In molecular biology, biosynthesis is a multi-step, enzyme-catalyzed process where substrates are converted into more complex products in living organisms. In biosynthesis, simple compounds are modified, converted into other compounds, or joined to form macromolecules. This process often consists of metabolic pathways. Some of these biosynthetic pathways are located within a single cellular organelle, while others involve enzymes that are located within multiple cellular organelles. Examples of these biosynthetic pathways include the production of lipid membrane components and nucleotides. Biosynthesis is usually synonymous with anabolism.
Amino acid synthesis is the set of biochemical processes by which the amino acids are produced. The substrates for these processes are various compounds in the organism's diet or growth media. Not all organisms are able to synthesize all amino acids. For example, humans can synthesize 11 of the 20 standard amino acids. These 11 are called the non-essential amino acids).
Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase (glutamine-hydrolysing) is an enzyme that catalyzes the reactions that produce carbamoyl phosphate in the cytosol. Its systemic name is hydrogen-carbonate:L-glutamine amido-ligase .
Guanosine monophosphate synthetase, also known as GMPS is an enzyme that converts xanthosine monophosphate to guanosine monophosphate.
Asparagine synthetase is a chiefly cytoplasmic enzyme that generates asparagine from aspartate. This amidation reaction is similar to that promoted by glutamine synthetase. The enzyme is ubiquitous in its distribution in mammalian organs, but basal expression is relatively low in tissues other than the exocrine pancreas.
In enzymology, a glutamate synthase (NADPH) (EC 1.4.1.13) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
In enzymology, a 4-methyleneglutamate—ammonia ligase (EC 6.3.1.7) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
In enzymology, an asparaginyl-tRNA synthase (glutamine-hydrolysing) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
In enzymology, an aspartate—ammonia ligase (EC 6.3.1.1) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
In enzymology, an aspartate—ammonia ligase (ADP-forming) (EC 6.3.1.4) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
Aspartate—tRNAAsn ligase is an enzyme with systematic name L-aspartate:tRNAAsx ligase (AMP-forming). This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
In enzymology, a glutamate—tRNAGln ligase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
In enzymology, a glutamine—tRNA ligase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
In enzymology, a glutaminyl-tRNA synthase (glutamine-hydrolysing) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
In enzymology, a NAD+ synthase (glutamine-hydrolysing) (EC 6.3.5.1) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
In enzymology, an adenylyl-[glutamate---ammonia ligase] hydrolase (EC 3.1.4.15) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
In enzymology, a glutamin-(asparagin-)ase (EC 3.5.1.38) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
In enzymology, a [glutamate—ammonia-ligase] adenylyltransferase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
Pyridoxal 5′-phosphate synthase (glutamine hydrolysing) (EC 4.3.3.6, PdxST) is an enzyme with systematic name D-ribose 5-phosphate,D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate pyridoxal 5′-phosphate-lyase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
Cobyrinate a,c-diamide synthase (EC ), cobyrinic acid a,c-diamide synthetase, CbiA (gene)) is an enzyme which catalyses the chemical reaction
