Assassination of Park Chung Hee

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Assassination of Park Chung Hee
Park Chung-hee.jpg
Park Chung-hee in 1973.
Location Blue House, Seoul, South Korea
DateOctober 26, 1979;44 years ago (1979-10-26)
Weapons Smith & Wesson Model 36 and Walther PPK
Deaths6
Victims Park Chung-hee, Cha Ji-chul, three bodyguards, and a presidential chauffeur
Perpetrators Kim Jae-gyu, Park Heung-ju, Park Seon-ho, Yoo Seong-ok, Lee Ki-ju, Seo Young-jun, Kim Tae-won
AssailantsKim Jae-gyu

Park Chung Hee, the third President of South Korea, was assassinated on October 26, 1979, during a dinner at the Korean Central Intelligence Agency (KCIA) safe house near the Blue House presidential compound in Jongno District, Seoul, South Korea. It was the first assassination of a head of state in Korea in 606 years, since the assassination of Gongmin of Goryeo. [1] Kim Jae-gyu, the director of the KCIA and the president's security chief, was responsible for the assassination. Park was shot in the chest and the head, and died almost immediately. Four bodyguards and a presidential chauffeur were also killed. The incident is often referred to as "10.26" or the "10.26 incident" in South Korea. [2]

Contents

There is a great deal of controversy surrounding Kim's motives, as it remains uncertain whether the act was part of a planned coup d'état or was merely impulsive.

Background

President Park's dictatorship

Park with future President Kim Young-sam in 1975 bagjeonghyi daetongryeong gimyeongsam sinmindang congjae jeobgyeon.jpg
Park with future President Kim Young-sam in 1975

By the time of his assassination, Park had exercised dictatorial power over South Korea for nearly 18 years. [3]

The Korean Central Intelligence Agency (KCIA) was created in 1961 to coordinate both domestic and international intelligence activities, including those of the military. [4] Almost immediately following its creation, the KCIA was used to suppress any domestic opposition to Park's regime, including wiretapping, arresting, and torturing without court order. The KCIA was heavily involved in many behind-the-scenes political maneuvers aimed at weakening opposition parties through bribing, blackmailing, threatening, or arresting opposing lawmakers. Nevertheless, President Park nearly lost the 1971 presidential election to Kim Dae-jung, despite spending ten percent of the national budget on his election campaign. Park then established the Yushin Constitution in 1972 to ensure his perpetual dictatorship. [5] The new constitution replaced direct voting in presidential elections with an indirect voting system involving delegates. It allotted one-third of the National Assembly seats to the president and repealed presidential term limits. It also gave the president the authority to suspend the constitution and issue emergency decrees, appoint all judges, and dismiss the National Assembly. When opposition to the Yushin Constitution arose, Park issued a number of emergency decrees, the first of which made any act of opposition or denial of the Yushin Constitution punishable by imprisonment for up to 15 years. [6]

Despite this, opposition towards Park's rule persisted and, in the 1978 South Korean legislative election, despite Park's Democratic Republican Party (DRP) maintaining a majority, the New Democratic Party (NDP) won the popular vote by a narrow margin. This further emboldened them. In September 1979, the courts nullified Kim Young-sam's chairmanship of the NDP. On October 5, the DRP expelled Kim from the National Assembly in a secret session, leading all 66 NDP lawmakers to submit their resignations to the National Assembly in protest. The Carter administration in the U.S. recalled its ambassador from Seoul in protest, as well. [7] On October 16, when it became known that the government was planning to accept the resignations selectively, democracy protests broke out in Kim's hometown of Busan, the second largest city in South Korea, resulting in arson attacks on 30 police stations over several days. The demonstrations, the largest since the days of President Syngman Rhee, spread to nearby Masan and other cities on October 19, with students and citizens calling for a repeal of the Yushin Constitution. The KCIA director, Kim Jae-gyu, who usually wore thick black-rimmed glasses, [8] went to Busan to investigate the situation and found that the demonstrations were not riots by some college students, but more like a "popular uprising joined by regular citizens" to resist the regime. He warned Park that the uprisings would spread to five other large cities, including Seoul. According to Kim's personal account, the President's chief bodyguard, Cha Ji-chul, cited the Killing Fields in Cambodia to note that one or two million Koreans being killed wouldn't make much difference. [9] [10] Park agreed and said that he would give direct orders to the security forces to fire upon demonstrators if the situation got worse. [11]

Rivalry between Kim Jae-gyu and Cha Ji-chul

While Park faced increasing opposition to his dictatorship outside Blue House, another kind of conflict was intensifying inside Blue House, between Kim Jae-gyu, who was appointed KCIA Director in December 1976, [12] and Chief Bodyguard Cha Ji-chul, who was appointed to his position in 1974 [13] after Park's wife Yuk Young-soo was killed in an assassination by Mun Se-gwang, an ethnic Korean from Japan. [14]

The rivalry stemmed largely from Cha's increasing encroachment onto KCIA turf and Cha's belittlement of Kim in public. Almost universally disliked yet feared, Cha served Park in close proximity and became his favorite and most trusted advisor. Cha appropriated tanks, helicopters, and troops from the Republic of Korea Army, leaving the presidential security apparatus with an entire division under Cha's direct command. [15]

The rivalry between Cha and Kim, whose KCIA was, until then, the most feared government apparatus, was heightened further by a series of political crises in late 1979, as the two rivals clashed over how to deal with growing opposition to the regime. In the NDP's election of its chairman in 1979, KCIA backed Yi Chul-seung to prevent the election of hardliner Kim Young-sam, but Cha interfered in KCIA's political sabotage with its own behind-scene maneuvers. When Kim Young-sam was elected as the NDP chairman, Cha laid the blame on the KCIA, which infuriated Director Kim. [16]

Later, when Kim Young-sam called on the U.S. to stop supporting Park's regime, in an interview with The New York Times reporter Henry Stokes, Cha pushed for Kim's expulsion from the National Assembly, [17] which Director Kim feared to be a disastrous development. [18] Cha easily bested his opponent, as his hardline approach was favored by Park, and he blamed worsening developments on Director Kim's weak leadership of the KCIA at every opportunity. [19]

Assassination

The Blue House in 2007 Korea-Seoul-Blue House (Cheongwadae) Reception Center 0688&9-07.jpg
The Blue House in 2007

On the day of the assassination, Park and his entourage attended ribbon-cutting ceremonies for a dam in Sapgyo and a KBS TV transmitting station in Dangjin. Director Kim was expected to accompany him since the TV station was under KCIA jurisdiction, but after Cha blocked him from riding in the same helicopter as Park, Director Kim angrily excused himself from the trip. [20] [21]

After the trip, according to KCIA Chief Agent Park Seon-ho, one of the assassination conspirators, Park instructed the KCIA to prepare for one of his numerous banquets, [22] which were held an average of ten times per month. The banquet was held at a KCIA safe house near the Blue House presidential compound (now the Mugunghwa Dongsa Park). [23]

The banquet was to be attended by Park, Director Kim, Cha, Chief Secretary Kim Gye-won, and two young women – rising singer Sim Soo-bong and a college student named Shin Jae-soon. [9] [24] Fifteen minutes after Director Kim was notified of the banquet, he called Army Chief of Staff Jeong Seung-hwa, arranging for him to dine with KCIA Deputy Director Kim Jeong-seop in a nearby KCIA building in the same compound. [25]

Just before the dinner, Director Kim told Chief Secretary Kim Gye-won that he would get rid of Cha. It is not clear whether Kim Gye-won misheard, misunderstood, or ignored Kim's words. [22] [26]

Walther PPK Walther PPK-L.jpg
Walther PPK
Smith & Wesson Model 36 Model 36 38 calibre Smith & Wesson which was issued to women in the NSW Police.jpg
Smith & Wesson Model 36

At 6:05 p.m., during dinner discussions of volatile political issues such as the demonstrations in Busan and the opposition leader Kim Young-sam, Park and Cha took a hardline approach. Park said that Kim Young-sam should have been arrested, while Kim Jae-gyu argued that the public believes that Kim Young-sam was sufficiently punished just by being expelled from the National Assembly. Park said the KCIA should be more threatening. [22] Director Kim calling for moderate measures, while Chief Secretary Kim Gye-won was trying to steer the topic of the discussion to small talk.

This atmosphere calmed down around 6:30 PM when Shin Jae-soon, and Sim Soo-bong entered the banquet hall. [27]

The rebukes from Park, and especially Cha, riled Kim Jae-gyu, who left the dining room to meet Jeong Seung-hwa and Kim Jeong-seop, and said, "I was suddenly called by the president and am attending the banquet. Assistant Director Kim is well aware of domestic politics, so please discuss the current situation with him." After explaining, "I will come as soon as it is finished," he came out hiding his semi-automatic Walther PPK pistol, which he had hidden on a bookshelf in his office, in his pants pocket. [22] Kim Jae-gyu then met with his closest subordinate, former Marine colonel and KCIA Chief Agent Park Seon-ho (Kim Jae-gyu's student when Kim Jae-gyu was a physical education teacher), and Army colonel and Director Kim's secretary Park Heung-ju (Kim Jae-gyu's exclusive adjutant during his tenure as head of the 6th Division). Kim revealed his plan to assassinate Park Chung-hee with Cha Ji-cheol and told them to prepare within 30 minutes. Kim told them that he would take them out this evening and that when he heard gunshots from inside the room, they should help him kill the guards. [28] Kim said to them: "Chief of Staff and Deputy Director are here as well. Today is the day." [29]

Park Seon-ho and Park Heung-ju were very surprised at first by the one-sided order, but they faithfully followed Kim Jae-gyu's orders, and had Lee Ki-ju, the head of the security guard at the safe house (a former reserve marine sergeant, who always had Park Seon-ho's trust) and Yoo Seong-ok, the presidential chauffeur of the protocol department head's vehicle, join the assassination team. For reference, Yoo Seong-ok was a former Army sergeant, and after being discharged from the military, he got a job as a KCIA driver. With the help of Park Seon-ho, he was assigned to a safe house, a first-class duty station. He was scheduled to get married in November of that year. At the scene, Park Heung-ju, Ki-ju Lee, and Yoo Seong-ok were in Na-dong's safe house. They hid inside a car parked near the kitchen and waited for the gunshot to be heard from the banquet hall. Meanwhile, Park Seon-ho prepared himself to kill Security Chief Jeong In-hyeong and Deputy Director Ahn Jae-song who were in the security guard waiting room, although hoping to convince them to stand down and, in effect, save them. [29]

As 7 p.m. approached, Park Chung-hee looked at the clock frequently, and Cha Ji-cheol, seeing this, reassured Park by saying he will turn on the TV when the time is right. And at 7 o'clock, Cha turned on the TV which was on the door armor, [30] with an automatic switch and watched KBS news. When Kim Jae-gyu, who had hidden a pistol in his pants pocket, reentered to the banquet hall. Shin Jae-soon noticed that Kim Jae-gyu, sitting across from him, was frequently looking at his watch. Park told him to turn off the TV, so Cha turned it off. [31]

At 7:38 p.m., after confirming with Park Seon-ho that preparations were complete, Kim Jae-gyu entered the banquet hall again, and at that time Shin Jae-soon sang "I Love You" of Lana. Et. Rospo [27] [32] with Sim Soo-bong's guitar accompaniment and noted but it wasn't right so Shin sung again several times. [27] [33] [34]

At 7:40 p.m., Kim Jae-gyu told Kim Gye-won to take good care of His Excellency, [35] and Kim Jae-gyu shouted to Cha, "Insolent!", and opened fire, shooting Cha in the arm. [9] Park shouted, "What are you doing?" Kim Jae-gyu responded, "Hey, try dying too." [36] Kim Gye-won stood up, opened the door, and ran out. Kim Jae-gyu fired the gun twice at Park's chest from a distance of 2-3 meters, but the PPK jammed on a third shot. [22] A shocked Sim Soo-bong immediately went outside, followed by Cha, bleeding on his hands, where he fled to a bathroom adjacent to the dining room, saying, "Why is he doing that?" [37]

When Kim Jae-gyu left the room, he came back with a Smith & Wesson Model 36 revolver belonging to his subordinate Park Seon-ho. When Kim Jae-gyu aimed the gun at Park's head, Cha, who'd emerged from the bathroom to look for a bodyguard, ran into Kim Jae-gyu as Shin Jae-soon ran to the bathroom in a crazed state. [38] Cha raised the door armor next to the door and resisted fiercely, but Kim Jae-gyu fired a gun into Cha's abdomen, fatally wounding him. Cha fell down next to the fallen door armor. [39] Kim took off Sim's arm that was holding Park [30] before speaking to Park and shooting him in the head execution-style. [9] [22]

Upon hearing the initial shots, Park Seon-ho held two bodyguards in the waiting room at gunpoint and ordered them to put their hands up. He hoped to prevent further bloodshed, especially since he was a friend of one of the bodyguards, but when the other bodyguard attempted to reach for a gun, Park shot them both dead. However, at the moment when Park Seon-ho killed Ahn Jae-song and Jeong In-hyeong, the lights in the entire safe house Na-dong suddenly went out. [38] This caused Kang Mu-hong, in charge of repairs at the safe house, who was reading a newspaper in the underground boiler room, to mistake the gunshots for the sound of an explosion when the electricity short-circuited; however, Kang who realized that it was not a short circuit due to the gunshots and shouting that continued outside, turned on the circuit breaker again, locked the boiler room door, and hid himself. [40]

At the same time, Park Heung-ju and two other KCIA agents stormed the kitchen area and shot the remaining bodyguard. [35] Park Sang-beom was also shot and fell down, striking his head on the kitchen counter and falling unconscious; he was then mistaken for dead. The gunshot wound only penetrated the flesh without damaging the bones or internal organs, and the bleeding was minimal and stopped naturally, which was later confirmed by Kim Tae-won, a security guard at the safe house. [41] Lee Jeong-oh, the safe house cook, was shot in the stomach, [24] and restaurant car driver Kim Yong-nam was shot in the shoulder.

Shin Jae-soon went to the bathroom and opened the window to run away, but she couldn't do anything because the window was multi-layered. After hearing several gunshots (about 4), it became quiet and she opened the bathroom door and saw people dressed in black carrying Park away. When she came out of the bathroom, she saw Cha lying down. An agent guided Shin to the waiting room, and when she went to the attached room, Sim Soo-bong was there. The agent told them not to move in the room, so Shin sat on the floor with Sim. After a while, about 7 gunshots were heard, after which the agent came in and led them to the bathroom across the street, where they washed their hands and clothes. Park Seon-ho came and guided them to the security guards' waiting room, gave them cigarettes, coffee, and juice, and told them not to go out. After a while, the agent gave them 200,000 won each and told them not to go out and talk about what happened that evening. The agent drove them to the New Naeja Hotel, and when they got out of the car, he told them that they would never meet him again, but that they should pretend not to know. Afterwards, Shin Jae-soon went to her home in Sim Soo-bong's car, which was waiting in front of the New Naeja Hotel. [38]

In all, six people were killed: Park, Cha and three presidential bodyguards in the safe house, as well as a presidential chauffeur outside. [42]

Aftermath

After killing Park, Kim Jae-gyu asked Chief Secretary Kim Gye-won to secure the safe house and ran to the nearby KCIA building, where Army Chief of Staff Jeong Seung-hwa was waiting. While Jeong was having a meal with KCIA Deputy Director Kim Jeong-seop at a restaurant next to his office and talking about the Busan-Masan Uprising and the issue of building a housing development for noncommissioned officers, about 20 gunshots were suddenly fired nearby. Kim Jae-gyu, who was wearing a blood-stained shirt, [43] came in to tell them that an emergency situation had arisen. [44] Kim Gye-won had the KCIA agents who were still in the safe house carry Park on his back and take him to the President's private car and head to the army hospital where the president's medical facilities were located. [45]

Later, at around 8:05 p.m. [16] in a car with Jeong Seung-hwa, Kim Jae-gyu notified Jeong that Park had died, but without explaining how. At this time, Kim Jae-gyu raised his thumb to indicate that Park had been shot. When Jeong saw this, he asked if Park had passed away, and Kim Jae-gyu answered that he was certain that Park had passed away. [45] And Kim Jae-gyu says that if Kim Il-sung finds out, the ceasefire line will be a problem and there will be bloodshed in the country, so security must be maintained and martial law must be declared quickly. [43] Then Kim Jae-gyu peeled the candy and ate it, saying his mouth was dry. Jeong sees that Kim Jae-gyu is wearing socks and no shoes, so Kim's out of his mind. [24] Kim Jae-gyu hoped that Jeong and Chief Secretary Kim would support him in the coup, as both had been appointed to their positions on his recommendation and Chief Secretary Kim was especially close to Jeong. The car initially headed to KCIA Headquarters, in Namsan district, but eventually went to army headquarters, in Yongsan District, since the army would have to be involved in declaring emergency martial law. [45] As the car passed in front of the Military Manpower Administration, Kim Jae-gyu gave Jeong a square cinnamon candy, and he tried to eat it, but secretly threw it on the floor, suspecting that it contained poison and could be used by him. [43]

There is an opinion that the situation might have been different if Kim Jae-gyu had gone to the KCIA headquarters, where he would be in control, instead of the headquarters at this time. [28] However, Kim Jae-gyu's failure to gain Jeong's support sealed the fate of the conspirators. [24]

Meanwhile, Chief Secretary Kim Kye-won took Park's body to the Army hospital and ordered doctors to save him at all costs (without revealing Park's identity). [46] At 8 p.m., Major Song Gye-yong, who was the commanding officer on duty, made an urgent call to Air Force Brigadier General Kim Byeong-soo, head of the hospital who was Park's attending physician since 1974, saying, "A patient with a gunshot wound has been evacuated, but he is D.O.A. (Death on Arrival)." Kim Byeong-soo, not knowing that the emergency patient was the President, said, "If you are D.O.A., why are you contacting me? You should contact the morgue at Capital Hospital and make preparations." Kim Byeong-soo rushed to work at 8:20 p.m. and rushed to the emergency room for an autopsy, but was found in front of the door. Entry was blocked by KCIA agents guarding the area, and Kim Byeong-soo eventually went up to the hospital director's office, changed into his military uniform, and when his identity was confirmed, entry was not blocked and he was able to enter the emergency room. Moreover, suspicions were further amplified when Chief of Staff Kim Gye-won was contacted and told to "respectfully take the patient to the president's hospital room." Kim Byeong-soo said that when he went in, he thought he was just an emergency patient, but when he went in, he saw that the patient's face was covered with a white towel. Kim Byeong-soo asked the bodyguards who he was, but they only answered that they didn't know. Kim Byeong-soo said they needed to know who he was, so in the end, the bodyguard lowered the towel halfway and showed only the right half. Later, Kim Byeong-soo only showed the left half to show that it was President Park Chung-hee, but Kim only saw half of his face for the first time, so he didn't recognize Park. At 8:30 p.m, when Kim Byeong-soo took off the patient's shirt to check for gunshot wounds, he saw a white spot on Park's abdomen and only then did he realize that he was the president. However, Kim Byeong-soo did not show the security guard that he knew that the dead person was President Park Chung-hee, because it was such a huge thing. [47]

At around 8:40 p.m, since the Armed Forces Capital Hospital, the hospital where Kim Byeong-soo is located, was under the jurisdiction of the Security Command, he decided to contact Security Command Commander Chun Doo-hwan, thinking that even if the President was dead, the body would have to be guarded. The bodyguard stayed close to Kim Byeong-soo and watched his every move. Kim Byeong-soo went into the medical director's office and called Chun, but failed to tell him that the president was dead due to the security guard's surveillance, and returned to his room. At around 8:50 p.m, while Kim Byeong-soo was thinking about somehow informing the security headquarters that the President had died, Brigadier General Woo Kuk-il, the Chief of Staff of the Security Command, called. Woo asked Kim Byeong-soo to just answer what he said and asked whether he had passed away, whether he was Chief Cha, or whether he was Code 1. Kim Byeong-su answers the phone and answers only three words: 'yes, no, yes.' At this time, when the bodyguard asked what phone call he had made, Kim Byeong-soo said he asked, "Is everything okay?" and said, "Yes." He asked, "Are you in danger?" and asked, "No." He said, "I will protect you well, so don't worry." and said, "Yes." "I answered," he said. It was at that time that the security command knew for sure that the president had died. Kim Byeong-soo named only a few of those who had been summoned in an emergency to maintain security and sent all the rest home. At around 9:20 p.m, Kim Byeong-soo finished taking x-rays of the size of the wounds and gunshot wounds on the body in the emergency room and moved the body to the president's room in the hospital. The bodyguards were keeping Kim Byeong-soo immobile. [47]

After confirming that Park had already died, Kim Gye-won, who went to the Blue House, also urgently contacted key ministers. Kim Kye-won then went to Prime Minister Choi Kyu-hah to reveal what happened that night, and he said martial law must be declared. Prime Minister Choi Kyu-hah arrived first, followed by ministers. Afterwards, Kim Jae-gyu, who was in the headquarters bunker, and Kim Gye-won, who was at the Blue House, spoke on the phone, and it appears that they asked each other to come to their side. In the end, Chief of Staff Kim Gye-won said to Prime Minister Choi Gyu-hah, "Let's go to the headquarters bunker," and he and his ministers arrived at the headquarters bunker at around 9:30 p.m. [28]

At the Ministry of National Defense, an emergency cabinet meeting held in the headquarters conference room, Kim Jae-gyu hides the fact that Park is dead and says that since His Excellency is currently in exile, this fact must be kept under security for at least 48 hours and martial law must be declared quickly, and if Kim Il-sung finds out, it will be a big problem. However, contrary to Kim Jae-gyu's expectations, the State Council members, including Deputy Prime Minister Shin Hyeon-hwak, protested. Justice Minister Kim Chi-yeol refuted this by saying that such a serious situation cannot be hidden for 48 hours through security for no reason, and that the United States should also be informed of this fact. It makes no sense for Deputy Prime Minister Shin Hyun-hwak, who arrived late at the headquarters, to suddenly impose martial law on Kim Jae-gyu, and the whole story is unknown as to what happened. He protested by saying that before Shin Hyeon-hwak arrived at the headquarters, other ministers were in a state of trembling due to Kim Jae-gyu's momentum, but when the State Council members strongly opposed Kim Jae-gyu's intention to declare martial law while hiding the fact that the president was assassinated was frustrated. [48] Finally, Minister of Culture, Sports and Tourism Kim Seong-jin and others protested and demanded a suspension, and the cabinet meeting was suspended. As Kim Gye-won watched the State Council members protesting, he realized before anyone else that there was nothing behind Kim Jae-gyu and that he had no special plans in mind, and decided to reveal the truth. [49]

At around 11:40 p.m, Chief Secretary Kim Gye-won secretly told Jeong who is the Army Chief of Staff and the Minister of National Defense and Minister of National Defense Noh Jae-hyun [49] that Kim Jae-gyu was the culprit. At 11:40 p.m, when Jeong learned of what happened from Chief Secretary Kim Gye-won, he ordered Major General Chun Doo-hwan, commander of Security Command, to take Director Kim into custody and investigate the incident. A cabinet meeting was held at around 11:50 p.m, and Prime Minister Choi Kyu-hah did not mention that the President had died. 'A serious situation concerning national security has occurred. That's why we convened a cabinet meeting,' that's all he said. Even then, many members of the State Council were unaware that the President had died. [28]

Shortly after 12:30 a.m. on the October 27, Kim Jae-gyu was arrested after he was lured to a secluded area outside army headquarters on the pretext of meeting with Jeong. [50] [28] At around 1:20 a.m. on October 27, State Council members went to the Armed Forces Capital Hospital to confirm President Park's death. Prime Minister Choi Kyu-hah, Deputy Prime Minister Shin Hyun-hwak, Minister Kim Chi-yeol, Minister Kim Seong-jin, and Chief of Staff Kim Gye-won arrived at the hospital together. After crying and mourning, they return. [47]

Around 1:30 a.m. after the State Council members left, the security agency launched an operation to arrest the central government agents who were monitoring Kim Byeong-su, and succeeded in arresting the two people. Their arrest operation was led by Lee Sang-yeon, head of the National Security Agency's inspection office. After hearing the news of President Park's death around 2:00 a.m. his second daughter, Park Geun-young, came to visit. She too wailed. Her bodyguards who followed her were her security agents. Before putting new clothes on Park's body, Kim Byeong-su tried to remove the bullet lodged in the left side of Park's face, but his family opposed it, so he left it alone. They demanded that Kim Byeong-su "not put a knife to his father's face." Around 3:00 a.m, Kim Byeong-soo moved Park's body to the Blue House. Park Geun-hye also held President Park's body and wailed loudly. [47]

The Cabinet meeting resumed. At around 3:45 a.m, it was decided on the spot to declare martial law, and martial law was declared in all regions except Jeju Island, this is because if the entire country is declared a martial law area, all administrative authority is concentrated in the martial law commander. This is because the martial law commander, i.e. the Army Chief of Staff, can receive command and supervision from the Minister of National Defense. [28] [51]

Early morning on October 27, 1979, safe house in Gungjeong-dong. Lee Ki-ju, who is the same age as security guard Yoo Seok-sul, came urgently carrying something. Lee tells Yoo to take a pistol, a few shell casings, and the slippers Kim Jae-gyu was wearing and hide them in the garden. [24]

At 7 a.m, while people were confirming the death of Cha, who died at the scene on October 26, they confirmed that bodyguard Park Sang-beom was alive and rescued him. [47]

At 8 a.m, according to a radio broadcast by Tongyang Broadcasting Company, announce that an accidental conflict occurred between KCIA Director Kim Jae-gyu and Security Chief Cha Ji-cheol, and President Park Chung-hee died after being hit by a bullet fired by Kim, and Kim was detained by martial law forces and investigated. [24]

Eventually, everyone involved in the assassination was arrested, tortured and later executed. In the process, Chun Doo-hwan emerged as a new political force by investigating and subordinating KCIA under his Security Command, and Jeong Seung-hwa became the chief martial law administrator. Later, when Chun Doo-hwan seized power in the Coup d'état of December Twelfth 1979, [52] [50] [53] he had Jeong Seung-hwa and Chief Secretary Kim arrested on suspicion of conspiring with Director Kim. [54]

The Joint Investigation Headquarters ordered the women who attended the President's dinner to use the pseudonyms of Sohn Geum-ja (Korean : 손금자; Hanja : 孫錦子) (Sim Soo-bong) and Jeong Hye-seon (Korean : 정혜선; Hanja : 鄭惠善) (Shin Jae-soon), but the real names were circulated among people and eventually turned out to be true. [55]

Theories regarding motive

Kim Jae-gyu's motive in killing his long-time benefactor President Park has been controversial and the subject of much discussion. There are many theories on Kim's true motive of killing Park. The following are just some of these theories.

The killing was an unplanned, impulsive act

One theory is that it was an unplanned, impulsive act.

The killing was deliberate and premeditated

One theory is that Kim deliberately planned the assassination of Park.

The killing was motivated by jealousy of Cha

Kim Hyong-uk in 1968 Kim Hyong-uk, 27 August 1968.jpg
Kim Hyong-uk in 1968

One theory is that Kim assassinated Park out of jealousy toward Cha, when he was losing his status and power as No. 2 in Park's regime. [9]

The killing was motivated by a desire to restore democracy

One theory is that Kim assassinated Park in an attempt to restore democracy.

Possible American Central Intelligence Agency involvement

Other motives

Fate of KCIA conspirators

Kim Jae-gyu on trial 10*26Shi Jian Xian Fan Zai Fa Ting Shang ,Zuo Er Shi Jin Zai Gui .jpg
Kim Jae-gyu on trial

Park Heung-ju, Kim Jae-gyu's secretary and former aide-de-camp of Kim, was executed by firing squad on March 6, 1980: he was executed first because he was on active military service at the time of the assassination. [9] [63]

Five men were hanged on May 24, 1980: [9]

Kim Gye-won was sentenced to death, but the sentence was commuted to life imprisonment a few days later, and he was released in 1982. [9] [16]

Seo Young-jun, a safe house security agent, was released after serving 17 years of a sentence of life imprisonment. [9]

Except for Park Heung-ju and Park Seon-ho, the co-conspirators followed Kim Jae-gyu's orders without knowing whom they were shooting and why.

Witnesses

Cultural references

Film

Television

TV series

See also

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References

  1. ↑ "고려 최후의 간신 이인임... 간신의 허리와 무릎은 유연할수록 좋다" [Yi In-im, the last traitor of Goryeo... The more flexible the waist and knees of a traitor, the better]. Maeil Economics (in Korean). March 2, 2017. Retrieved December 26, 2023– via Naver.
  2. ↑ "10·26사태". terms.naver.com (in Korean). Retrieved March 19, 2019.
  3. ↑ Chun, jung-hwan (October 26, 2015). "'박정희 18년 독재의 끝', 'president park's dictatorship of 18 years'" (in Korean).
  4. ↑ "국가안전기획부(Korean Central Intelligence Agency)". Doopedia (in Korean). Retrieved March 31, 2016.
  5. ↑ "유신체제(Yushin Constitution)". Doopedia (in Korean). Retrieved March 31, 2016.
  6. ↑ "유신체제 긴급조치, 피해자 구제는 왜 이리 더딘가" [Why are the Yushin Constitution's emergency decrees so slow in providing relief to victims?]. Sisain (in Korean). February 7, 2022. Retrieved December 25, 2023– via Naver.
  7. ↑ Oberdorfer, Don (October 6, 1979). "U.S. Recalls Envoy to Protest S. Korean Political Crackdown". The Washington Post. Retrieved April 30, 2019.
  8. 1 2 "궁정동 만찬 장면/심수봉씨 "연기 지도"" [Gungjeong-dong dinner scene/Sim Soo-bong "acting guidance"]. Chosun Ilbo (in Korean). September 19, 1995. Retrieved December 26, 2023.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 "Assassination of President Park Chung-hee in 1979". The Korea Times . October 24, 2010. Retrieved December 26, 2023.
  10. ↑ "［청년광장］ 제2의 차지철을 만들려는 것인가?" [［Youth Plaza］ Are you trying to create a second charging season?]. Good Morning Chungcheong (in Korean). November 16, 2022. Retrieved December 25, 2023.
  11. ↑ "유신체제 긴급조치, 피해자 구제는 왜 이리 더딘가" [Why are the Yushin Constitution's emergency decrees so slow in providing relief to victims?]. Sisain (in Korean). February 7, 2022. Retrieved December 25, 2023– via Naver.
  12. ↑ "Kim Jae Kyu | South Korean military officer". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved March 19, 2019.
  13. ↑ "박대통영임명 경호실장 차지철씨" [Mr. Cha Ji-cheol, Chief of the Security Service appointed by President Park]. Maeil Economics (in Korean). August 22, 1974. Retrieved December 25, 2023.
  14. ↑ "［문세광사건 문서공개］ 차지철 전면부상... 결국 10·26으로" [［Moon Se-gwang Incident Documents Released］ Cha Ji-cheol was completely injured... ended up on 10/26]. Chosun Ilbo (in Korean). January 20, 2005. Retrieved December 25, 2023.
  15. ↑ "차지철 - 디지털성남문화대전" [Cha Ji-chul - Digital Seongnam Grand Culture]. Digital Seongnam Grand Culture (in Korean). Retrieved December 25, 2023.
  16. 1 2 3 4 "［집중 인터뷰］朴正熙의 최후를 지켜본 유일한 생존자 金桂元 前 청와대 비서실장, 18년 만에 다시 입 열다" [［Focused Interview］Kim Kye-won, the only survivor who witnessed the end of Park Chung Hee, former Chief of Staff of the Blue House, speaks again after 18 years]. Monthly Chosun (in Korean). February 2006. Retrieved December 25, 2023.
  17. ↑ KBS 1 TV, Cha Ji-chul: "The President Is the State", Modern History in Biography
  18. ↑ Jeong Se-woon, Making President YS, Part 3, Sisa Onuel, April 27, 2009
  19. ↑ "버거운 상대 차지철의 독행" [Cha Ji-cheol's solo efforts against a difficult opponent]. Oh My News (in Korean). May 21, 2020. Retrieved December 25, 2023.
  20. ↑ "차지철 "경호헬기 무거워진다"며 수행단서 김재규 빼" [Cha Ji-chul removes Kim Jae-gyu from accompanying crew, saying, "The security helicopter is getting heavier"]. The Dong-a Ilbo (in Korean). August 30, 2013. Retrieved December 25, 2023.
  21. ↑ 유설희 (March 20, 2022). "'탈권위' 상징 청와대 이전 공약의 역사...김영삼부터 문재인까지 '단골 공약'". Kyunghyang Shinmun (in Korean). Retrieved March 5, 2024.
  22. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "The inside story of the Park Chung Hee killing". Korea JoongAng Daily . November 2, 2015. Retrieved October 11, 2022.
  23. ↑ "［우리가 몰랐던 박정희］ 여자관계에서 '기자 박치기'까지..." [［Park Chung-hee we didn't know about］ From relationships with women to 'headbutting a reporter'...]. The Hankyoreh 21 (in Korean). February 4, 2005. Retrieved December 25, 2023.
  24. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "［꼬꼬무 찐리뷰］김재규가 박정희 쏜 그날, 궁정동 안가에 무슨 일이... 10.26 목격자들의 증언" [［Kkokkomu Real Review］On the day Kim Jae-gyu shot Park Jung-hee, what happened in the safe house in Gungjeong-dong... 10.26 Eyewitness testimony]. SBS Entertainment News (in Korean). SBS TV. October 27, 2023. Retrieved December 26, 2023.
  25. ↑ "［역사줌인］박정희 장기집권의 종식 '10.26 사태'" [［History Zoom In］The '10.26 Incident', the end of Park Chung-hee's long-term rule]. Financial News (in Korean). October 16, 2021. Retrieved December 25, 2023– via Naver.
  26. ↑ "'10·26 씨앗' 김재규 VS 차지철 암투" ['10/26 Seed' Kim Jae-gyu VS Cha Ji-chul secret fight]. Ilyo Shinmun (in Korean). April 1, 2014. Retrieved December 25, 2023.
  27. 1 2 3 4 "심수봉씨가 밝힌 그때 그자리..."버러지같은 자식"은 허위" [Sim Soo-bong revealed the place at that time... "You miserable worm" is false.]. The Korea Economic Daily (in Korean). April 8, 1993. Retrieved December 25, 2023.
  28. 1 2 3 4 5 6 ""그놈들이 어떻게 알겠나", 국민 깔본 독재자 최후" ["How would they know?" The end of a dictator who looked down on the people]. Pressian (in Korean). July 27, 2016. Retrieved December 25, 2023– via Naver.
  29. 1 2 "김재규 '10월26일' 그날의 진실" [Kim Jae-gyu 'October 26' the truth of that day]. Hyundae News (in Korean). November 25, 2016. Retrieved December 25, 2023.
  30. 1 2 3 ""궁정동최후만찬"재현-심수봉씨,TV"제4공화국"현장지도" [Reenactment of "The Last Supper in Gungjeong-dong" - Mrs. Sim Soo-bong, field guidance for TV's "4th Republic"]. JoongAng Ilbo (in Korean). September 19, 1995. Retrieved December 26, 2023.
  31. ↑ "［박정희의 생애］ "내 무덤에 침을 뱉어라!".....(20)" [［Life of Park Chung-hee］ "Spit on my grave!".....(20)]. Chosun Ilbo (in Korean). November 7, 1997. Retrieved December 25, 2023.
  32. ↑ "열흘간은 나훈아가 대통령이었다!" [Na Hoon-ah was president for 10 days!]. Monthly Chosun (in Korean). November 2020. Retrieved December 25, 2023.
  33. ↑ "［이빈섬의스토리］'그때 그사람'... 그 노래는 운명의 파티를 예언했던가" [［Story of Yibin Island］ 'That Person Back Then'... Did that song predict a fateful party?]. Asia Economics (in Korean). October 28, 2013. Retrieved December 25, 2023– via Naver.
  34. ↑ "박정희 체제의 종말 열흘 전, 이 사건이 있었다" [This incident occurred 10 days before the end of the Park Chung-hee regime.]. OhmyNews (in Korean). April 16, 2020. Retrieved February 16, 2024.
  35. 1 2 "사건경위" [Incident details]. Maeil Economics (in Korean). November 6, 1979. Retrieved December 26, 2023.
  36. ↑ "10·26 그날... 김재규, 박정희 향해 "야, 너두 죽어봐"" [On that day of 10/26... Kim Jae-gyu said to Park Chung-hee, "Hey, try dying too."]. JoongAng Ilbo (in Korean). August 26, 2018. Retrieved December 26, 2023.
  37. ↑ "<화제> 심수봉씨 "김재규 법정진술 거짓" 주장" [<Hot topic> Sim Soo-bong claims "Kim Jae-gyu's court statement was false"]. Yonhap News Agency (in Korean). December 26, 1994. Retrieved December 25, 2023– via Naver.
  38. 1 2 3 "박정희의 죽음, 그 최후의 목격자 신재순 검찰 진술서" [Park Chung-hee's death, the last witness, Shin Jae-soon, prosecution statement]. Chogabje.com (in Korean). April 8, 2014. Retrieved December 26, 2023.
  39. ↑ "차지철의 최후 궁정동 안가 첫 공개" [Cha Ji-chul's final safe house in Gungjeong-dong is revealed for the first time]. KBS News 9 (in Korean). Korean Broadcasting System. October 30, 2003. Retrieved December 26, 2023.
  40. ↑ "［박정희의 생애］ "내 무덤에 침을 뱉어라!".....(28)" [［Life of Park Chung-hee］ "Spit on my grave!".....(28)]. Chosun Ilbo (in Korean). November 16, 1997. Retrieved December 26, 2023.
  41. ↑ "확인사살의 의문" [Question of confirmed kill]. Chogabje.com (in Korean). Retrieved December 26, 2023.
  42. ↑ "10·26 현장에 "버러지 같은 놈~"은 없었다" [There was no "miserable worm-like bastard" at the scene of October 26]. The Korea Daily Los Angeles (in Korean). October 20, 2011. Retrieved December 26, 2023.
  43. 1 2 3 "정승화전계엄사령관 공소상전문" [Full text of the indictment against former martial law commander Jeong Seung-hwa]. Maeil Economics (in Korean). March 5, 1980. Retrieved December 26, 2023.
  44. ↑ "11화 "육본으로 갑시다"" [Episode 11 "Let's go to the main body"]. Overseas Korean Journalists Association (in Korean). March 19, 2017. Retrieved December 26, 2023.
  45. 1 2 3 "김재규, 총을 쏘아댄 자신이 도리어 공포에 떨며..." [Kim Jae-gyu, the person who fired the gun was actually trembling with fear...]. DongA Ilbo (in Korean). September 5, 2013. Retrieved December 26, 2023.
  46. ↑ "박정희 병원 데려간 김계원, 그 순간 10·26 운명은 바뀌었다" [Kim Gye-won, who took Park Chung-hee to the hospital, the fate of October 26 changed at that moment]. JoongAng Ilbo (in Korean). May 29, 2020. Retrieved December 26, 2023.
  47. 1 2 3 4 5 "박정희 머리통 속에 박혀 있는 총알이 주는 의미 "김재규=의인"" [The meaning of the bullet stuck in Park Chung-hee's head "Kim Jae-gyu = righteous man"]. Break News (in Korean). October 26, 2017. Retrieved December 26, 2023.
  48. ↑ "신현확 전 국무총리 별세" [Former Prime Minister Shin Hyun-hwak passes away]. Korean Broadcasting System (in Korean). April 26, 2007. Retrieved December 26, 2023.
  49. 1 2 "김성진 전문공부장관, 10.26 당시 회고" [Former Minister of Culture, Sports and Tourism Kim Seong-jin, looking back on October 26]. Yonhap News Agency (in Korean). October 12, 1999. Retrieved December 26, 2023– via Naver.
  50. 1 2 3 4 5 이제는 말할 수 있다 78회 - 79년 10월, 김재규는 왜 쏘았는가 (2004.04.04) [Now We Can Tell the Story Episode 78 - Why did Kim Jae-gyu shoot in October 1979 (2004.04.04)] (in Korean). INN Docu (published April 4, 2004). April 18, 2022. Retrieved December 26, 2023.
  51. ↑ "10.26 사태 후 중앙청에 배치된 군병력" [Military forces deployed to the Central Office after the 10.26 incident]. Open Archives (in Korean). Retrieved December 26, 2023.
  52. ↑ "The Death of Park Chung-hee". The Blue Roof (in Korean). November 20, 2021. Retrieved December 27, 2023.
  53. ↑ "김재규 변호했던 강신옥 변호사 "김재규 수감 중에 박정희 여자관계 상세히 공개"" [Kang Shin-ok, lawyer who defended Kim Jae-gyu, said, "Details of Park Chung-hee's relationship with women were revealed while Kim Jae-gyu was incarcerated"]. Break News (in Korean). July 31, 2021. Retrieved December 26, 2023.
  54. ↑ "'서울의 봄×12·12' 싱크로율 따져보니" [Looking at the coincidence rate of '12.12: The Day × 12·12']. JTBC (in Korean). December 12, 2023. Retrieved December 26, 2023.
  55. ↑ "10·26의 두 여인 진술... "각하 머리에 권총을!"" [Statements by two women on October 26... "Pistol to your head!"]. Oh My News (in Korean). January 17, 2012. Retrieved December 26, 2023– via Naver.
  56. ↑ According to Rev. Yi Hae-hak, a cellmate of Jang Jun-ha when Jang was serving fifteen years for a petition campaign against the Yushin Constitution, Jang knew of Kim's plan to assassinate Park and was very disappointed that it did not take place.
  57. 1 2 Kahm, Myung-guk (November 6, 2005). "Secret Promise between Jang Jun-ha and Kim Jae-kyu". Sunday Journal.
  58. ↑ Newton, Michael (2014). Famous Assassinations in World History: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 404. ISBN   978-1610692861.
  59. ↑ Kim's association with two key figures of the democracy movement – Jang Jun-ha and Cardinal Kim Sou-hwan – led some to reconsider Kim's motive in assassinating Park.
  60. ↑ For example, the brutal arrest of female factory workers in September 1979, and the infamous assassination of former KCIA director Kim Hyong-uk in Paris in October 1979.
  61. ↑ "글라이스틴 당시 미국대사, 미국 10.26 간접책임 인정［이우호］" [Gleysteen, then U.S. Ambassador, acknowledged indirect responsibility on October 26 [Wooho Lee]]. MBC Newsdesk (in Korean). Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation. May 17, 1999. Retrieved December 26, 2023.
  62. ↑ Ohn, Jong-lim (January 18, 2011). "Why is the U.S. secret documents on Kim Jae-kyu still classified?".
  63. ↑ PD-icon.svg This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain .Savada, Andreas Matles; Shaw, William eds. (1992). "South Korea: A Country Study". Country Studies. Federal Research Division . Retrieved December 12, 2013.{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) Fourth ed. Washington: Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress. ISBN   978-0-8444-0736-4.
  64. ↑ "10.26 사건을 블랙코미디로? 국내외에서 인정받은 영화" [Turning the 10.26 incident into a black comedy? Films recognized at home and abroad]. Oh My News (in Korean). October 25, 2022. Retrieved December 26, 2023– via Naver.
  65. ↑ 10.26 사건 심수봉 출연 주병진 쇼 [10.26 Incident Sim Soo-bong appears on Joo Byung-jin's Show] (in Korean). DESORDRE CHANNEL (published April 10, 1993). January 13, 2020. Retrieved December 26, 2023.
  66. ↑ ［ENG］12.12사태의 시발점! 10.26 박정희 전 대통령 암살 사건 ｜ 그알로 보는 '남산의 부장들' [［ENG］The starting point of the December 12 incident! 10.26 Assassination of former President Park Chung-hee ｜ 'The Man Standing Next' seen through UQ] (in Korean). 그것이 알고싶다 (published October 10–17, 1993). January 14, 2020. Retrieved December 26, 2023.
  67. ↑ 10.26 궁정동 사람들 - MBC 이제는 말할 수 있다 [10.26 People of Gungjeong-dong - MBC Now We Can Tell the Story.] (in Korean). Lee Mun-gon (published May 29, 2005). August 17, 2018. Retrieved December 26, 2023.
  68. ↑ ［꼬꼬무 99회 요약］"각하, 정치를 좀 대국적으로 하십시오" 궁정동 사람들의 그날 ｜ 꼬리에 꼬리를 무는 그날 이야기 (SBS방송) [［Recap of Kkokkomu Episode 99］ "Your Excellency, please conduct politics in a more nationalistic manner" That day of the people of Gungjeong-dong ｜ The story of that day when they were biting each other's tail (SBS broadcast)] (in Korean). 달리 ［SBS DALI］ (published October 26, 2023). October 27, 2023. Retrieved December 26, 2023.
  69. ↑ ［#제4공화국/第4共和國］1회(상)｜10.26의 뿌리 김재규-차지철 암투 MBC951018방송 [［#4th Republic/第4共和國］Episode 1 (First)｜The Roots of 10.26 Kim Jae-gyu and Cha Ji-cheol's secret fight MBC951018 broadcast] (in Korean). 빽드 - SBS 옛날 드라마 (published October 18, 1995). May 12, 2023. Retrieved December 26, 2023.
  70. ↑ ［#제4공화국/第4共和國］2회(하)｜10.26 유신의 심장이 쓰러진 순간 MBC951019방송 [［#4th Republic/第4共和國］Episode 2 (Second)｜10.26 The moment Yushin's heart collapsed MBC951019 broadcast] (in Korean). 빽드 - SBS 옛날 드라마 (published October 19, 1995). May 19, 2023. Retrieved December 26, 2023.
  71. ↑ "문화방송의 정치드라마 제 4공화국 인기［도인태］" [Munhwa Broadcasting's political drama 4th Republic is popular [Do In-tae]]. MBC Newsdesk (in Korean). Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation. October 20, 1995. Retrieved December 26, 2023.
  72. ↑ ［#제5공화국］제1부 - 김재규, 유신의 심장을 쏘다! [［#Fifth Republic］Part 1 - Kim Jae-gyu, shoots the heart of Yushin!] (in Korean). 옛드 : MBC 레전드 드라마 (published April 23, 2005). December 2, 2019. Retrieved December 26, 2023.
  73. ↑ ［#제5공화국］제2부 - 김재규는 왜? 육본으로 향했을까? [［#Fifth Republic］Part 2 - Why did Kim Jae-gyu head to the army headquarters?] (in Korean). 옛드 : MBC 레전드 드라마 (published April 24, 2005). December 2, 2019. Retrieved December 26, 2023.
  74. ↑ ［#코리아게이트］10월 26일, 박정희 대통령을 향해 총을 쏜 김재규｜#풀버전 #1회 [［#KoreaGate］On October 26th, Kim Jae-gyu shot at President Park Chung-hee｜#Full version #Episode 1] (in Korean). 빽드 - SBS 옛날 드라마 (published October 21, 1995). May 22, 2023. Retrieved December 26, 2023.
  75. ↑ ［#코리아게이트］대통령을 암살한 김재규를 체포하다｜#풀버전 #2회 [［#KoreaGate］Kim Jae-gyu, who assassinated the president, is arrested｜#Full version #Episode 2] (in Korean). 빽드 - SBS 옛날 드라마 (published October 22, 1995). May 23, 2023. Retrieved December 26, 2023.

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