| Andrena trimmerana | |
|---|---|
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Scientific classification  | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hymenoptera |
| Family: | Andrenidae |
| Genus: | Andrena |
| Species: | A. trimmerana |
| Binomial name | |
| Andrena trimmerana Kirby, 1802 | |
| Synonyms | |
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Andrena trimmerana, Trimmer's mining bee, is a species of mining bee from the family Andrenidae. It occurs in the western Palearctic but its true status in some areas is muddled due to issues of taxonomy and misidentification.
Andrena trimmerana is bivoltine and the broods differ from each other in morphology, especially the male bees. They are difficult to separate from the closely related and partially sympatric A. scotica . The females of A. trimmerana can be separated from females of A. scotica by the red patches of colour on the sides of tergite 1 and the reddish colour of the basal sternites. This reddish colour on the basal sternites is similar to A. bimaculata but A. trimmerana is larger and is rougher on the top of the propodeum. The later, summer generation of A. rosae also resembles A. trimmerana but it has shorter hairs all over its body. [1] They measure 13-15mm in length. [2]
The early brood or spring generation males possess a spine on their genae which is of variable size, this is also present in the males of the spring generation of A. rosae but they have an all dark abdomen and lack an apical tooth on their mandibles, while the males of A. ferox also have a genal spine but can be identified by having yellow hind tibiae. [1]
Andrena trimmerana is found in the southern part of the western Palearctic from southern Great Britain south through the Mediterranean islands to North Africa and east through France and Central Europe to Turkey and western Russia. [3]
Andrena timmerana is a generalist which occurs across many habitats including landslips and cliffs in coastal areas and heaths, open woodland, chalk grassland, fens, pastures and gardens in inland areas, [3] as well as brownfield sites and occasionally urban greenspace. [1]
Andrena timmerania has two generations each year, i.e. it is bivoltine, one in the Spring which flies from mid March to the end of April and the other in the summer from July to late September. It does not nest communally and the females dig nesting burrows in banks, slopes and vertical banks of soil. It is polylectic and has been recorded foraging on buttercups, willows, bramble, rhododendron, blackthorn, gorse, alexanders and dandelion. [3] The spring generation appear to prefer willows and Prunus spp while the summer generation shows a preference for brambles and umbellifers. [1]
The second Andrena timmerana generation has been proposed as a separate species Andrena spinigera [3] or has been identified as Andrena carantonica. The name Andrena carantonica was applied by the Italian entomologist Perez to specimens he collected near Bordeaux and was then applied to similar bees collected elsewhere. Later investigations found that A. carontonica is most likely a junior synonym of Andrena trimmerana. [4] The closely related A. scotica has been misidentified as A. carontonica and there is work still to be done to determine the limits of both species. [5]
The common marbled carpet is a moth of the family Geometridae. It is sometimes placed in the genus Chloroclysta. It is very common throughout the Palearctic region and the Near East. The species was first described by Johann Siegfried Hufnagel in 1767.
The European beewolf, also known as the bee-killer wasp or the bee-eating philanthus, is a solitary wasp that lives in the Western Palearctic and Afrotropics. Although the adults of the species are herbivores, the species derives its name from the behaviour of the inseminated females, who hunt Western honey bees. The female places several of its paralysed prey together with an egg in a small underground chamber, to serve as food for the wasp larvae. All members of the genus Philanthus hunt various species of bees, but P. triangulum is apparently the only one that specialises in Western honey bees.
Voltinism is a term used in biology to indicate the number of broods or generations of an organism in a year. The term is most often applied to insects, and is particularly in use in sericulture, where silkworm varieties vary in their voltinism.
Andrena is a genus of bees in the family Andrenidae. With over 1,500 species, it is one of the largest genera of animals. It is a strongly monophyletic group that is difficult to split into more manageable divisions; currently, Andrena is organized into 104 subgenera. It is nearly worldwide in distribution, with the notable exceptions of Oceania and South America. Bees in this genus are commonly known as mining bees due to their ground-nesting lifestyle.
The tawny mining bee, Andrena fulva, is a European species of the sand bee (Andrena) genus. The males are 10–12 mm (0.4–0.5 in) and the females 8–10 mm (0.3–0.4 in) long. The female is covered with fox-red hair on the dorsal surface of its thorax and abdomen and black hair on its head and ventral surface. The male is less distinctive, being clad in golden-brown or reddish-brown hairs, with some long white hairs on the face, and a tooth on each of the mandibles.
Andrena salicifloris, or the willow flower miner bee, is a miner bee in the genus Andrena. Another common name for this species is the willow mining bee. The bee ranges from Colorado to California and north to British Columbia, and often inhabits arid and alpine lands. The bee is often black or dark brown, and is sparsely coated with grayish hair on the thorax, legs and on the abdomen. The pollen basket is on most of the hind leg. The wings of the willow flower miner bee are smokey, and their veins are black.
Andrena marginata, sometimes called the small scabious mining bee is a species of the sand bee (Andrena) genus.
Andrena agilissima is a species of mining bee. They are present in most of Europe, the Near East and North Africa and can be found from April through July. Andrena agilissima is an oligolectic species, feeding only on the pollen of a few genera of Cruciferous vegetables.
The ashy mining bee, also known as the Danubian miner or grey mining bee, is a species of sand bee found in Europe. Its distinctive colouring makes it one of the most easily recognised of the genus. The females are black, with two broad grey hair bands across the thorax. The male is also black although the thorax is entirely covered with grey hairs. The male has a tuft of white hairs on the lower face and white hairs on all femora while the female has white hairs only on the front femora. The female has twelve segments to their antennae and the male has thirteen.
Andrena scotica, the chocolate mining bee or hawthorn bee, is a species of mining bee from the family Andrenidae. It occurs in western Europe and is one of the most frequently encountered mining bees found in Great Britain, where it had been previously misidentified as Andrena carantonica.
Nomada marshamella, Marsham's nomad bee, is a species of Palearctic cuckoo bee which appears to be a wasp mimic and which is cleptoparasite on the mining bees of the genus Andrena, especially A. scotica and A. trimmerana.
Andrena vaga, the grey-backed mining bee, is a species of solitary bee which is found in most of Europe but which is very rare in Great Britain, where it may be recolonizing in the south-east after previously being extirpated. It specialises in feeding on the pollen of willows.
Andrena barbilabris, the bearded miner bee, is a species of miner bee in the family Andrenidae. It is found in Europe and Northern Asia and North America.
The Clark's miner bee is a species of miner bee in the family Andrenidae. Other common names include Clark's andrena and Clarke's mining bee. It is found in Europe and Northern Asia and North America.
Andrena prunorum, otherwise known as the purple miner bee, is a species of solitary bees in the family Andrenidae. It is commonly found in the continental United States as well as much of North and Central America. Andrena prunorum is a spring-flying, ground-nesting bee that serves as a ubiquitous generalist in ecological settings. Both males and females live as prepupae in the winter in which they mate, and the females seek new sites for ground burrows. From there, they construct small cells surrounding a ball of pollen combined with nectar to nourish a laid egg before each cell is sealed, and the cycle begins anew. A. prunorum generally prefer the pollen derived from Rosaceae plants but will pollinate fruit trees if given the opportunity.
Andrena bicolor, or Gwynne's mining bee, is a common and widespread Western Palearctic mining bee which is found over most of Europe as well as North Africa and the Middle East and which reaches eastwards into Siberia.
Colletes cunicularius, the vernal colletes or spring mining bee, is a species of solitary bee from the family Colletidae which is widespread in the Palearctic from Britain to the Pacific Ocean which nests in areas of open, sandy soil.
The tormentil mining bee is a species of mining bee from the family Andrenidae which has a Palearctic distribution.
Andrena helvola , the coppice mining bee, is a Palearctic species of mining bee from the genus Andrena.