Amauroderma

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Amauroderma
Amauroderma rude 85581.jpg
Amauroderma rude
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Polyporales
Family: Ganodermataceae
Genus: Amauroderma
Murrill (1905) [1]
Type species
Amauroderma regulicolor
(Berk. ex Cooke) Murrill (1905)
Species

about 70 species

Synonyms [2]
  • Amauroderma(Pat.) Torrend (1920) [3]
  • Ganoderma sect. AmaurodermaPat. (1889)
  • Lazulinospora Burds. & M.J.Larsen (1974)
  • MagodernaSteyaert (1972) [4]
  • WhitfordiaMurrill (1908)

Amauroderma is a genus of polypore fungi in the family Ganodermataceae. The genus, widespread in tropical areas, contains about 70 species. Amauroderma fungi are wood-decay fungi that feed and fruit on decayed branches and trunks.

Contents

The fruit bodies of Amauroderma fungi comprise a cap and a stipe, and are typically woody, leathery, or corky in texture. The spores produced are usually spherical or nearly so, with a characteristic double wall structure that features U-shaped thickenings.

Taxonomy

Amauroderma was circumscribed by American mycologist William Alphonso Murrill in 1905. He set Amauroderma regulicolor (previously known as Fomes regulicolor Berk. ex Cooke), collected from Cuba, as the type species. [1] The name Amauroderma had been used previously by Narcisse Patouillard, when he proposed that Ganoderma be divided into the sections Ganoderma and Amauroderma. Patouillard described the characteristics of section Amauroderma as follows: "Spores globose or subglobose, devoid of truncated base, warty, woodruff or smooth; crust hat or dull stipe pruinose, rarely shining." [5] In 1920, Torrend promoted Ganoderma sect. Amauroderma to generic status, with Amauroderma auriscalpium as the type. [3] This resulted in an illegitimate homonym, as Murrill's earlier usage of the name has priority.

The generic name means "dark/dusky-skinned" (from amauro, meaning "dark or dusky", and derma, meaning "skin"). [6]

Several studies using molecular phylogenetics have shown that Amauroderma, as currently circumscribed, is not a monophyletic taxon and will need to be revised. [7] [8] [9]

Description

The fruit bodies of Amauroderma species are stipitate except in A. andina and may attain various shapes although centrally stipitate basidiocarps are most common. Several stipes may arise from the same base, frequently resulting in fused caps and compound fruit bodies. In section some fruit bodies are distinct with one or two distinct inner black bands or zones. The stipe is often duplex with an outer dense layer surrounding an inner softer or hollow core sometimes separated by a black band. In species with a distinct tomentum on the stipe, there is often a dark zone just below the tomentum of the cap. These zones are absent from some species with a pale stipe without a tomentum. However, when present they continue into the context and frequently there is also another zone stretching more or less horizontally across the context. [10]

Most basidiospores of Amauroderma mushrooms have an inner ornamented wall on which there is a hyaline (translucent) epicutis, which is very thin and difficult to see in ordinary microscopic preparations. Mature basidiospores are pale-yellowish. An apiculus (a depressed area where the spore was once attached to the basidium via the sterigma) is often difficult to observe. [10]

Chemistry

Amauroderma camerarium produces the anti- Trichomonas vaginalis protein that has been named amaurocine. [11]

Habitat and distribution

Amauroderma is widespread in tropical areas. [12] Twenty species have been recorded from Brazil; [13] six have been confirmed in China. [9] A collection of Amauroderma sprucei made in Florida in 2016 was the first recorded time that the genus has been collected in the United States. [14]

Amauroderma schomburgkii , A. coltricioides, and A. calcigenum are examples of the genus that have been found fruiting on soil. [15] Amauroderma schomburgkii is the most common neotropical species. [16]

Species

Unidentified Amauroderma found in Colombia 2016-09-26 Amauroderma Murrill 665907.jpg
Unidentified Amauroderma found in Colombia

The tenth edition of the Dictionary of the Fungi (2008) indicated that were about 30 species in the genus. [12] As of August 2017, Index Fungorum accepts 68 species of Amauroderma. [17]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Polyporaceae</span> Family of fungi

The Polyporaceae are a family of poroid fungi belonging to the Basidiomycota. The flesh of their fruit bodies varies from soft to very tough. Most members of this family have their hymenium in vertical pores on the underside of the caps, but some of them have gills or gill-like structures. Many species are brackets, but others have a definite stipe – for example, Polyporus badius.

<i>Ganoderma</i> Genus of fungi

Ganoderma is a genus of polypore fungi in the family Ganodermataceae that includes about 80 species, many from tropical regions. They have a high genetic diversity and are used in traditional Asian medicines. Ganoderma can be differentiated from other polypores because they have a double-walled basidiospore. They may be called shelf mushrooms or bracket fungi.

<i>Perenniporia</i> Genus of fungi

Perenniporia is a cosmopolitan genus of bracket-forming or crust-like polypores in the family Polyporaceae. They are dimitic or trimitic with smooth, thick-walled basidiospores and cause a white rot in affected wood.

<i>Rigidoporus</i> Genus of fungi

Rigidoporus is a genus of fungi in the family Meripilaceae. Many of the species in this genus are plant pathogens. The widespread genus, which contains about forty species, was originally circumscribed by American mycologist William Alphonso Murrill in 1905. The generic name combines the Latin word rigidus ("rigid") with the Ancient Greek word πόρος ("pore").

<i>Fomitopsis</i> Genus of fungi

Fomitopsis is a genus of more than 40 species of bracket fungi in the family Fomitopsidaceae.

<i>Ceriporiopsis</i> Genus of fungi

Ceriporiopsis is a genus of fungi in the family Phanerochaetaceae. The genus is widely distributed, and, according to a 2008 estimate, contains about 25 species. Ceriporiopsis was circumscribed in 1963 by Polish mycologist Stanislaw Domanski. The genus is a wastebasket taxon, containing "species that share common macroscopic and microscopic characteristics, but are not necessarily related." Ceriporiopsis species are crust fungi that cause a white rot. They have a monomitic hyphal system, containing only generative hyphae, and these hyphae have clamp connections.

<i>Ceriporia</i> Genus of fungi

Ceriporia is a widely distributed genus of crust fungi.

<i>Coriolopsis</i> Genus of fungi

Coriolopsis is a genus of fungi in the family Polyporaceae. It was circumscribed by American mycologist William Alphonso Murrill in 1905. The genus is cosmopolitan, with most species in tropical areas. The generic name combines the name Coriolus with the Ancient Greek word ὄψις ("appearance").

<i>Dichomitus</i> Genus of fungi

Dichomitus is a genus of poroid crust fungi in the family Polyporaceae. It was circumscribed by English mycologist Derek Reid in 1965.

<i>Diplomitoporus</i> Genus of fungi

Diplomitoporus is a genus of fungi in the family Polyporaceae. The Dictionary of the Fungi estimated the widespread genus to contain 11 species; since then, the genus has grown with the additional of several newly described species, and some transfers from other genera. Diplomitoporus has been described as a wastebasket taxon, containing "species that share common macroscopic and microscopic characteristics, but are not necessarily related."

<i>Microporellus</i> Genus of fungi

Microporellus is a genus of poroid fungi in the family Polyporaceae.

<i>Tyromyces</i> Genus of fungi

Tyromyces is a genus of poroid fungi in the family Polyporaceae. It was circumscribed by mycologist Petter Karsten in 1881. The type species is the widely distributed Tyromyces chioneus, commonly known as the white cheese polypore. The phylogenetic position of Tyromyces within the Polyporales is uncertain, but it appears that it does not belong to the "core polyporoid clade". Tyromyces is polyphyletic as it is currently circumscribed, and has been described as "a dumping place for monomitic white-rot species with thin-walled spores."

<i>Ganoderma sessile</i> Species of fungus

Ganoderma sessile is a species of polypore fungus in the Ganodermataceae family. This wood decay fungus is found commonly in Eastern North America, and is associated with declining or dead hardwoods. There is taxonomic uncertainty with this fungus since its circumscription in 1902.

Amauroderma albostipitatum is a polypore fungus in the family Ganodermataceae. It was described as a new species in 2015 by mycologists Allyne Christina Gomes-Silva, Leif Ryvarden, and Tatiana Gibertoni. The specific epithet albostipitatum refers to the characteristic whitish stipe. A. albostipitatum is found in the states of Rondônia and Roraima, in the Brazilian Amazon. It fruits on soil.

Amauroderma aurantiacum is a polypore fungus in the family Ganodermataceae. It was first described as a species of Ganoderma by Portuguese botanist Camille Torrend in 1932. Tatiana Gibertoni and Annarosa Bernicchia transferred it to Amauroderma in 2008. A. aurantiacum is found in Brazil and Venezuela.

Amauroderma calcigenum is a polypore fungus in the family Ganodermataceae. It was first described as a species of Polyporus by Miles Joseph Berkeley in 1843. Camille Torrend transferred it to genus Amauroderma in 1920. A. calcigenum is found in Brazil, Guyana, and Venezuela.

Amauroderma floriformum is a polypore fungus in the family Ganodermataceae. It was described as a new species in 2015 by mycologists Allyne Christina Gomes-Silva, Leif Ryvarden, and Tatiana Gibertoni. The specific epithet floriformum refers to the flower-shaped fruit body. A. floriformum is found in the state of Pará, in the Brazilian Amazon.

Amauroderma laccatostiptatum is a polypore fungus in the family Ganodermataceae. It was described as a new species in 2015 by mycologists Allyne Christina Gomes-Silva, Leif Ryvarden, and Tatiana Gibertoni. The specific epithet laccatostiptatum refers to the varnished stipe. A. laccatostiptatum is found in the states of Amazonas, Pará, and Rondônia in the Brazilian Amazon. The fungus fruits on soil.

Amauroderma ovisporum is a polypore fungus in the family Ganodermataceae. It was described as a new species in 2015 by mycologists Allyne Christina Gomes-Silva, Leif Ryvarden, and Tatiana Gibertoni. The specific epithet ovisporum refers to the ovoid shape of the basidiospores. A. ovisporum is found in the states of Pará and Rondônia in the Brazilian Amazon.

Amauroderma sessile is a polypore fungus in the family Ganodermataceae. It was described as a new species in 2015 by mycologists Allyne Christina Gomes-Silva, Leif Ryvarden, and Tatiana Gibertoni. The specific epithet sessile refers to the characteristic stipe-free fruit body. A. sessile is found in the states of Amazonas, Mato Grosso, and Pará in the Brazilian Amazon.

References

  1. 1 2 Murrill, William A. (1905). "The Polyporaceae of North America: XI. A synopsis of the brown pileate species". Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. 32 (7): 353–371. doi:10.2307/2478499. JSTOR   2478499.
  2. ↑ "Synonymy: Amauroderma Murrill". Species Fungorum. CAB International. Retrieved 2013-01-02.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Torrend, C. (1920). "Les Polyporacées du Brésil. I. Polyporacées stipités". Brotéria Série Botânica (in French). 18: 121–143.
  4. 1 2 Steyaert, R.L. (1972). "Species of Ganoderma and related genera mainly of the Bogor and Leiden Herbaria". Persoonia. 7 (1): 55–118.
  5. ↑ Patouillard, N. (1889). "Le genre Ganoderma". Bulletin de la Société Mycologique de France (in French). 5: 64–80. Spores globuleuses ou subglobuleuses, dépourvues de base tronquée, verruqueuses, aspérulées ou lisses; croûte du chapeau ou du stipe terne, pruineuse, rarement luisante.
  6. ↑ Sapphire McMullan-Fisher; Patrick Leonard; Frances Guard (2014). "Polypores". Australian Subtropical Fungi. Suncoast Fungi. p. 92. ISBN   9780646915524.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Gomes-Silva, Allyne Christina; Lima-Júnior, Nelson; Malosso, Elaine; Ryvarden, Leif; Gibertoni, Tatiana (2015). "Delimitation of taxa in Amauroderma (Ganodermataceae, Polyporales) based in morphology and molecular phylogeny of Brazilian specimens". Phytotaxa. 227 (3): 201. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.227.3.1.
  8. 1 2 Diogo Henrique Costa-Rezende; Adriana Mello Gugliotta; Aristóteles Góes-Neto; Mateus Arduvino Reck; Gerardo Lucio Robledo; Elisandro Ricardo Drechsler-Santos (2016). "Amauroderma calcitum sp. nov. and notes on taxonomy and distribution of Amauroderma species (Ganodermataceae)". Phytotaxa. 244 (4): 101. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.244.2.1.
  9. 1 2 3 Song, Jie; Xing, Jia-Hui; Decock Cony; He, Xiao-Lan; Cui, Bao-Kai (2016). "Molecular phylogeny and morphology reveal a new species of Amauroderma (Basidiomycota) from China". Phytotaxa. 260 (1): 47–56. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.260.1.5.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Ryvarden, Leif (2004). Neotropical Polypores. Part 1. Introduction, Hymenochaetaceae and Ganodermataceae. Synopsis Fungorum. Vol. 19.
  11. ↑ Duarte, M.; Seixas, A.; Peres de Carvalho, M.; Tasca, T.; Macedo, A.J. (2016). "Amaurocine: anti-Trichomonas vaginalis protein produced by the basidiomycete Amauroderma camerarium". Experimental Parasitology. 161: 6–11. doi: 10.1016/j.exppara.2015.12.012 . PMID   26706604. Open Access logo PLoS transparent.svg
  12. 1 2 Kirk PM; Cannon PF; Minter DW; Stalpers JA (2008). Dictionary of the Fungi (10th ed.). Wallingford, UK: CAB International. p. 24. ISBN   978-0-85199-826-8.
  13. ↑ Campacci, Thiago Vinicius Silva; Gugliotta, Adriana de Mello (2009). "A review of Amauroderma in Brazil, with the new record of A. oblongisporum in the neotropics". 110: 423–436. doi: 10.5248/110.423 .{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  14. ↑ Dollinger, Neil R.; Vlasák, Josef (2016). "The first report of Amauroderma in Florida" (PDF). Fungi. 9 (4): 40–42.
  15. ↑ Campos-Santana, Marisa; Loguercio-Leite, Clarice (2013). "Species of Amauroderma (Ganodermataceae) in Santa Catarina State, Southern Brazil". Biotemas. 26 (1): 1–5. doi: 10.5007/2175-7925.2013v26n1p1 .
  16. ↑ Furtado, João Salvado (1981). Taxonomy of Amauroderma (Basidiomycetes, Polyporaceae). Memoirs New York Botanical Garden. Vol. 34. New York. ISBN   978-0893272340.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  17. ↑ Kirk PM. "Species Fungorum (version 28th July 2016). In: Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life" . Retrieved 2017-08-23.
  18. ↑ Doidge, E.M. (1950). The South African fungi and lichens to the end of 1945. Bothalia. Vol. 5. p. 503.
  19. ↑ Gibertoni, T.B.; Bernicchia, A.; Ryvarden, L.; Gomes-Silva, A.C. (2008). "Bresadola's polypore collection at the Natural History Museum of Trento, Italy. 2". Mycotaxon. 104: 321–323.
  20. 1 2 Murrill, William A. (1908). "Additional Philippine Polyporaceae". Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. 35 (8): 391–416. doi:10.2307/2479285. JSTOR   2479285.
  21. 1 2 3 4 Furtado, João Salvado (1968). Revisâo do gênero Amauroderma (Polyporaceae); Estudos baseados nas microestruturas do basidiocarpo. Universidade de São Paulo.
  22. ↑ Aime, M.C.; Henkel, T.W.; Ryvarden, L. (2003). "Studies in neotropical polypores 15: new and interesting species from Guyana". Mycologia. 95 (4): 614–619. doi:10.2307/3761937. JSTOR   3761937. PMID   21148970.
  23. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Corner, E.J.H. (1983). Ad Polyporaceas I. Amauroderma and Ganoderma. Beihefte zur Nova Hedwigia. Vol. 75. ISBN   978-8121107204.
  24. 1 2 Ryvarden, Leif (1990). "Type studies in the Polyporaceae. 22. Species described by C.G. Lloyd in Polyporus". Mycotaxon. 38: 83–102.
  25. 1 2 Zhao, J.D.; Zhang, X.Q. (1987). "Studies on the taxonomy of Ganodermataceae in China VI". Acta Mycologica Sinica. 6 (1): 1–7.
  26. ↑ Ryvarden, L. (1972). "A critical checklist of the Polyporaceae in tropical East Africa". Norwegian Journal of Botany. 19: 229–238.
  27. 1 2 Henao-M., L.G. (1997). "Afiloforales de Colombia III: Amauroderma (Basidiomycetes: Ganodermataceae) en el Herbario Nacional Colombiano". Caldasia (in Spanish). 19 (1–2): 131–143.
  28. ↑ Aime, L.; Ryvarden, L.; Henkel, T.W. (2007). "Studies in Neotropical polypores 22. Additional new and rare species from Guyana". Synopsis Fungorum. 23: 15–31.
  29. ↑ Zhao, Ji-ding; Xu, Lian-wang; Zhang, Xiao-qing (1979). "中国灵芝亚科的分类研究". Acta Microbiologica Sinica (in Chinese) (3): 265–279, 345–346.
  30. ↑ Otieno, N.C. (1968). "Polyporaceae of eastern Africa: II. The genus Amauroderma Murrill". Sydowia. 22 (1–4): 173–178.
  31. ↑ Wakefield, E.M.; Talbot, P.H.B. (1948). "Descriptions of some new Hymenomycetes". Bothalia. 4 (4): 939–949.
  32. ↑ Gulaid, H.; Ryvarden, L. (1998). "Two new species of Amauroderma (Ganodermataceae, Basidiomycetes)". Mycologia Helvetica. 10 (1): 25–30.
  33. ↑ Fan, L.; Liu, B. (1990). "A new species of the genus Amauroderma". Acta Mycologica Sinica. 9 (3): 202–205.
  34. 1 2 Wakefield, E.M. (1917). "Fungi exotici. XXIII". Bulletin of Miscellaneous Informations of the Royal Botanical Gardens Kew. 1917 (9/10): 308–314. doi:10.2307/4113577. JSTOR   4113577.
  35. ↑ Ryvarden, L. (1974). "Type-studies in the Polyporaceae 2. Species described by M. Beeli". Bulletin du Jardin Botanique National de Belgique. 44 (1/2): 65–76. doi:10.2307/3667428. JSTOR   3667428.
  36. ↑ Rick, J. (1960). "Basidiomycetes Eubasidii in Rio Grande do Sul Brasilia. 4. Meruliaceae, Polyporaceae, Boletaceae". Iheringia (in Spanish). 7: 193–295.
  37. ↑ Ryvarden, L. (1977). "Type-studies in the Polyporaceae 10. Species described by J.M. Berkeley, either alone or with other authors from 1844 to 1855". Norwegian Journal of Botany. 24: 213–230.
  38. ↑ Reid, D.A. (1973). "A reappraisal of type and authentic specimens of Basidiomycetes in the van der Byl herbarium, Stellenbosch". South African Journal of Botany. 39 (2): 141–178.
  39. ↑ Imazeki, R. (1952). "A contribution to the fungous flora of Dutch New Guinea" (PDF). Bulletin of the Government Forest Experimental Station Meguro. 57: 87–128.
  40. ↑ Wakefield, E.M. (1934). "Contributions to the flora of tropical America. XXI". Bulletin of Miscellaneous Informations of the Royal Botanical Gardens Kew. 1934 (6): 238–258. doi:10.2307/4115405. JSTOR   4115405.

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