenwriters for the 2011 film Hidden 3D ).

Uses

Historical uses of the "Alan Smithee" credit (or equivalent), in chronological order:

Film direction

The following films credit "Smithee"; the actual director is listed when known.

FilmYearDirectorNotesReference
Fade In 1968 Jud Taylor Also called Iron Cowboy; shown in previews with Taylor credited, then shelved; issued in 1975 with Smithee credited as director. [12]
Death of a Gunfighter 1969Robert Totten and Don Siegel (separately) [12]
The Barking Dog1978Unknown [12]
Gypsy Angels1980Unknown [12]
City in Fear 1980Jud Taylor
Fun and Games1980 Paul Bogart [13]
Student Bodies 1981 Mickey Rose Produced by Michael Ritchie under the pseudonym
Twilight Zone: The Movie 1983Anderson HouseSecond Assistant Director Anderson House used the pseudonym for the first segment, in which actor Vic Morrow and two children were killed in a helicopter accident during production. This represents a rare instance where the "Alan Smithee" credit was taken by an assistant director. [14]
Dune 1984 David Lynch Used only for the version as extended and edited for broadcast television. In addition to the "Smithee" directing credit, for the broadcast TV version Lynch's screenwriting credit goes to "Judas Booth" (a reference to Judas Iscariot and John Wilkes Booth). [15] [16]
Appointment with Fear 1985Ramsey Thomas [12]
Stitches 1985 Rod Holcomb [12]
Let's Get Harry 1986 Stuart Rosenberg [12]
Morgan Stewart's Coming Home 1987Paul Aaron and Terry Windsor [12]
Ghost Fever 1987 Lee Madden [12]
I Love N.Y. 1987Gianni Bozzacchi [12]
Gunhed 1989 Masato Harada Used for the re-edited TV release in the United States
Catchfire 1990 Dennis Hopper Originally released in theaters as Smithee. A subsequent video release under the title Backtrack was Hopper's intended "director's cut", for which he received credit. [12]
The Shrimp on the Barbie 1990 Michael Gottlieb [12]
Solar Crisis 1990 Richard C. Sarafian [12]
The Guardian 1990 William Friedkin Credited to "Alan Von Smithee" only for the version as edited for cable television
Bloodsucking Pharaohs in Pittsburgh1991Dean Tschetter [12]
The Nutt House 1992 Adam Rifkin Used by writers Scott Spiegel (as Peter Perkinson), Bruce Campbell (as R.O.C. Sandstorm), Ivan Raimi (as Alan Smithee Sr.), and Sam Raimi (as Alan Smithee Jr.) [17]
Scent of a Woman 1992 Martin Brest Used for the version edited for in-flight viewing
Maniac Cop III: Badge of Silence 1993 William Lustig [18]
Rudy 1993 David Anspaugh Used for the re-edited TV release
The Birds II: Land's End 1994 Rick Rosenthal
The Journey Inside1994Barnaby Jackson [19] [20]
National Lampoon's Senior Trip 1995 Kelly Makin Segment credited to Smithee
Raging Angels1995Unknown
Smoke n Lightnin1995Unknown [12]
Heat 1995 Michael Mann Used for the re-edited TV release
Hellraiser: Bloodline 1996 Kevin Yagher [12]
Exit1996 Ric Roman Waugh [12]
Dilemma1997Eric Larsen and Eric Louzil [12]
Le Zombi de Cap-Rouge1997Simon Robideaux [12]
Sub Down1997 Gregg Champion [12]
An Alan Smithee Film: Burn Hollywood Burn 1997 Arthur Hiller [12]
Picture of Priority1998Unknown [12]
Meet Joe Black 1998 Martin Brest Used for the version edited for in-flight viewing and cable television
Wadd: The Life & Times of John C. Holmes 1998Cass Paley
The Coroner1999Brian Katkin and Juan A. Mas [12]
The Insider 1999 Michael Mann Used for the version edited for television
River Made to Drown In 1999 James Merendino
Woman Wanted 1999 Kiefer Sutherland [12]
The Disciples2000 Kirk Wong [12]
In the Wrong Hands2002Chris Johnston and James A. Seale [12]
Fugitives Run2003Philip Spink [12]
Eep! (Dutch: Iep!)2010Rita HorstCredited as Ellen Smith, the only time a Dutch director asked for this credit. Ellen is a Dutch name that is pronounced similarly to Alan.
Old 37 2015Christian Winters [21] [22]
Anatar2023Lorenzo Dante Zanoni [23]

Television direction

Music video direction

Other media

Other pseudonyms

See also

Related Research Articles

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