Amba Aradam Formation

Amba Aradam Formation
Stratigraphic range: Early Aptian ~120  Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓
Cliff and waterfall at Dingilet, Mika’el Abiy tabia
Type	Geological formation
Sub-units	Graua Limestone member
Underlies	Tertiary basalts
Overlies	Agula Shale, Mugher Mudstone
Thickness	200 m (660 ft)
Lithology
Primary	Sandstone, siltstone
Other	Claystone, conglomerates, iron oxide
Location
Coordinates	13°19′41″N39°26′17″E / 13.328°N 39.438°E / 13.328; 39.438
Approximate paleocoordinates	15°12′S28°30′E / 15.2°S 28.5°E / -15.2; 28.5
Region	Tigray
Country	Ethiopia
Extent	northern Ethiopian Highlands
Type section
Named for	Imba Aradom mountain, near Hintalo
Named by	William Thomas Blanford
Year defined	1868
Amba Aradam Formation (Ethiopia)

The Amba Aradam Formation is a Cretaceous sandstone formation in Ethiopia. It is up to 200 metres thick, for instance in the Degua Tembien district. ^[1] As fossils are absent, the age of the Amba Aradam Formation was interpreted based on the age of assumed corresponding sandstones elsewhere in Ethiopia: ^[1] the Debre Libanos Sandstones in the Blue Nile Basin, and the Upper Sandstone near Harrar in southeast Ethiopia, both of Late Cretaceous age (100–66 million years ago). ^{[2] [3] [4]} The lithology of the Amba Aradam Formation makes it less suitable for rock church excavation; caves have however been blasted in this formation to serve as headquarters for the TPLF during the Ethiopian Civil War of the 1980s. ^[1]

Name and definition

The name “Amba Aradam Sandstone” was coined by geologist William Thomas Blanford, who accompanied the British invading army in 1868. The formation is named after the Amba Aradam mountain, where the formation widely outcrops. ^[5] So far the nomenclature was not proposed for recognition to the International Commission on Stratigraphy.

Stratigraphic context

The Amba Aradam Formation overlies the Agula Shale at Imba Aradom ^[6] and in the eastern part of Dogu’a Tembien; further to the west, it rests on the Antalo Limestone and then on the Adigrat Sandstone. ^[1] After the deposition of the sands that were to become the Amba Aradam Formation, planation has occurred. ^[7] This was then followed by the deposition of the Tertiary Trap Volcanics. ^[8]

Lithology

The Amba Aradam Formation comprises white or red cross-bedded sandstones, and also mottled purple to violet siltstones and claystones. The sandstones are composed of quartz grains, cemented by clay minerals and iron oxides. The sediment was probably deposited in rivers. The iron oxide cementation (laterisation) makes the upper part of the formation harder, heavier and almost impervious for water. ^{[1] [9]} Locally, conglomerates occur. ^[10]

Cliff in Amba Aradam Sandstone at Gumuara, here, at its westernmost occurrence, it directly overlies the Adigrat Sandstone

Rock sample gallery

• 
  Rock sample with cross-bedding, collected in Miheno
• 
  Rock sample, conglomeratic facies, collected on Imba Aradom
• 
  Rock sample with slickenside collected along a fault on Imba Aradom

Geographical extent

Besides at Imba Aradom, the formation outcrops on the ridges north of Imba Alaje, and particularly in the Dogu'a Tembien district, all in the Tigray region of Ethiopia.

Current geomorphology of the Amba Aradam Formation

The mesas of the Amba Aradam Formation, locally with trap volcanic cover, have an alternance of steep slopes and short moderate sections due to the alternance of beds of sandstone and layers of less resistant claystone or siltstone. The formation does not have high vertical cliffs like the Adigrat Sandstone. The iron-cemented upper part of the formation forms however steep cliffs, which can be more than 10 metres (33 ft) high. These layers are also impermeable, what results in a spring line at the edge of the Amba Aradam sandstone cliff. ^{[1] [11]}

Cliff in Amba Aradam Sandstone at Addi Geza'iti; the previous TPLF headquarters were hewn in this cliff, at right

Caves used as headquarters during the Ethiopian Civil War

In the 1980s, during the civil war, the Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF) excavated a cave in the sandstones of the Amba Aradam Formation, using dynamite. The cave is located near the Addi Geza'iti village, to the west of Hagere Selam, and served as offices for its leaders, including Meles Zenawi and Siye Abraha. The allied Ethiopian People’s Democratic Movement (EPDM) installed its HQ in a nearby cave at Melfa. Major military operations were coordinated from these caves almost until their victory against the Derg government in 1991. Both caves can be visited on appointment (contact at the Dogu'a Tembien district office, Hagere Selam, Tigray). ^[1]

References

1. Bussert, R. (2019). Rock-Hewn Sandstone Churches and Man-Made Caves in and Around Dogu'a Tembien. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District. Cham (CH): SpringerNature. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_8.
2. Sembroni, A.; Molin, P.; Dramis, F. (2019). Regional geology of the Dogu'a Tembien massif. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. ISBN   978-3-030-04954-6.
3. Bosellini, A.; Russo, A.; Fantozzi, P.; Assefa, G.; Tadesse, S. (1997). "The Mesozoic succession of the Mekelle Outlier (Tigrai Province, Ethiopia)". Mem. Sci. Geol. 49: 95–116.
4. Bussert, R.; Dawit Enkurie (2009). "Unexpected diversity: New results on the stratigraphy and sedimentology of Palaeozoic and Mesozoic siliciclastic sediments in Northern Ethiopia". Zentralbl Geol Paläontol. 3/4: 181–198.
5. Blanford, W.T. (1870). Observations on the geology and zoology of Abyssinia, made during the progress of the British expedition to that country in 1867-68. London: Macmillan and Co.
6. Coltorti, M.; Pieruccini, P.; Ogbagabriel Berakhi; Dramis, F.; Asfawossen Asrat (2009). "The Geomorphological Map of Mt. Amba Aradam Southern Slope (Tigray, Ethiopia)" (PDF). Journal of Maps. 5 (1): 56–65. doi: 10.4113/jom.2009.1043 . S2CID   129046585.
7. Coltorti, M.; Dramis, F.; Ollier, C. (2007). "Planation surfaces in northern Ethiopia". Geomorphology. 89 (3–4): 287–296. doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2006.12.007.
8. Justin-Visentin, E. (1974). "Petrografia, chimismo e petrogenesi dei corpi subvulcanici di Macallè (Tigrai Etiopia)". Memorie dell'Istituto di Geologia e Mineralogia, Universita di Padova. 31: 1–33.
9. Beyth, M. (1972). To the Geology of Central-Western Tigre. Bonn: Dissertation Rheinische Friedrichs-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn. p. 159.
10. Shumburo, M. (1968). The Amba Aradam formation (formerly the Upper Sandstone). Mobil Petroleum Ethiopia Inc.
11. Vandecasteele, I. and colleagues (2011). "Hydrogeology and groundwater flow in a basalt-capped Mesozoic sedimentary series of the Ethiopian highlands". Hydrogeology Journal. 19 (3): 641–650. doi:10.1007/s10040-010-0667-0. S2CID   129417175.