Scent of a Woman (1992 film)

Last updated

Scent of a Woman
Scent of a Woman.jpg
Theatrical release poster
Directed by Martin Brest
Screenplay by Bo Goldman
Based onIl buio e il miele
1974 novel
by Giovanni Arpino
Suggested byCharacter from Profumo di donna
by Dino Risi
Produced byMartin Brest
Starring
Cinematography Donald E. Thorin
Edited by
Music by Thomas Newman
Production
company
City Light Films
Distributed by Universal Pictures
Release date
  • December 23, 1992 (1992-12-23)
Running time
156 minutes
CountryUnited States
LanguageEnglish
Budget$31 million [1]
Box office$134.1 million

Scent of a Woman is a 1992 American drama film produced and directed by Martin Brest that tells the story of a preparatory school student who takes a short-term job near Thanksgiving as a companion/assistant to a retired Army lieutenant colonel who is blind, depressed, and irritable.

Contents

The film was adapted by Bo Goldman from the Italian novel Il buio e il miele (Italian : Darkness and Honey) by Giovanni Arpino. This was previously adapted by Dino Risi for his 1974 Italian film Profumo di donna .

The American film stars Al Pacino and Chris O'Donnell, with James Rebhorn, Philip Seymour Hoffman (credited as Philip S. Hoffman), Gabrielle Anwar, and Bradley Whitford in supporting roles.

The film was shot primarily around New York state, and also on location at Princeton University. Scenes were shot at the Emma Willard School, an all-girls school in Troy, New York; and at the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel and the Fieldston School in New York City.

The film had a limited theatrical release on December 23, 1992, expanding nationwide on January 8, 1993. It received generally positive responses from critics and was a box office success. Pacino won the Academy Award for Best Actor for his performance. The film was nominated for Best Director, Best Picture and Best Screenplay Based on Material Previously Produced or Published. [2]

The film won three Golden Globe Awards, for Best Screenplay, Best Actor, and Best Motion Picture – Drama. [3]

Plot

Charlie Simms is a scholarship student at Baird, an exclusive New England preparatory school. A woman hires him to watch over her uncle, retired Army Lieutenant Colonel Frank Slade, over Thanksgiving weekend. Charlie accepts so he can buy a plane ticket home to Gresham, Oregon for Christmas. He discovers Frank to be a highly decorated, blind Vietnam War veteran who has become an alcoholic.

Charlie and student George Willis Jr. witness three classmates set up a prank to humiliate the headmaster, Mr. Trask. Afterward, Trask learns of the two witnesses and unsuccessfully presses them to name the perpetrators. He privately threatens Charlie with withdrawing the recommendation he has already made that Charlie be accepted by Harvard University. Trask sets a meeting of the school disciplinary committee to take place the Monday after the Thanksgiving weekend.

Frank Slade unexpectedly takes Charlie on a trip to New York City, and arranges their stay at the Waldorf-Astoria hotel. During dinner in the Oak Room at the Plaza Hotel, Frank reveals that the goals of his trip are to stay at a luxurious hotel, enjoy good food and wine, visit his older brother, and have sex with a "terrific" woman. Afterward he intends to commit suicide.

On Thanksgiving Day they pay an uninvited visit to Frank's brother at his home in White Plains. Frank provokes everyone at dinner, which ends up in a confrontation with his nephew Randy, who reveals that Frank was not blinded heroically in combat but showing off juggling live grenades for a group of younger officers.

As the pair return to New York City, Charlie mentions his problem at school. Frank advises Charlie to turn informant and take advantage to go to Harvard. He warns that George will probably submit to Trask's pressure, so Charlie should act first and get the benefit. While at a restaurant, Frank notices the scent of a young woman waiting for her date. He introduces himself and offers to teach her the tango. The evening ends with Frank having sex with a high-class escort, completing the stated objectives of his trip.

Despondent the next morning, Frank is uninterested in any suggestions for that day until Charlie suggests going for a ride. A former Ferrari owner, Frank talks the salesman into letting them take a convertible for a test ride. Once on the road, Frank becomes depressed again, until Charlie allows him to drive. Guided by Charlie's eyes and commands, Frank is elated until he is pulled over by a policeman. Frank talks the officer into letting them go without revealing that he is blind.

After returning the car, Frank again becomes despondent. He jaywalks into rushing traffic on Park Avenue, and narrowly avoids being struck by multiple cars. When they return to the hotel, Frank sends Charlie to buy cigars. Charlie leaves but becomes suspicious and returns to find Frank donning his dress uniform, preparing to commit suicide with his service pistol. Frank backs down after Charlie convinces him that he has much to live for and should face his circumstances courageously.

On Monday morning, Charlie and George are subjected to a formal inquiry by the Baird disciplinary committee in front of the student body. Frank unexpectedly arrives and sits with Charlie. George's father counsels George to dissemble yet identify the perpetrators. George Jr., provides tentative identifications but claims he was not wearing his contact lenses, and shifts confirming them to Charlie.

Charlie refuses to do so, resulting in Trask recommending his expulsion. Frank gives a speech defending Charlie, and obliquely mentions a bribe attempt. He denounces Baird for not living up to its own standards and urges the committee to value Charlie's integrity. The disciplinary committee places the instigators on probation, denies George credit for naming them, and excuses Charlie from the proceedings.

As Charlie escorts Frank to his limousine, political science professor Christine Downes, a member of the disciplinary committee, commends Frank for his speech. Frank flirts with Christine, and impresses her by knowing the name of her perfume. Charlie accompanies Frank home, where Frank happily greets his niece's children.

Cast

Production

The remake rights to Dino Risi's Profumo di donna were purchased by Ovidio G. Assonitis and first slated for presale by Ronald DeNeef's Rainbow International at MIFED in October 1988, alongside Assonitis' Beyond the Door III and Midnight Ride (then called Nowhere to Run). [4] When Assonitis became Chairman of Cannon Pictures Inc. in 1989, he announced that his films currently in development and production, including the remake of Scent of a Woman, would be made and released under the Cannon banner. [5] By May 1990, Cannon Pictures had entered into an agreement with Universal Pictures to produce the film. [6] in 1991, Bo Goldman was hired to write the screenplay. He later said, "If there is a moral to the film, it is that if we leave ourselves open and available to the surprising contradictions in life, we will find the strength to go on." [7] Martin Brest was approached to direct the film in April 1991, and chose this film over another potential remake he was presented with, a remake of Death Takes a Holiday (which was later made and released by Universal as Meet Joe Black starring Brad Pitt, Claire Forlani and Anthony Hopkins.) [8] By early August, Brest had officially signed on and Al Pacino was being sought for the lead. [9] Pacino officially signed on the following month. [10]

Casting

Such rising young actors as Matt Damon, Ben Affleck, Brendan Fraser, Anthony Rapp, Randall Batinkoff, Dante Basco, Chris Rock, and Stephen Dorff were auditioned for the role of Charlie Simms [11] [12] [13] before Chris O'Donnell was cast in November 1991. [14] Jack Nicholson was offered the role of Lt. Col. Frank Slade but turned it down. [15]

Research

Pacino painstakingly researched his part in Scent of a Woman. To understand what it feels like to be blind, he met clients of New York's Associated Blind, being particularly interested in accounts by those who had lost their sight due to trauma. Clients traced the entire progression for him—from the moment they knew they would never see again to the depression and through to acceptance and adjustment. The Lighthouse, an advocacy group for the blind also in New York, schooled him in techniques a vision impaired person might use to find a chair and seat themselves, pour liquid from a bottle, and light a cigar. [7]

Filming

Production on Scent of a Woman began on December 3, 1991, in New York City [16] and ran until April 1992. [17] It was filmed in the following US locations. [18]

Music

Scent of a Woman
Soundtrack album by
Thomas Newman
ReleasedJanuary 19, 1993
Genre Soundtrack, instrumental
Label MCA

The soundtrack music for the film was composed by Thomas Newman. The tango Frank and Donna dance to is "Por una Cabeza".[ citation needed ]

Track listing

No.TitleWriter(s)PerformerLength
1."Main Title"   
2."A Tour Of Pleasures"   
3."Tract House Ginch"   
4."45 In 25"   
5."Balloons"   
6."Cigars Part Two"   
7."Por Una Cabeza"
The Tango Project 
8."Long Gray Line"   
9."The Oakroom"   
10."Park Ave."   
11."Witnesses"   
12."Beyond Danger"   
13."La Violetera" Padilla The Tango Project 
14."El Relicario"PadillaThe Tango Project 
15."Other Plans"   
16."Assembly"   
17."Fleurs De Rocaille"   
18."End Title"   

Reception

Box office

The film opened at number 20 at the US Box Office. [19] It would go on to earn $63,095,253 in the US and Canada and over $71 million internationally (excluding Italy), totaling $134,095,253 worldwide. [20] [21] [22] [23]

Critical response

Al Pacino received critical acclaim which finally earned him the Academy Award for Best Actor, the only of his five nominations Pacino as Serpico in 1973.jpg
Al Pacino received critical acclaim which finally earned him the Academy Award for Best Actor, the only of his five nominations

Some criticized the film for its length. [24] Variety 's Todd McCarthy said it "goes on nearly an hour too long". [25] Newsweek 's David Ansen writes that the "two-character conceit doesn't warrant a two-and-a-half-hour running time". [26]

As of 2020, the film holds an 85% approval rating on review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes from 48 reviews. The site's consensus states: "It might soar on Al Pacino's performance more than the drama itself, but what a performance it is – big, bold, occasionally over-the-top, and finally giving the Academy pause to award the star his first Oscar." [27] The film holds a score of 59 out of 100 on Metacritic, based on 14 critic reviews, indicating "mixed reviews". [28]

Accolades

Al Pacino won an Academy Award for Best Actor, the first of his career after four previous nominations for Best Actor. It was his eighth overall nomination. Ovidio G. Assonitis, who had originated the project and chose to go uncredited on the final cut of the film, took out a full-page advert in Variety congratulating Tom Pollock, Universal Pictures and Martin Brest for making the adaptation successful and praising Pacino on his Oscar win. [29]

AwardCategoryNominee(s)Result
20/20 AwardsBest Screenplay – Adapted Bo Goldman Nominated
Academy Awards [30] Best Picture Martin Brest Nominated
Best Director Nominated
Best Actor Al Pacino Won
Best Screenplay – Based on Material Previously Produced or Published Bo GoldmanNominated
American Cinema Editors Awards Best Edited Feature Film William Steinkamp, Michael Tronick and Harvey RosenstockNominated
Artios Awards [31] Best Casting for Feature Film – Drama Ellen LewisNominated
Awards Circuit Community AwardsBest Actor in a Leading RoleAl PacinoNominated
BMI Film & TV Awards Film Music Award Thomas Newman Won
British Academy Film Awards [32] Best Screenplay – Adapted Bo GoldmanNominated
Chicago Film Critics Association Awards [33] Best Actor Al PacinoNominated
Most Promising Actor Chris O'Donnell Won
Dallas–Fort Worth Film Critics Association Awards Best Film Nominated
Golden Globe Awards [34] Best Motion Picture – Drama Won
Best Actor in a Motion Picture – Drama Al PacinoWon
Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture Chris O'DonnellNominated
Best Screenplay – Motion Picture Bo GoldmanWon
New York Film Critics Circle Awards [35] Best Actor Al PacinoRunner-up
Producers Guild of America Awards Outstanding Producer of Theatrical Motion Pictures Martin BrestNominated
Writers Guild of America Awards [36] Best Screenplay – Based on Material Previously Produced or Published Bo GoldmanNominated

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Al Pacino</span> American actor (born 1940)

Alfredo James Pacino is an American actor. Considered one of the greatest and most influential actors of the 20th century, Pacino has received numerous accolades including an Academy Award, two Tony Awards, and two Primetime Emmy Awards, achieving the Triple Crown of Acting. He has also received four Golden Globe Awards, a BAFTA, two Screen Actors Guild Awards, and was honored with the Cecil B. DeMille Award in 2001, the AFI Life Achievement Award in 2007, the National Medal of Arts in 2011, and the Kennedy Center Honors in 2016.

<i>Serpico</i> 1973 biographical-crime film by Sidney Lumet

Serpico is a 1973 American biographical crime drama film directed by Sidney Lumet and starring Al Pacino in the title role. The screenplay was adapted by Waldo Salt and Norman Wexler from the book written by Peter Maas, with the assistance of its subject Frank Serpico. The story details Serpico's struggle with corruption within the New York City Police Department during his eleven years of service, and his work as a whistleblower that led to the investigation by the Knapp Commission.

<i>...And Justice for All</i> (film) 1979 film by Norman Jewison

...And Justice for All is a 1979 American legal comedy-drama film directed by Norman Jewison and starring Al Pacino, Jack Warden and John Forsythe. Lee Strasberg, Jeffrey Tambor, Christine Lahti, Craig T. Nelson, Thomas Waites, and Sam Levene, in his final screen performance, appear in supporting roles. The Oscar-nominated screenplay was written by Valerie Curtin and Barry Levinson. It was filmed in Baltimore, including the courthouse area. It received two Academy Award nominations: Best Actor (Pacino) and Best Original Screenplay.

Martin Brest is an American film director, screenwriter, and producer. After his feature debut, Going in Style (1979), he directed the action comedies Beverly Hills Cop (1984) and Midnight Run (1988), which were critical and commercial hits.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ted Levine</span> American actor (born 1957)

Frank Theodore Levine is an American actor. He is best known for his roles as Jame Gumb in the film The Silence of the Lambs (1991) and Leland Stottlemeyer in the television series Monk (2002–2009).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">James Rebhorn</span> American actor (1948–2014)

James Robert Rebhorn was an American character actor. Rebhorn appeared in over 100 films, television series, and plays.

<i>Frankie and Johnny</i> (1991 film) 1991 film by Garry Marshall

Frankie and Johnny is a 1991 American romantic comedy-drama film directed by Garry Marshall and starring Al Pacino and Michelle Pfeiffer in their first film together since Scarface (1983). Héctor Elizondo, Nathan Lane, and Kate Nelligan appear in supporting roles. The original score was composed by Marvin Hamlisch.

<i>Donnie Brasco</i> (film) 1997 film by Mike Newell

Donnie Brasco is a 1997 American crime drama film directed by Mike Newell and starring Al Pacino and Johnny Depp. Michael Madsen, Bruno Kirby, James Russo, and Anne Heche appeared in supporting roles. The film, written by Paul Attanasio, is based on the 1988 nonfiction book Donnie Brasco: My Undercover Life in the Mafia by Joseph D. Pistone and Richard Woodley.

<i>Scarecrow</i> (1973 film) 1973 film

Scarecrow is a 1973 American road comedy-drama film directed by Jerry Schatzberg and starring Gene Hackman and Al Pacino. The story involves the relationship between two men who travel from California seeking to start a business in Pittsburgh.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">65th Academy Awards</span> Award ceremony for films of 1992

The 65th Academy Awards ceremony, presented by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS), honored films released in 1992 in the United States and took place on March 29, 1993, at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion in Los Angeles beginning at 6:00 p.m. PST / 9:00 p.m. EST. During the ceremony, AMPAS presented Academy Awards in 23 categories. The ceremony, televised in the United States by ABC, was produced by Gil Cates and directed by Jeff Margolis. Actor Billy Crystal hosted the show for the fourth consecutive year. In related events, during a ceremony held at the Century Plaza Hotel in Los Angeles on March 6, the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement were presented by host Sharon Stone.

<i>The Godfather</i> 1972 American crime film by Francis Ford Coppola

The Godfather is a 1972 American epic gangster film directed by Francis Ford Coppola, who co-wrote the screenplay with Mario Puzo, based on Puzo's best-selling 1969 novel. The film stars an ensemble cast including Marlon Brando, Al Pacino, James Caan, Richard Castellano, Robert Duvall, Sterling Hayden, John Marley, Richard Conte and Diane Keaton. It is the first installment in The Godfather trilogy, chronicling the Corleone family under patriarch Vito Corleone (Brando) from 1945 to 1955. It focuses on the transformation of his youngest son, Michael Corleone (Pacino), from reluctant family outsider to ruthless mafia boss.

Ovidio Gabriel Assonitis is an Egyptian-born Greco-Italian entertainment executive, film producer, screenwriter, and director best known for his numerous B-horror films including Beyond the Door, Tentacles,The Visitor, and Piranha II: The Spawning.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bo Goldman</span> American screenwriter (1932–2023)

Bo Goldman was an American screenwriter and playwright. He received numerous accolades including two Academy Awards, two Golden Globe Awards, two Writers Guild of America Awards as well as the Lifetime Achievement Award in 1998. He also received two BAFTA Award nominations.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dino Risi</span> Italian film director

Dino Risi was an Italian film director. With Mario Monicelli, Luigi Comencini, Nanni Loy and Ettore Scola, he was one of the masters of commedia all'italiana.

Giovanni Arpino was an Italian writer and journalist.

"La Violetera" is a 1914 cuplé song, with the rhythm of a habanera, composed by José Padilla and with lyrics by Eduardo Montesinos, originally performed by Carmen Flores. It was first popularized by Raquel Meller, and later by Sara Montiel. The instrumental version is also popular as a tango. In Spanish, a Violetera is a woman who sells violets.

Christopher Denham is an American actor, screenwriter and director. He is known for supporting roles in Oppenheimer, Shutter Island, Argo, Being the Ricardos, Charlie Wilson's War and Sound of My Voice. His television credits include Billions, The Gilded Age, Shining Girls, opposite Elisabeth Moss and Amazon Prime's Utopia, created by Gillian Flynn. Denham has appeared on Broadway in Master Harold...and the Boys, Martin McDonagh's The Lieutenant of Inishmore and David Mamet's China Doll, opposite Al Pacino.

<i>Danny Collins</i> (film) 2015 film

Danny Collins is a 2015 American comedy-drama film written and directed by Dan Fogelman in his feature directorial debut. Inspired by the true story of folk singer Steve Tilston, the film stars Al Pacino, Annette Bening, Jennifer Garner, Bobby Cannavale and Christopher Plummer. The film was released in theaters on March 20, 2015.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Al Pacino on stage and screen</span> Catalog of performances by American actor Al Pacino

Al Pacino is an American screen and stage actor. His film debut was in 1969 with the comedy drama film Me, Natalie. He had his first lead role in the 1971 drama film The Panic in Needle Park. The following year, he played Michael Corleone in the crime film The Godfather, a role he reprised in the sequels The Godfather Part II (1974) and The Godfather Part III (1990). For his performance in the 1973 film Serpico, in which he played Frank Serpico, he won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in a Motion Picture Drama. In 1983, he starred as Tony Montana in the crime drama film Scarface, which is considered one of the greatest gangster films, and is considered a cult classic.

References

  1. ↑ "Scent of a Woman". PowerGrid . Archived from the original on June 28, 2013. Retrieved April 4, 2013.
  2. ↑ Weinraub, Bernard (March 30, 1993). "Oscar's night started at noon in Hollywood". The New York Times. p. 9. Archived from the original on April 29, 2023. Retrieved April 29, 2023– via Newspapers.com. Open Access logo PLoS transparent.svg
  3. ↑ Fox, David J. (January 25, 1993). "Pacino Gives Oscar Derby a New Twist : Awards: Actor wins Golden Globe for role in 'Scent of a Woman,' which also wins as best dramatic picture, surprising Academy Awards competitors". Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on January 24, 2011. Retrieved November 14, 2010.
  4. ↑ "Mixed Bag of Italian Prods Are Up For Sale at Mifed". Variety . October 19, 1988. Retrieved June 21, 2024.
  5. ↑ "Cannon Reborn with Assonitis, Pierce at Top". Variety . May 23, 1989. Retrieved June 21, 2024.
  6. ↑ "Pathe Unloads Cannon In Complex Deal With Trihoof". Variety . May 16, 1990. Retrieved June 21, 2024.
  7. 1 2 Brest, Martin (director) (2006). "Production notes". Scent of a Woman (DVD). United Kingdom: Universal Pictures (UK).
  8. ↑ "Gartner Veepee of Development At Brest Firm". Variety . April 9, 1991. Retrieved June 21, 2024.
  9. ↑ "Brest Will Direct, Produce U's Scent". Variety (magazine) . August 8, 1991. Retrieved June 21, 2024.
  10. ↑ "Just for Variety". Variety . September 6, 1991. Retrieved June 21, 2024.
  11. ↑ "Meet Matt Damon". Vanity Fair . January 4, 2012. Archived from the original on April 13, 2016. Retrieved June 15, 2021.
  12. ↑ Wolfe, Alexandra (November 16, 2013). "Stephen Dorff on the Motel Life and Finding Good Roles". Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on July 24, 2021. Retrieved June 15, 2021.
  13. ↑ "Chris Rock: The Rolling Stone Interview". Rolling Stone . December 3, 2014. Archived from the original on January 18, 2018. Retrieved June 15, 2021.
  14. ↑ "Just for Variety". Variety . November 19, 1991. Retrieved June 21, 2024.
  15. ↑ "15 Facts About 'Scent of a Woman'". Mental Floss. February 17, 2017. Archived from the original on May 13, 2021. Retrieved June 15, 2021.
  16. ↑ "Film Production Chart". Variety . December 6, 1991. Retrieved June 21, 2024.
  17. ↑ "Film Production Chart". Variety . April 3, 1992. Retrieved June 21, 2024.
  18. ↑ "A Sight for Sore Eyes". Newsweek . March 29, 1992. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved November 14, 2010.
  19. ↑ "Variety Box Office Report". Variety . December 29, 1992. Retrieved June 21, 2024.
  20. ↑ Fox, David J. (December 29, 1992). "Weekend Box Office Holiday Take a Nice Gift for the Studios". Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on March 9, 2012. Retrieved November 14, 2010.
  21. ↑ Fox, David J. (January 26, 1993). "Weekend Box Office 'Aladdin's' Magic Carpet Ride". Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on July 25, 2009. Retrieved November 18, 2010.
  22. ↑ Welkos, Robert W. (February 2, 1993). "Weekend Box Office 'Sniper' Takes Aim at 'Aladdin'". Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on April 5, 2011. Retrieved November 18, 2010.
  23. ↑ "UIP's $25M-Plus Club". Variety . September 11, 1995. p. 93.
  24. ↑ Wells, Jeffrey (January 3, 1993). "LENGTH OF 'A WOMAN' : Minutes, Shminutes--Does It Play?". Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on May 16, 2021. Retrieved November 14, 2010.
  25. ↑ "Scent of a Woman". Variety . December 31, 1991. Archived from the original on November 17, 2010. Retrieved November 14, 2010.
  26. ↑ "Not A Season To Be Jolly". Newsweek . December 27, 1992. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved November 14, 2010.
  27. ↑ "Scent of a Woman". Rotten Tomatoes. Archived from the original on December 30, 2020. Retrieved May 10, 2023.
  28. ↑ Scent of a Woman at IMDb
  29. ↑ "Ovidio G Assonitis Congratulates". Variety . March 31, 1993. Retrieved June 21, 2024.
  30. ↑ "The 65th Academy Awards (1993) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Archived from the original on November 9, 2014. Retrieved October 22, 2011.
  31. ↑ "Nominees/Winners". Casting Society of America. Archived from the original on July 8, 2019. Retrieved July 8, 2019.
  32. ↑ "BAFTA Awards: Film in 1994". BAFTA . 1994. Archived from the original on April 13, 2016. Retrieved September 16, 2016.
  33. ↑ "1988-2013 Award Winner Archives". Chicago Film Critics Association . January 2013. Archived from the original on April 10, 2021. Retrieved August 24, 2021.
  34. ↑ "Scent of a Woman – Golden Globes". HFPA . Archived from the original on August 26, 2021. Retrieved July 5, 2021.
  35. ↑ "1992 New York Film Critics Circle Awards". Mubi . Archived from the original on August 26, 2021. Retrieved July 5, 2021.
  36. ↑ "Awards Winners". wga.org. Writers Guild of America. Archived from the original on December 5, 2012. Retrieved June 6, 2010.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.