Arthrospira

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Arthrospira
Morphology of straight and spiral trichomes of A. jenneri's population from Tomaszowska Reservoir in LM.jpg
Several colonies (trichomes) of Arthrospira jenneri [1]
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Bacteria
Kingdom: Bacillati
Phylum: Cyanobacteriota
Class: Cyanophyceae
Order: Oscillatoriales
Family: Microcoleaceae
Genus: Arthrospira
Sitzenberger ex Gomont, 1892
Type species
Arthrospira jenneri
Species

Dubious pending phylogenetic data:

Arthrospira is a genus of free-floating filamentous cyanobacteria characterized by cylindrical, multicellular trichomes in an open left-hand helix. It was originally proposed in 1892 and went through a period of disuse between 1932 and 1974 due to an error perpetuated by Geitler. [3] It contained the cultivated species used for producing spirulina until 2019, when it was found that the sequence of the type species A. jeneri was only distantly related to the cultivated species with several established genera in between, causing a new genus Limnospira to be created for them. [4] [1]

Contents

Taxonomy

The taxonomic history of Arthrospira is deeply intertwined with the taxonomic history of Limnospira, which contains all cultivated species formerly considered Arthrospira. For details on these species consult Limnospira § Taxonomy.

Invalid names

The invalid name "A. erdosensis" (Tian et al., 2002) Qian et al., 2006 refers to a species that photogenically belongs in Limnospira. [1]

The invalid name "A. pacifica" has been used to describe an algae found in Hawaii, also used for "spirulina" production through cultivation in raceway ponds. [5] [6] Although no sequence data is available, its use suggests that it is likely some form of Limnospira.

Phylogeny

There are no fully sequenced genomes for Arthrospira. Existing sources generally use a single locus, usually 16S rRNA, ITS, or the phycocyanin operon cpcBA.

16S rRNA tree, trimmed to show important genera (1800 bp fragment from Nowicka-Krawczyk et al. 2019): [1]

Limnospira

L. maxima

L. platensis

"A. erdosensis"

Planktothricoides

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Nowicka-Krawczyk, Paulina; Mühlsteinová, Radka; Hauer, Tomáš (2019-01-24). "Detailed characterization of the Arthrospira type species separating commercially grown taxa into the new genus Limnospira (Cyanobacteria)". Scientific Reports. 9 (1): 694. Bibcode:2019NatSR...9..694N. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-36831-0. ISSN   2045-2322. PMC   6345927 . PMID   30679537.
  2. ↑ "Genus: Arthrospira". lpsn.dsmz.de.
  3. ↑ Siva Kiran, RR; Madhu, GM; Satyanarayana, SV (2016). "Spirulina in combating Protein Energy Malnutrition (PEM) and Protein Energy Wasting (PEW) - A review". Journal of Nutrition Research. 3 (1): 62–79. doi: 10.55289/jnutres/v3i1.5 .
  4. ↑ Pinchart, Pierre-Etienne; Marter, Pia; Brinkmann, Henner; Quilichini, Yann; Mysara, Mohamed; Petersen, Jörn; Pasqualini, Vanina; Mastroleo, Felice (September 2024). "The genus Limnospira contains only two species, both unable to produce microcystins: L. maxima and L. platensis". iScience. 27 (9): 110845. doi:10.1016/j.isci.2024.110845. PMC   11407035 . PMID   39290841.
  5. ↑ Vonshak, Avigad (2002). Spirulina platensis (Arthrospira): Physiology, Cell-Biology And Biotechnology. CRC Press. ISBN   9780203483961.
  6. ↑ Vidalo, Jean-Louis (21 September 2006). "Spirulin composition rich in active principles, method for obtaining same and use thereof".
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