allantoicase | |||||||||
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![]() Allantoicase homohexamer, Saccharomyces cerevisiae | |||||||||
Identifiers | |||||||||
EC no. | 3.5.3.4 | ||||||||
CAS no. | 9025-21-2 | ||||||||
Databases | |||||||||
IntEnz | IntEnz view | ||||||||
BRENDA | BRENDA entry | ||||||||
ExPASy | NiceZyme view | ||||||||
KEGG | KEGG entry | ||||||||
MetaCyc | metabolic pathway | ||||||||
PRIAM | profile | ||||||||
PDB structures | RCSB PDB PDBe PDBsum | ||||||||
Gene Ontology | AmiGO / QuickGO | ||||||||
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Allantoicase | |||||||||
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![]() structure of allantoicase | |||||||||
Identifiers | |||||||||
Symbol | Allantoicase | ||||||||
Pfam | PF03561 | ||||||||
Pfam clan | CL0202 | ||||||||
InterPro | IPR015908 | ||||||||
SCOP2 | 1sg3 / SCOPe / SUPFAM | ||||||||
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Allantoicase is an enzyme (EC 3.5.3.4) that in humans is encoded by the ALLC gene. Allantoicase catalyzes the chemical reaction
Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are allantoate and H2O, whereas its two products are (S)-ureidoglycolate and urea.
This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, those acting on carbon-nitrogen bonds other than peptide bonds, specifically in linear amidines. The systematic name of this enzyme class is allantoate amidinohydrolase. This enzyme participates in purine metabolism by facilitating the utilization of purines as secondary nitrogen sources under nitrogen-limiting conditions. While purine degradation converges to uric acid in all vertebrates, its further degradation varies from species to species. Uric acid is excreted by birds, reptiles, and some mammals that do not have a functional uricase gene, whereas other mammals produce allantoin. Amphibians and microorganisms produce ammonia and carbon dioxide using the uricolytic pathway. Allantoicase performs the second step in this pathway catalyzing the conversion of allantoate into ureidoglycolate and urea.
As of late 2007, two structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with PDB accession codes 1O59 and 1SG3.
The structure of allantoicase is best described as being composed of two repeats (the allantoicase repeats: AR1 and AR2), which are connected by a flexible linker. The crystal structure, resolved at 2.4A resolution, reveals that AR1 has a very similar fold to AR2, both repeats being jelly-roll motifs, composed of four-stranded and five-stranded antiparallel beta-sheets. [1] Each jelly-roll motif has two conserved surface patches that probably constitute the active site. [2]
Uric acid is a heterocyclic compound of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen with the formula C5H4N4O3. It forms ions and salts known as urates and acid urates, such as ammonium acid urate. Uric acid is a product of the metabolic breakdown of purine nucleotides, and it is a normal component of urine. High blood concentrations of uric acid can lead to gout and are associated with other medical conditions, including diabetes and the formation of ammonium acid urate kidney stones.
Xanthine oxidase is a form of xanthine oxidoreductase, a type of enzyme that generates reactive oxygen species. These enzymes catalyze the oxidation of hypoxanthine to xanthine and can further catalyze the oxidation of xanthine to uric acid. These enzymes play an important role in the catabolism of purines in some species, including humans.
The enzyme urate oxidase (UO), uricase or factor-independent urate hydroxylase, absent in humans, catalyzes the oxidation of uric acid to 5-hydroxyisourate:
Purine metabolism refers to the metabolic pathways to synthesize and break down purines that are present in many organisms.
Guanosine monophosphate synthetase, also known as GMPS is an enzyme that converts xanthosine monophosphate to guanosine monophosphate.
Xanthine dehydrogenase, also known as XDH, is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the XDH gene.
In enzymology, a homoserine dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.3) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
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Alanine dehydrogenase (EC 1.4.1.1) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
In enzymology, a ferredoxin—nitrate reductase (EC 1.7.7.2) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
In enzymology, an allantoate deiminase (EC 3.5.3.9) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
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