Aseem Malhotra | |
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Born | 1977 (age 46–47) |
Nationality | British |
Occupation(s) | Cardiologist, writer |
Website | draseemmalhotra |
Aseem Malhotra is a controversial British cardiologist, [1] health campaigner, [2] author, and, contrary to public health consensus, an anti-mRNA vaccine activist. [3] He contends that people should reduce sugar in their diet, [4] adopt a low-carb and high-fat diet, [5] and reduce their use of prescription drugs. [6] He was the first science director of Action on Sugar in 2014, [7] was listed as one of The Sunday Times 500 most influential people in 2016, [4] and was twice recognized as one of the top fifty black and minority ethnic community member pioneers in the UK's National Health Service by the Health Service Journal . [6] [8] Malhotra is co-author of a book called The Pioppi Diet. [9]
His views on diet and health have been criticized by the British Heart Foundation as "misleading and wrong", and his public questioning of the need ever to use statins has been condemned as a danger to public health. [10] His "Pioppi diet" was named by the British Dietetic Association as one of the "top 5 worst celeb diets to avoid in 2018". [5] During the COVID-19 pandemic, Malhotra published a book called The 21-Day Immunity Plan, [11] which claimed, without the backing of evidence from medical research, that following the diet can quickly help people reduce their risk from the virus. [1] Despite initially campaigning for the COVID vaccine, [12] he later campaigned against the use of COVID mRNA vaccines [13] contrary to the available evidence. [14]
Malhotra was born in New Delhi in India in October 1977. He was the younger son of two doctors: Kailash Chand and Anisha Malhotra. [15] The family moved to Britain in 1978 when his father had a clinical attachment at Alder Hey Hospital and was studying for a Diploma in Tropical Medicine at Liverpool University. [16] Both parents became General Practitioners in Ashton-under-Lyne, Greater Manchester. In 1988 Malhotra's brother Amit, who was two years older than Malhotra and had been born with Down's syndrome, [17] died of heart failure aged thirteen. This inspired Malhotra with the ambition to become a cardiologist. [7] Malhotra was educated at Manchester Grammar School. [7] Malhotra's father went on to become the first Asian to be elected as honorary vice-president and deputy chair of the council of the British Medical Association and received an O.B.E for long-standing service to the NHS. [18] Malhotra's mother's religious faith was important to her [15] and Malhotra observed that she fasted weekly by only consuming one meal on a fast day. [19] He was quoted later as claiming his mother's vegetarian diet contributed to her 'premature and painful death' and said he hoped "we can learn that much of these ills are preventable." [19]
Malhotra studied medicine at the University of Edinburgh and graduated in 2001. [20] He spent his foundation years as a doctor in Scotland, at Wishaw General Hospital then at the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh and finally at Liberton Hospital which specialises in care of the elderly. [20] He completed his post-graduate medical diploma during two years working at the Manchester Royal Infirmary. [20] He held specialist registrar positions at St James's University Hospital in Leeds and Blackpool Victoria Hospital. [20]
Malhotra has held cardiology posts with the UK National Health Service as a cardiology specialist registrar at Harefield Hospital, [20] [21] at the Royal Free Hospital in Hampstead [20] and as an Honorary Consultant Cardiologist at Frimley Park Hospital. [22] [23] and Lister Hospital in Stevenage. [24] When Action on Sugar was founded in 2014, he became its first Science Director. [7] He is a former Consultant Clinical Associate to the Academy of Medical Royal Colleges. [22] In 2018 he was a visiting professor at Bahiana School of Medicine and Public Health, Salvador, Brazil. [25] In 2015 he was appointed as a trustee of the King's Fund and was reappointed for a further three years in 2018. [2] [26] In 2021, Malhotra was appointed chair of the scientific advisory committee [27] [28] of the small UK charity The Public Health Collaboration. [29] [30] On 20 Feb 2023, the Public Health Collaboration announced that Malhotra was no longer part of the organisation. [31]
In January 2023, a group of doctors, including some General Practitioners, called on the General Medical Council to investigate Aseem Malhotra's fitness to practice due to what they claim is his ‘high-profile promotion of misinformation about Covid-19 mRNA vaccines’. [32] On 2 June 2023, the doctors took the first formal step in legal proceedings against the GMC by sending them the formal pre-action protocol letter. This stated 'we are bringing this legal action because we believe that the GMC, as the official regulator of doctors’ professional standards, has a duty to act in this case.' [33] On 15 February 2024 the GMC stated that it had identified an error in its decision making. [34]
On 4 August 2023 Malhotra announced [35] he had been appointed co-chair of the London division of the British Association of Physicians of Indian Origin (BAPIO). Later the same day the announcement was removed from BAPIO's website. [36]
Malhotra campaigns about reducing the consumption of sugar and junk foods, particularly for children. [37] Malhotra argues that it is unrealistic to expect individuals to avoid cheap, unhealthy, heavily marketed foods and that changes to regulation are needed. [37] He draws analogies to the regulations on tobacco needed to reduce smoking. [38] He believes that hospital vending machines which sell sweets or junk food sends the wrong message. [38] At the time of the London Olympics in 2012, he criticized the choice of sponsors: writing that "In the context of an obesity epidemic I find it obscene that the Olympics chooses to associate itself with fast food, sugary drinks, chocolate and alcohol." [39]
His campaigns on these topics have brought him recognition and accolades including as a children's food hero in 2013, one of the top 50 BME pioneers in the NHS in 2013, one of London's brightest stars working in Science and Technology in 2014, and one of the Times Top 500 most influential people in the UK in 2016. [40] [8] [41] [4]
The UK consensus guidance on a healthy diet [42] [43] recommends a balanced diet consisting of carbohydrates, protein and fat, with foods high in fat, salt or sugar, being eaten rarely and only in small amounts.
Malhotra is a proponent of fad diets such as low-carbohydrate diets and in 2017 he co-authored a low carb diet book called The Pioppi Diet, [44] [45] which provides a 21-day eating plan. Malhotra's personal royalties from the book are donated to charity. [46] The book recommends the daily consumption of two to four table spoons of extra-virgin olive oil, a small handful of tree nuts, five to seven portions of fibrous vegetables and low sugar fruits and oily fish at least three times a week. It advises people to avoid all added sugars, fruit juice, honey, and syrups, refined carbohydrates, anything flour based (including all bread, pastries, cakes, biscuits, muesli bars, packaged noodles, pasta, couscous and rice and seed oils). [47] Very dark chocolate, butter, coconut oil, cheese, yoghurt are allowed. [46] The moderate consumption of alcohol is allowed but only within the limits set by the NHS and a maximum of 500g of red meat per week is recommended in line with the recommendations of the World Cancer Research Fund. [46] It promotes a higher fat intake with fewer carbs than the NHS reference intakes. [47] [48] The diet is called Pioppi after the Italian village recognized as the home of the Mediterranean diet. [47] The authors use the lifestyles of residents of the town to explain the principles of a healthier lifestyle and the book also explains how policy changes are needed to change the obesogenic environment. [44]
The Pioppi diet book has endorsements from then Member of Parliament (MP) Andy Burnham and Dame Sue Bailey, Chair of the Academy of Medical Royal Colleges. [44] Keith Vaz, who was the chair of the all-party parliamentary group on diabetes, promoted it to fellow MPs [49] and then MP and Labour Deputy Leader, Tom Watson. [50]
The British Nutrition Foundation's response to the Pioppi diet explained that there is no single definition of the Mediterranean diet. [51] However they identified that the advice in the Pioppi diet to cut out starchy carbohydrates is not consistent with an actual Mediterranean diet which would include bread, pasta and rice. In addition, Mediterranean diets are normally low in saturated fat which is contrary to the advice in the book that people can eat as much saturated fat as they like. Rosemary Stanton also says that in most traditional Mediterranean diets, bread would be a part of every meal. [52]
The Pioppi diet was listed as one of the "top 5 worst celeb diets to avoid in 2018" by the British Dietetic Association. [5] According to the BDA and others, it is a new spin on a low-carb high-fat diet that "hijacked" the term Mediterranean diet (e.g. substituting cauliflower for rice or pizza base and cooking with coconut oil are not parts of the traditional diet of the villagers of Pioppi). [1] [5] [51]
The UK National Health Service website states that: "Too much fat in your diet, especially saturated fats, can raise your cholesterol, which increases the risk of heart disease". [53] This advice is part of the scientific consensus on saturated fat shared with the World Health Organization [54] and the health authorities of many other nations. [55] [56] [57] [58] [59] [60] [61]
Current guidelines for doctors from the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence for reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease include giving advice on lifestyle changes before prescribing statins. [62] Such advice includes: eating a healthy diet, exercising, stopping smoking, limiting alcohol and maintaining a healthy weight. [63] The Director of the Centre for Guidelines at NICE, stated that the use of statins in people with established heart disease was not controversial and was but based on robust evidence. [64]
Malhotra however, believes that a saturated fat in larger quantities is key to a healthy diet: he is known to put a tablespoon of butter and coconut oil into his coffee. [65] He has attacked the standard advice on saturated fat consumption to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. [66] In 2017 Malhotra wrote an opinion piece for the British Journal of Sports Medicine which made the claim that saturated fat did "not clog the arteries" and that heart disease can be cured with a daily walk and "eating real food". [10] The British Heart Foundation criticised these "misleading and wrong" claims and several researchers took issue with the methodology of the report on which Malhotra based his claims. [10] [67] [68] Prof Louis Levy, the head of nutrition science at Public Health England says "There is good evidence that a high intake of saturated fat increases your risk of heart disease". [10]
Malhotra denounces what he calls the government's "obsession" with levels of total cholesterol, which, he says, has led to the overmedication of millions of people with statins, and has diverted attention from the "more egregious" risk factor of atherogenic dyslipidaemia. [66] He has questioned the worth of statins, and campaigned against their use. [10] [69] With Robert H. Lustig and Maryanne Demasi, Malhotra authored a 2017 article in The Pharmaceutical Journal which disputes the Lipid hypothesis, the link between blood cholesterol levels and occurrence of heart disease. [70] The article was criticized, for being based on cherry-picked science and for creating the impression that most doctors don't believe that diet and exercise are as important as drugs, and that drugs and lifestyle changes are an either/or paradigm. [64] Cardiologist Tim Chico commented that "high cholesterol has been proven beyond all doubt to contribute to coronary artery disease and heart attack ... to say the cholesterol hypothesis is dead is simply incorrect", [64] Rory Collins, an Oxford medical professor, has also sharply criticised Malhotra, and accused him of endangering lives. [10] Collins has been quoted as saying that scare stories about statins could be as dangerous to public health as Andrew Wakefield's bogus claims about vaccination and autism. [10]
In 2015, as a member of the Academy of Medical Royal Colleges' Choosing Wisely Steering Group, Aseem Malhotra launched and coordinated a "US initiative to get doctors to stop using interventions with no benefit" - the Too Much Medicine campaign - a partnership with the BMJ and the Academy of Medical Royal Colleges. The aims of the project were to reduce unnecessary treatment and overuse, and introduce an option to patients of "doing nothing". [71] At the campaign's launch, Malhotra stated that over-diagnosis and over-treatment is "the greatest threat to our healthcare system". [72] He also held that in the UK at least £2bn is wasted each year on unnecessary tests and treatment. [73] His claims were supported by Sir Richard Thompson a past president of the Royal College of Physicians. [74]
In 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic and before there were any approved vaccines for COVID-19, Malhotra published a book [11] claiming that following his dietary advice could grant "metabolic optimization" which would, in 21 days, decrease the risk of viral infection. David Gorski criticized the book [1] noting that the biggest single risk factor for COVID-19 infection is age, which people cannot change. Gorski said that while Malhotra had a germ of a good point and that it was undeniable that losing weight for someone who is obese would reduce their risk of complications, the claims about the book were massively exaggerated and there was no specific evidence for the impact of lifestyle recommendations on the risk of COVID-19 or that Malhotra's version of a healthy diet was better or worse than any other healthy lifestyle recommendation. Gorski was also concerned that telling people that they should be in control of their susceptibility to disease may have an element of victim blaming because that shifts responsibility for disease onto individuals, many of whom are unable to follow the kind of diet Malhotra advocates. [1]
Malhotra initially campaigned in favour of taking the COVID vaccine. [12] [3] Later however, he campaigned against the use of COVID mRNA vaccines [13] contrary to the available evidence. [14] In November 2021, Malhotra appeared on GB News to discuss an abstract for an academic poster published by Steven Gundry and which the American Heart Association had warned may contain "potential errors". Malhotra claimed that the abstract supported "a significantly increased risk from 11% at five years, the risk of heart attack, to 25%." after taking mRNA vaccines against COVID-19. Full Fact warned that "Serious concerns have been raised as to the quality of the research". [75]
In September 2022, Malhotra publicly campaigned against the use of COVID mRNA vaccines. [13] An AFP factcheck warned of his claims: "This is false; experts say his research misleads on the risks of vaccination by cherry-picking evidence and relying on flawed studies, and public health authorities agree the benefits of the shots outweigh the risks." [3]
The Editor of The Lancet, Richard Horton, reported on a presentation by Malhotra 7 November 2022 at a public meeting organised by the Association of Naturopathic Practitioners at Friends Meeting House, London.
'Malhotra's method of argument deserves scrutiny to understand why it persuades some people. Frame one's view as the reluctant endpoint of a personal journey. Quote respected scientists. Stand up to corporates. Place oneself firmly on the side of patients. Emphasise well described concerns about the presentation of research evidence. Allude to correlations. Make the call for access to raw data an issue of trust and transparency.
After the meeting descended into chaos, Horton observed that 'this descent into unreason is what happens when you inflame public anxieties. It needs to stop.' [76] Frank Han, a paediatric cardiologist, reviewed Malhotra's 20 claims in the presentation and concluded the majority were unsupported by scientific evidence. [77]
On 13 January 2023, during a BBC interview on the prescription of statins, Malhotra made unprompted claims about excess cardiac deaths and COVID vaccines. The BBC apologised that these claims were not challenged at the time. [78] The British Heart Foundation and scientific experts including noted immunologist Peter Openshaw subsequently refuted the claims. [79]
In addition to his work as a cardiologist, he has been described as a "highly regarded public health campaigner" and an anti-obesity expert [2] who is "passionate about tackling the companies and policies responsible for creating ... an obesogenic environment". [40] Malhotra explains that his professional work has motivated his public health campaigning:" ..having seen the unspeakable suffering caused by diet-related diseases, I would much rather these patients did not develop them in the first place." [39] In 2013 he was recognized in the inaugural list of the top 50 BME Pioneers in the NHS Health Service Journal, for his research on sugar rich diets and obesity and cardio-vascular disease and for his public health campaigns, including profit-making of big corporations at the expense of public health, unhealthy hospital meals and sale of junk food in hospitals [8] The judges commented that "Yes. He challenges people". [8] In 2014 he was recognized for a second year running in the Health Services Journal top 50 BME Pioneers: described by the judges as "An upcoming star", the entry recognized that he had ignited a debate about over-investigation, over-diagnosis and overmedication and brought media attention to the BMJ's "Too much medicine" campaign. [6]
At the end of 2013, Malhotra was named a "Food Hero" for the Children's Food Campaign for campaigning against junk food being marketed to children, and sugar filled vending machines in hospitals. [40] In 2014, his campaigning on sugar led to his being featured in the Evening Standard as being one of ten of London's brightest stars working in science and technology. [41] In 2018 the Guardian's health correspondent, Sarah Boseley, labelled Malhotra as a "dissident scientist", "statin critic" and "cholesterol sceptic". [10]
At an informal dinner organised on 27 July 2022 by the International Medical Graduates Group during the British Medical Association's Annual Representative meeting, Malhotra was given an award. A photograph and tweets by the IMG and Malhotra implied this was an official BMA award. BMA President Chaand Nagpaul apologised to conference attendees and clarified that "this was not a formal BMA award and neither I nor the BMA endorse the views held by Aseem Malhotra." [80]
In September 2023, Malhotra received the Rusty Razor award, a prize given to "the year’s worst promoters of pseudoscience". [81]
Cholesterol is the principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils.
In nutrition, biology, and chemistry, fat usually means any ester of fatty acids, or a mixture of such compounds, most commonly those that occur in living beings or in food.
Ancel Benjamin Keys was an American physiologist who studied the influence of diet on health. In particular, he hypothesized that replacing dietary saturated fat with polyunsaturated fat reduced cardiovascular heart disease. Modern dietary recommendations by health organizations, systematic reviews, and national health agencies corroborate this.
Statins are a class of medications that reduce illness and mortality in people who are at high risk of cardiovascular disease. They are the most commonly prescribed cholesterol-lowering drugs.
Margarine is a spread used for flavoring, baking, and cooking. It is most often used as a substitute for butter. Although originally made from animal fats, most margarine consumed today is made from vegetable oil. The spread was originally named oleomargarine from Latin for oleum and Greek margarite. The name was later shortened to margarine.
A saturated fat is a type of fat in which the fatty acid chains have all single bonds between the carbon atoms. A fat known as a glyceride is made of two kinds of smaller molecules: a short glycerol backbone and fatty acids that each contain a long linear or branched chain of carbon (C) atoms. Along the chain, some carbon atoms are linked by single bonds (-C-C-) and others are linked by double bonds (-C=C-). A double bond along the carbon chain can react with a pair of hydrogen atoms to change into a single -C-C- bond, with each H atom now bonded to one of the two C atoms. Glyceride fats without any carbon chain double bonds are called saturated because they are "saturated with" hydrogen atoms, having no double bonds available to react with more hydrogen.
The French paradox is an apparently paradoxical epidemiological observation that French people have a relatively low incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD), while having a diet relatively rich in saturated fats, in apparent contradiction to the widely held belief that the high consumption of such fats is a risk factor for CHD. The paradox is that if the thesis linking saturated fats to CHD is valid, the French ought to have a higher rate of CHD than comparable countries where the per capita consumption of such fats is lower.
Hypercholesterolemia, also called high cholesterol, is the presence of high levels of cholesterol in the blood. It is a form of hyperlipidemia, hyperlipoproteinemia, and dyslipidemia.
Dyslipidemia is a metabolic disorder characterized by abnormally high or low amounts of any or all lipids or lipoproteins in the blood. Dyslipidemia is a risk factor for the development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases (ASCVD), which include coronary artery disease, cerebrovascular disease, and peripheral artery disease. Although dyslipidemia is a risk factor for ASCVD, abnormal levels don't mean that lipid lowering agents need to be started. Other factors, such as comorbid conditions and lifestyle in addition to dyslipidemia, is considered in a cardiovascular risk assessment. In developed countries, most dyslipidemias are hyperlipidemias; that is, an elevation of lipids in the blood. This is often due to diet and lifestyle. Prolonged elevation of insulin resistance can also lead to dyslipidemia. Likewise, increased levels of O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) may cause dyslipidemia.
The American Heart Association (AHA) is a nonprofit organization in the United States that funds cardiovascular medical research, educates consumers on healthy living and fosters appropriate cardiac care in an effort to reduce disability and deaths caused by cardiovascular disease and stroke. They are known for publishing guidelines on cardiovascular disease and prevention, standards on basic life support, advanced cardiac life support (ACLS), pediatric advanced life support (PALS), and in 2014 issued the first guidelines for preventing strokes in women. The American Heart Association is also known for operating a number of highly visible public service campaigns starting in the 1970s, and also operates several fundraising events.
Phytosterols are phytosteroids, similar to cholesterol, that serve as structural components of biological membranes of plants. They encompass plant sterols and stanols. More than 250 sterols and related compounds have been identified. Free phytosterols extracted from oils are insoluble in water, relatively insoluble in oil, and soluble in alcohols.
The lipid hypothesis is a medical theory postulating a link between blood cholesterol levels and the occurrence of cardiovascular disease. A summary from 1976 described it as: "measures used to lower the plasma lipids in patients with hyperlipidemia will lead to reductions in new events of coronary heart disease". It states, more concisely, that "decreasing blood cholesterol [...] significantly reduces coronary heart disease".
Uffe Ravnskov is a Danish medical doctor, independent researcher, and a former assistant professor and medical practitioner in Denmark and Sweden. In recent years, he has become known for querying the scientific consensus regarding the lipid hypothesis.
Maryanne Demasi is an Australian investigative journalist and presenter best known for her controversial work with the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) Catalyst television program. Demasi challenges the scientific consensus on cholesterol, saturated fat and statins. She has argued that high-blood cholesterol and high saturated fat consumption do not cause or increase risk of cardiovascular disease and that cholesterol-reducing drugs such as statins are ineffective. These claims have been criticized by medical experts as dangerous and misleading.
Pioppi is an Italian hamlet (frazione) in the municipality of Pollica, in Cilento, Campania region. Its name means 'poplars' in the Italian language.
The Portfolio Diet is a therapeutic plant-based diet created by British researcher David J. Jenkins in 2003 to lower blood cholesterol. The diet emphasizes using a portfolio of foods or food components that have been found to associate with cholesterol lowering to enhance this effect. Soluble fiber, soy protein, plant sterols, and nuts are the four essential components of Portfolio diet. The diet is low in saturated fat, high in fibre. Researchers have found it has comparable blood cholesterol effect to statin treatment.
Salim Yusuf is an Indian-born Canadian physician, the Marion W. Burke Chair in Cardiovascular Disease at McMaster University Medical School. He is a cardiologist and epidemiologist. Yusuf has criticized the Dietary Guidelines for Americans and disputes the scientific consensus on dietary sodium and saturated fat intake.
Inclisiran, sold under the brand name Leqvio, is a medication used for the treatment of high low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and for the treatment of people with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), ASCVD risk-equivalents, and heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (HeFH). It is a small interfering RNA (siRNA) that acts as an inhibitor of a proprotein convertase, specifically, inhibiting translation of the protein PCSK9.
The World Council for Health is a pseudo-medical organisation dedicated to spreading misinformation to discourage COVID-19 vaccination, and promoting fake COVID-19 treatments.
Robert J. DuBroff is an American cardiologist who works in Albuquerque, New Mexico. He has challenged the lipid hypothesis and has disputed the efficiency of statin therapy. Dubroff also disputes the current saturated fat guidelines.
the authors may well be the only people in the history of the planet who have been to Italy and come back with a diet named after an Italian village that excludes pasta, rice and bread
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