Anti-antisemitism in Germany

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Anti-antisemitism in Germany is the German state's institutionalised opposition to antisemitism, in acknowledgement of German history and the murder of some six million Jews by the Nazi regime in the Holocaust. [1] [2] Anti-antisemitism has been described as "a defining marker of post-war German identity" [3] and a commitment to supporting Israel is considered a "Staatsräson", a fundamental principle guiding the German state's actions. [1] [2] Following the 2015 European migrant crisis, the German federal government and most of Germany's states set up commissioners for fighting antisemitism. Controversially, the German government officially classifies the following as antisemitic: the Boycott, Divestment, and Sanctions movement, the accusation that Israel is committing the crime of apartheid against Palestinians, and the depiction of Israel as a colonial or settler-colonial entity. Many of those arrested and cancelled in Germany over allegations of antisemitism have been Jews critical of Israel's policies. [4]

Contents

Creation of antisemitism commissioners

In the wake of the 2015 European migrant crisis, German institutions created full-time or part-time positions for fighting antisemitism. [5] [6] The German Parliament decided to establish the office of "Commissioner of the Government for Jewish Life in Germany and the Fight against Anti-Semitism" in January 2018; in addition, 15 of the 16 federal states ( Bundesländer ) had appointed their own antisemitism commissioners by 2024, with five of these states having additional commissioners in their chief public prosecutors' offices. [7] The commissioners are non-Jews who work in concert with German Jewish organizations and the German-Israeli Society. [5]

According to Germany's Federal Commissioner for Jewish Life and the Fight against Antisemitism, Felix Klein  [ de ], the reason for the creation of these positions was the large influx of immigrants and refugees from the Middle East, thought to harbour anti-Jewish sentiments. [5] German antisemitism commissioners frequently speak of an "imported" antisemitism. [5] While only a small fraction of antisemitic incidents (1 percent in 2021) are classified as Islamic, [8] [9] and there is no apparent correlation between immigration and violent antisemitic attacks (committed almost entirely by far-right ethnic Germans), [10] the vast majority of the discourse revolves around racialized minority groups and those intellectuals who stand in solidarity with them. [8] [10] Judith Gruber writes that the belief that Germany has successfully confronted The Holocaust enables the projection of antisemitism onto the outside world, especially to Muslim immigrants—a subtle form of Islamophobia that coexists with the vehement rejection of antisemitism. [3]

Although hate-motivated violence against asylum seekers, Muslim Germans, and refugee aid workers occurs much more frequently, [10] no equivalent institution was created on behalf of Muslim victims of hate crimes. [11] The antisemitism commissioners were controversial from their outset and continuously over the first five years of their operation. [7]

Ideology

Both the call to boycott Israel and the characterization of Israeli policies as apartheid are denounced as antisemitic in Germany Banderole, boycott.jpg
Both the call to boycott Israel and the characterization of Israeli policies as apartheid are denounced as antisemitic in Germany

According to Peter Ullrich, German discourse on antisemitism is premised on it being eliminationist and irrational. [12]

In the context of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, German anti-antisemitism has involved the infusion of new tropes into German public discourse, with a focus on "post-colonial antisemitism", "Israel-related antisemitism" and "hatred of Israel", creating a semantic link between antisemitism—hatred of Jews—and anti-Zionism. It is used to insinuate that solidarity with Palestinians, which is particularly widespread in the global south, is due to hatred of Jews rather than the expression of a legitimate political view of the Israeli occupation of Palestine, the aim being to prevent postcolonial academics as well as the German art and museum scenes from fostering the spread of such views. [13] Major public debates followed the invitation—and subsequent disinvitation due to political pressure from Commissioner Klein—of postcolonial Cameroonian philosopher Achille Mbembe to the 2020 Ruhrtriennale festival [14] and the invitation of a Palestinian art collective to the Documenta 15 art exhibition in 2022. [13] [15]

Particular points in the German debate include the controversial characterization as antisemitism, and consequent rejection, of the following:

In 2019, the Bundestag passed a resolution declaring Germany's "unique historical responsibility", which entailed prioritizing "the fight against antisemitism and a commitment to Israel's security" as part of Germany's Staatsräson. [12] The resolution also declared the BDS movement antisemitic and compared it to the 1933 Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses. [12] This comparison—and belief that BDS is "nothing less than the start of a road to another Holocaust" [12] —is prevalent in German discourse. [7] [12] However, this comparison has been described as "highly questionable, if not pure demagogy" by peace researcher Gert Krell, who highlights the difference between objecting to a military occupation versus targeting a powerless minority in a totalitarian state. [7] In 2024, Germany labeled BDS an extremist organization [16] —despite its commitment to non-violence. [7] Although the ability to block BDS is limited by protections on freedom of expression, the anti-BDS efforts have had a significant effect. [7] [12]

The German position is that the apartheid allegation is "demonization of the Jewish State of Israel"; therefore, slogans and stickers such as "no pride in apartheid" have been registered as antisemitic incidents. In contrast, the International Court of Justice stated in its 2024 advisory opinion on the "Legal Consequences arising from the Policies and Practices of Israel in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem" that Israel had violated Article 3 of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, which contains the prohibition of racial segregation and apartheid. [17] [18] [19]

With the sole exception of the Linke party, the Staatsräson ideology has come to be supported by all political parties represented in the German parliament, including the far-right Alternative für Deutschland. [20]

Deplatforming and arrest of Jews

German guilt over the Holocaust motivates unquestioning support for Israel, which has led to Jews voicing criticism of Israel being accused of antisemitism; Israeli filmmaker Yuval Abraham said in response to such accusations, "If this is Germany's way of dealing with its guilt over the Holocaust, they are emptying it of all meaning" 2023-10-21 Free Palestine Demo in Oranienplatz (2316).jpg
German guilt over the Holocaust motivates unquestioning support for Israel, which has led to Jews voicing criticism of Israel being accused of antisemitism; Israeli filmmaker Yuval Abraham said in response to such accusations, "If this is Germany's way of dealing with its guilt over the Holocaust, they are emptying it of all meaning"

Numerous Jewish speakers—including Nancy Fraser and Masha Gessen—have been deplatformed in Germany due to criticism of the Israeli state deemed beyond the bounds of German public discourse, [1] [21] while other Jewish activists—including Adam Broomberg and other members of the anti-Zionist group Jüdische Stimme (Jewish Voice)—have been arrested at pro-Palestinian protests. [22] [23] Jüdische Stimme also had its bank accounts repeatedly frozen amid accusations that it supports BDS and "demonizes and delegitimizes the Israeli state in particular". [24] [25]

British-Israeli professor Eyal Weizman, the founder of Forensic Architecture, said that it was ironic that he and other Jews were "being lectured by the children and grandchildren of the perpetrators who murdered our families and who now dare to tell us that we are antisemitic". [26] Israeli filmmaker Yuval Abraham similarly said, "To stand on German soil as the son of Holocaust survivors and call for a ceasefire—and to then be labelled as antisemitic is not only outrageous, it is also literally putting Jewish lives in danger ... If this is Germany's way of dealing with its guilt over the Holocaust, they are emptying it of all meaning." [27] A group of Jewish-Israeli students in Berlin working on an art project titled "Unlearning Zionism" had its funding withdrawn and was accused of antisemitism—"How can we and our work be placed in an intimate connection with the ideology of Nazis?" asked Yehudit Yinhar, a member of the group, whose grandmother fled Berlin in 1938. [14] Jews represent less than 1% of the German population, yet in 2023, of the 84 cases of deplatforming or cancellation documented by the German Diaspora Alliance, a quarter (25%) targeted Jewish individuals or groups with Jewish members. [28] According to researcher Emily Dische-Becker, nearly a third of the people cancelled over antisemitism allegations in recent years have been Jews. [4] [29]

In August 2024, an open letter published by Die Tageszeitung and signed by 150 Jewish personalities expressed the view that a German draft resolution "to protect Jewish life" was focusing on the wrong people. [28] [30] The letter said: "We do not fear our Muslim neighbours, nor do we fear our fellow artists, writers and academics. We fear the growing right-wing, as evidenced by mass gatherings of neo-Nazis emboldened by a national climate of xenophobic fear. We fear Alternative for Germany (AfD), the country's second-most popular political party, whose leaders knowingly traffic in Nazi rhetoric. This threat is barely mentioned in the resolution." [28] [30]

South African Jewish artist Candice Breitz – herself de-platformed in Germany – criticized the German approach as part of a troubling dynamic where Germans decided who were "good Jews" and "bad Jews" in order to suppress dissent. [28] Her views were echoed by Eyal Weizman: "The irony that the German state would actually classify who is a Jew, what's a legitimate Jewish position, and how Jews should react, is just beneath contempt." [28]

Reception

Pro-Palestinian protestors in Frankfurt, 2024. The banner states, "Stop the criminalization of the Palestinian resistance and Palestine solidarity". In the background: "Israel kills, America supports, Germany finances, Palestine suffers". Pro-Palestine demonstration in Frankfurt 2024 (4).jpg
Pro-Palestinian protestors in Frankfurt, 2024. The banner states, "Stop the criminalization of the Palestinian resistance and Palestine solidarity". In the background: "Israel kills, America supports, Germany finances, Palestine suffers".

The approach has led to complaints about a type of McCarthyism from German and international scholars, artists, writers and intellectuals. [7] Critics of the commissioners argue that they rely heavily on reporting from pro-Israeli NGOs, who investigate the backgrounds of invited speakers in order to find material that can be used in an attempt to cancel them. [7] In 2023, more than 400 scholars, among them Judith Butler and Noam Chomsky, published an open letter "opposing ideological or political interference and litmus tests in Germany." [5] Several dozen prominent Jewish academics signed another open letter critical of commissioner Klein. [5] Philosopher Susan Neiman noted that Hannah Arendt and Albert Einstein would not be able to lecture at publicly funded institutions in present-day Germany, given that both had signed an open letter in 1948 calling Israeli violence "fascist"—a statement that today would fall under the IHRA definition of antisemitism used by the German state [5] and adopted by German universities in late 2019. [14] [31]

Hannah C. Tzuberi argues that in Germany, anti-antisemitism can go beyond the identification of Germans with Jews because it can even include the identification of Germans as Jews and the identification of Germany as Israel. [32]

In 2024, the Conference of European Rabbis awarded Federal Commissioner Klein the Moshe Rosen Prize for his work. [6]

Further reading

Related Research Articles

Antisemitism or Jew-hatred is hostility to, prejudice towards, or discrimination against, Jews. This sentiment is a form of racism, and a person who harbours it is called an antisemite. Primarily, antisemitic tendencies may be motivated by negative sentiment towards Jews as a people or by negative sentiment towards Jews with regard to Judaism. In the former case, usually presented as racial antisemitism, a person's hostility is driven by the belief that Jews constitute a distinct race with inherent traits or characteristics that are repulsive or inferior to the preferred traits or characteristics within that person's society. In the latter case, known as religious antisemitism, a person's hostility is driven by their religion's perception of Jews and Judaism, typically encompassing doctrines of supersession that expect or demand Jews to turn away from Judaism and submit to the religion presenting itself as Judaism's successor faith—this is a common theme within the other Abrahamic religions. The development of racial and religious antisemitism has historically been encouraged by the concept of anti-Judaism, which is distinct from antisemitism itself.

New antisemitism is the concept that a new form of antisemitism developed in the late 20th and early 21st centuries, typically manifesting itself as anti-Zionism. The concept is included in some definitions of antisemitism, such as the working definition of antisemitism and the 3D test of antisemitism. The concept dates to the early 1970s.

Antisemitism at universities has been reported and supported since the medieval period and, more recently, resisted and studied. Antisemitism has been manifested in various policies and practices, such as restricting the admission of Jewish students by a Jewish quota, or ostracism, intimidation, or violence against Jewish students, as well as in the hiring, retention and treatment of Jewish faculty and staff. In some instances, universities have been accused of condoning the development of antisemitic cultures on campus.

Antisemitism—prejudice, hatred of, or discrimination against Jews—has experienced a long history of expression since the days of ancient civilizations, with most of it having originated in the Christian and pre-Christian civilizations of Europe.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Anti-Zionism</span> Opposition to Zionism

Anti-Zionism is opposition to Zionism. Although anti-Zionism is a heterogeneous phenomenon, all its proponents agree that the creation of the modern State of Israel, and the movement to create a sovereign Jewish state in the region of Palestine—a region partly coinciding with the biblical Land of Israel—was flawed or unjust in some way.

Antisemitism in Canada is the manifestation of hostility, prejudice or discrimination against the Canadian Jewish people or Judaism as a religious, ethnic or racial group. This form of racism has affected Jews since Canada's Jewish community was established in the 18th century.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Anti-Defamation League</span> International Jewish organization

The Anti-Defamation League (ADL), formerly known as the Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith, is a New York–based international non-governmental organization that was founded to combat antisemitism, bigotry and discrimination.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Criticism of Israel</span> Disapproval towards the Israeli government

Criticism of Israel is a subject of journalistic and scholarly commentary and research within the scope of international relations theory, expressed in terms of political science. Israel has faced international criticism since its establishment in 1948 relating to a variety of issues, many of which are centered around human rights violations in its occupation of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions</span> Palestinian-led movement demanding international sanctions against Israel

Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions (BDS) is a nonviolent Palestinian-led movement promoting boycotts, divestments, and economic sanctions against Israel. Its objective is to pressure Israel to meet what the BDS movement describes as Israel's obligations under international law, defined as withdrawal from the occupied territories, removal of the separation barrier in the West Bank, full equality for Arab-Palestinian citizens of Israel, and "respecting, protecting, and promoting the rights of Palestinian refugees to return to their homes and properties". The movement is organized and coordinated by the Palestinian BDS National Committee.

Anti-Jewish boycotts are organized boycotts directed against Jewish people to exclude them economical, political or cultural life. Antisemitic boycotts are often regarded as a manifestation of popular antisemitism.

Belgium is a European country with a Jewish population of approximately 35,000 out of a total population of about 11.4 million. It is among the countries experiencing an increase in both antisemitic attitudes and in physical attacks on Jews.

Antisemitism is a growing problem in 21st-century Germany.

The working definition of antisemitism, also called the International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance definition of antisemitism or IHRA definition, is a non-legally binding statement on what antisemitism is, that reads: "Antisemitism is a certain perception of Jews, which may be expressed as hatred toward Jews. Rhetorical and physical manifestations of antisemitism are directed toward Jewish or non-Jewish individuals and/or their property, toward Jewish community institutions and religious facilities." It was first published by European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia (EUMC) in 2005 and then by the International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance (IHRA) in 2016. Accompanying the working definition, but of disputed status, are 11 illustrative examples whose purpose is described as guiding the IHRA in its work, seven of which relate to criticism of Israel.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jerusalem Declaration on Antisemitism</span> Guide on antisemitism

The Jerusalem Declaration on Antisemitism (JDA) is a document meant to outline the bounds of antisemitic speech and conduct, particularly with regard to Zionism, Israel and Palestine. Its creation was motivated by a desire to confront antisemitism and by objections to the IHRA Definition of Antisemitism, which critics have said stifles legitimate criticism of the Israeli government and curbs free speech. The drafting of the declaration was initiated in June 2020 under the auspices of the Van Leer Institute in Jerusalem by eight coordinators, most of whom were university professors. Upon its completion the declaration was signed by about 200 scholars in various fields and released in March 2021.

Anti-Palestinianism or anti-Palestinian racism refers to prejudice, collective hatred, and discrimination directed at the Palestinian people for any variety of reasons. Since the mid-20th century, the phenomenon has largely overlapped with anti-Arab racism and Islamophobia due to the fact that the overwhelming majority of Palestinians today are Arabs and Muslims. Historically, however, anti-Palestinianism was more closely identified with European antisemitism, as far-right Europeans detested the Jewish people as undesirable foreigners from Palestine. Modern anti-Palestinianism—that is, xenophobia with regard to the Arab people of Palestine—is most common in Israel, the United States, and Lebanon, among other countries.

Anti-antisemitism is opposition to antisemitism or prejudice against Jews, and just like the history of antisemitism, the history of anti-antisemitism is long and multifaceted. According to historian Omer Bartov, political controversies around antisemitism involve "those who see the world through an antisemitic prism, for whom everything that has gone wrong with the world, or with their personal lives, is the fault of the Jews; and those who see the world through an anti-antisemitic prism, for whom every critical observation of Jews as individuals or as a community, or, most crucially, of the state of Israel, is inherently antisemitic". It is disputed whether or not anti-antisemitism is synonymous with philosemitism, but anti-antisemitism often includes the "imaginary and symbolic idealization of ‘the Jew’" which is similar to philosemitism.

Zionist antisemitism or antisemitic Zionism refers to a phenomenon in which antisemites express support for Zionism and the State of Israel. In some cases, this support may be promoted for explicitly antisemitic reasons. Historically, this type of antisemitism has been most notable among Christian Zionists, who may perpetrate religious antisemitism while being outspoken in their support for Jewish sovereignty in Israel due to their interpretation of Christian eschatology. Similarly, people who identify with the political far-right, particularly in Europe and the United States, may support the Zionist movement because they seek to expel Jews from their country and see Zionism as the least complicated method of achieving this goal and satisfying their racial antisemitism.

Antisemitism in the People's Republic of China is a mostly 21st century phenomenon and is complicated by the fact that there is little ground for antisemitism in China in historical sources. In the 2020s, antisemitic conspiracy theories in China began to spread and intensify. Some Chinese people believe in antisemitic tropes that Jews secretly rule the world.

Following the Hamas-led attack on Israel on 7 October 2023 and the outbreak of the Israel–Hamas war, there has been a surge of antisemitism around the world. Israeli Immigration Minister Ofir Sofer has stated that Israel is bracing to expect a large wave of Jews migrating to Israel due to the rising antisemitism around the world.

The exploitation of accusations of antisemitism for political purposes, especially to counter anti-Zionism and criticism of Israel, may be described variously as weaponization of antisemitism, instrumentalization of antisemitism, or playing the antisemitism card. Such bad faith accusations have been criticized as a form of smear tactics. Some writers have compared this to playing the race card.

References

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  3. 1 2 Judith Gruber (2021). "At the Intersection of Racial and Religious Othering: Theologies of Interreligious Dialogue as a Performance of White Christian Innocence?". Answerable for our Beliefs. Peeters. ISBN   978-90-429-4742-9.
  4. 1 2 Malik, Kenan (2024-02-11). "Denouncing critics of Israel as 'un-Jews' or antisemites is a perversion of history". The Observer. ISSN   0029-7712 . Retrieved 2024-09-18.
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  9. ↑ "Antisemitische Vorfälle in Deutschland 2021" (PDF). report-antisemitism.de. Bundesverband RIAS e. V. – Bundesverband der Recherche- und Informationsstellen Antisemitismus. p. 31.
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  11. ↑ "Does Germany need an Islamophobia commissioner? – DW – 04/03/2019". dw.com. Retrieved 27 August 2024.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Ullrich, Peter (2023). "'BDS today is no different from the SA in 1933': Juridification, Securitisation and 'Antifa'-isation of the Contemporary German Discourse on Israel–Palestine, Antisemitism and the BDS Movement". Antisemitism, Islamophobia and the Politics of Definition. Springer International Publishing. pp. 211–234. doi:10.1007/978-3-031-16266-4_10. ISBN   978-3-031-16265-7.
  13. 1 2 Moses, A. Dirk (2023-07-01). "The German Campaign against Cultural Freedom: Documenta 15 in Context". Grey Room (92): 74–93. doi:10.1162/grey_a_00369. ISSN   1526-3819.
  14. 1 2 3 Assmann, Aleida (2021-07-03). "A Spectre is Haunting Germany: The Mbembe Debate and the New Antisemitism". Journal of Genocide Research. 23 (3): 400–411. doi:10.1080/14623528.2020.1847861. ISSN   1462-3528.
  15. ↑ Rothberg, Michael (2022). "Lived multidirectionality: " Historikerstreit 2.0 " and the politics of Holocaust memory". Memory Studies. 15 (6): 1316–1329. doi:10.1177/17506980221133511. ISSN   1750-6980.
  16. ↑ Rawoot, Ilham (2024-07-10). "As Germany labels them extremists BDS activists fear for freedom". The New Arab. Retrieved 2024-08-24.
  17. ↑ Monroy, Matthias. "Apartheid-Vorwurf gilt weiterhin als antisemitisch". nd-aktuell.de (in German). Retrieved 25 August 2024.
  18. ↑ Funk, Alina; Bustami, Ammar (13 August 2024). "Power to the People". Verfassungsblog . doi:10.59704/9fb8e0d6302814e7.
  19. ↑ Goldmann, Matthias (2024-07-23). "Die Zeitenwende beginnt im Nahen Osten". Verfassungsblog. doi:10.59704/23c89e2eabd1d8ad. ISSN   2366-7044.
  20. ↑ "#Staatsräson. Zum Gebrauch des Begriffs nach dem 7. Oktober". Geschichte der Gegenwart (in German). 2023-11-22. Retrieved 2024-09-03.
  21. ↑ Connolly, Kate (2024-04-10). "German university rescinds Jewish American's job offer over pro-Palestinian letter". The Guardian. ISSN   0261-3077 . Retrieved 2024-09-22.
  22. ↑ Shamir, Jonathan (2023-05-24). "Berlin Police Claim pro-Palestine Chant Is Banned at Jewish-led Nakba Day Rally". Haaretz. Retrieved 2024-09-22.
  23. ↑ Weitz, Julie (14 June 2024). "Exposing the Contradictions: Jewish Artists Dismantling Germany's Nationalist Narrative". Momus. Retrieved 27 August 2024.
  24. ↑ Jackson, James (28 March 2024). "Germany Is Seizing Jews' Money Again". Novara Media. Retrieved 27 August 2024.
  25. ↑ Rothe, Alexander (2024-03-28). "Berlin: Bankkonto gesperrt – Pro-palästinensischer Verein äußert einen Verdacht". www.morgenpost.de (in German). Retrieved 2024-09-22.
  26. ↑ Mishra, Pankaj (4 January 2024). "Memory Failure". London Review of Books. Retrieved 25 August 2024.
  27. ↑ Oltermann, Philip (2024-02-27). "Israeli director receives death threats after officials call Berlin film festival 'antisemitic'". The Guardian. ISSN   0261-3077 . Retrieved 2024-08-25.
  28. 1 2 3 4 5 Elizabeth, Grenier (12 September 2024). "When Germany targets Jewish artists as antisemitic". Deutsche Welle . Retrieved 16 September 2024.
  29. ↑ Otto, Mark (31 January 2024). "The German Question w/ Emily Dische-Becker". The Dig.
  30. 1 2 "Dokumentation Protestbrief: „Ablenkung von der größten Gefahr"". Die Tageszeitung (in German). 26 August 2024. ISSN   0931-9085 . Retrieved 22 September 2024.
  31. ↑ German Rectors' Conference (2019-11-19). "No place for anti-Semitism". www.hrk.de. Retrieved 2024-08-26.
  32. ↑ Tzuberi, Hannah C. (2020-12-15). "'The Sun Does Not Shine, It Radiates'". In Reuveni, Gideon; Franklin, Diana (eds.). The Future of the German-Jewish Past: Memory and the Question of Antisemitism (PDF). Purdue University Press. pp. 185–186. ISBN   978-1-55753-729-4.
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