| Austroboletus | |
|---|---|
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| Austroboletus eburneus | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Basidiomycota |
| Class: | Agaricomycetes |
| Order: | Boletales |
| Family: | Boletaceae |
| Genus: | Austroboletus (Corner) Wolfe (1980) |
| Type species | |
| Austroboletus dictyotus (Boedijn) Wolfe (1980) | |
| Synonyms | |
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Austroboletus is a genus of fungi in the family Boletaceae. The widely distributed genus contains species that form mycorrhizal relationships with plants.
E. J. H. Corner originally defined Austroboletus as a subgenus of Boletus in his 1972 work Boletus in Malaysia, before it was raised to genus level in 1979 by mycologist Carl B. Wolfe. [1] The type species is Austroboletus dictyotus, a fungus originally described by Karel Bernard Boedijn in 1960 as a member of the genus Porphyrellus . [2] The generic name Austroboletus means "southern bolete". [3]
In a 2014 molecular genetics study, Wu and colleagues defined 22 clades within the Boletaceae. They found the genus as understood to be polyphyletic – composed of two distinct lineages. One with pitted stipes, which remained as Austroboletus, while those with smoother stipes were moved to Veloporphyrellus . They delineated a subfamily Austroboletoideae, which contained genera with pitted spores, including Austroboletus, Fistulinella , Mucilopilus and Veloporphyrellus. These genera were notable in the family in that their fruit bodies generally do not change colour when bruised. [4]
Although they resemble other boletes macroscopically, Austroboletus is differentiated microscopically with spores that are pitted, rather than smooth. [5] The spore colour ranges from lilac- or pinkish-brown to wine-coloured. [6] The pores and tubes are whitish. [4] Members of the genus have a distinctive stipe marked by a coarse reticulate or lacunar (pitted) pattern—most prominent in species native to the western Pacific. [6] The caps are usually dry when young, and sometimes sticky in maturity, with a surface texture ranging from smooth to tomentose to scaly. Microscopically, Austroboletus lacks clamp connections in the hyphae, and the presence of pleurocystidia and cheilocystidia (cystidia on the pore face and edge, respectively) is variable. [7]
Members of the genus are found mainly in the tropics, as well as Australia, New Zealand, and New Caledonia in the southern hemisphere and Japan and North America in the Northern Hemisphere. [6] Two species are found in North America: A. gracilis and A. subflavidus . [3] The majority of Austroboletus species form mycorrhizal relationships with plant species. [4]
As of December 2023 [update] , Index Fungorum lists 38 valid species in the genus Austroboletus. [8]
| Image | Scientific Name | Taxon author | Year | Distribution |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A. albidus | Yan C. Li & Zhu L. Yang | 2021 | China (Jiangxi) | |
| A. albovirescens | Yan C. Li & Zhu L. Yang | 2021 | China | |
| A. amazonicus | A.M. Vasco-Pal. & C. López-Quint. | 2014 | Colombia | |
| A. appendiculatus | Semwal, D. Chakr., K. Das, Indoliya, D. Chakrabarty, S. Adhikari & Karun. | 2017 | India | |
 | A. asper | K. Syme, Bonito, T. Lebel, Fechner & Halling | 2020 | Queensland |
| A. austrovirens | N.A. Fechner, Bougher, Bonito & Halling | 2017 | Queensland | |
| A. brunneisquamus | N.K. Zeng, Chang Xu & S. Jiang | 2021 | China | |
| A. cornalinus | (Perr.-Bertr. & R.Heim) E.Horak | 1980 | Gabon | |
| A. dictyotus | (Boedijn) Wolfe | 1980 | China (Hunan) | |
 | A. eburneus | Watling & N.M.Greg. | 1986 | Queensland |
| A. festivus | (Singer) Wolfe | 1980 | Brazil | |
 | A. fusisporus | (Kawam. ex Imazeki & Hongo) Wolfe | 1980 | China (Yunnan) |
| A. graciliaffinis | Singer | 1988 | north of Brazil and in Colombia and Venezuela | |
 | A. gracilis | (Peck) Wolfe | 1980 | Mexico to Costa Rica |
| A. heterospermus | (R.Heim & Perr.-Bertr.) Singer | 1983 | ||
 | A. lacunosus (Kuntze) | T.W.May & A.E.Wood | 1995 | Australia, New caledonia and New Zealand |
| A. latitubulosus | E.Horak | 1980 | Papua New Guinea | |
| A. malaccensis | (Pat. & C.F.Baker) Wolfe | 1980 | ||
| A. mucosus | (Corner) Wolfe | 1980 | ||
| A. mutabilis | Halling, Osmundson & M.A. Neves | 2006 | northern Australia | |
 | A. neotropicalis | Singer, J.García & L.D.Gómez | 1991 | Costa Rica |
 | A. occidentalis | Watling & N.M.Greg. | 1986 | Australia and southeastern Tasmania |
| A. olivaceobrunneus | Yan C. Li & Zhu L. Yang | 2021 | China | |
| A. olivaceoglutinosus | K.Das & Dentinger | 2015 | India (Sikkim), China (Yunnan) | |
| A. olivaceus | Singer | 1983 | ||
| A. purpurascens | (Heinem.) E.Horak | 1980 | Zaire | |
 | A. rarus | (Corner) E.Horak | 1980 | Singapore and Australia |
| A. rionegrensis | (Singer & I.J.Araujo) Singer | 1983 | Brazil. | |
 | A. roseialbus | N.A. Fechner, Bonito, T. Lebel & Halling | 2017 | eastern New South Wales |
 | A. rostrupii | (Syd. & P.Syd.) E.Horak | 1980 | Thailand, Singapore |
| A. rubiicolor | (Corner) E.Horak | 1980 | Singapore | |
| A. schichianus | (Teng & L.Ling) E.Horak | 1980 | China | |
 | A. subflavidus | (Murrill) Wolfe | 1980 | United States(New Jersey to Florida and Texas) and Central America |
 | A. subvirens | (Hongo) Wolfe | 1980 | Japan, Papua New Guinea |
| A. trinitatensis | Wolfe | 1988 | ||
| A. tristis | (Pat. & C.F.Baker) Wolfe | 1980 | ||
| A. viscidoviridis | N.A. Fechner, Bonito, T. Lebel & Halling | 2017 | Queensland | |
| A. yourkae | F.E. Guard, McMull.-Fish., Van Wyk, T. Lebel & Halling | 2021 | Queensland | |
The Boletaceae are a family of mushroom-forming fungi, primarily characterised by small pores on the spore-bearing hymenial surface, instead of gills as are found in most agarics. Nearly as widely distributed as the agarics, the family is renowned for hosting some prime edible species highly sought after by mushroom hunters worldwide, such as the cep or king bolete . A number of rare or threatened species are also present in the family, that have become the focus of increasing conservation concerns. As a whole, the typical members of the family are commonly known as boletes.
Suillus is a genus of basidiomycete fungi in the family Suillaceae and order Boletales. Species in the genus are associated with trees in the pine family (Pinaceae), and are mostly distributed in temperate locations in the Northern Hemisphere, although some species have been introduced to the Southern Hemisphere.
Tylopilus felleus, commonly known as the bitter bolete or the bitter tylopilus, is a fungus of the bolete family. Its distribution includes east Asia, Europe and eastern North America, extending south into Mexico and Central America. A mycorrhizal species, it grows in deciduous and coniferous woodland, often fruiting under beech and oak. Its fruit bodies have convex to flat caps that are some shade of brown, buff or tan and typically measure up to 15 cm (6 in) in diameter. The pore surface is initially white before turning pinkish with age. Like most boletes it lacks a ring and it may be distinguished from Boletus edulis and other similar species by its unusual pink pores and the prominent dark-brown net-like pattern on its stalk.
Exsudoporus frostii, commonly known as Frost's bolete or the apple bolete, is a bolete fungus first described scientifically in 1874. A member of the family Boletaceae, the mushrooms produced by the fungus have tubes and pores instead of gills on the underside of their caps. Exsudoporus frostii is distributed in the eastern United States from Maine to Georgia, and in the southwest from Arizona extending south to Mexico and Costa Rica. A mycorrhizal species, its fruit bodies are typically found growing near hardwood trees, especially oak.
Caloboletus rubripes, commonly known as the red-stipe bolete or the red-stemmed bitter bolete, is a mushroom in the family Boletaceae. It was known as Boletus rubripes until 2014. Fruit bodies (mushrooms) are robust, with caps up to 18 cm in diameter, atop thick stipes 5–12 cm long. Mushrooms are non-toxic, but is so bitter as to be inedible. The mushroom flesh has a very strong bluing reaction when cut or damaged and forms mycorrhizal relationships, primarily with conifers. It can be differentiated from similar boletes by its cap color and non-reticulate stipe.
Rubroboletus rhodoxanthus is a species of bolete in the family Boletaceae, native to Europe. Previously known as Boletus rhodoxanthus, it was transferred in 2014 to the newly erected genus Rubroboletus, based on DNA data.
Spongiforma is a genus of sponge-like fungi in the family Boletaceae. Newly described in 2009, the genus contains two species: S. thailandica and S. squarepantsii. The type species S. thailandica is known only from Khao Yai National Park in central Thailand, where it grows in soil in old-growth forests dominated by dipterocarp trees. The rubbery fruit bodies, which has a strong odour of coal-tar similar to Tricholoma sulphureum, consists of numerous internal cavities lined with spore-producing tissue. S. squarepantsii, described as new to science in 2011, is found in Malaysia. It produces sponge-like, rubbery orange fruit bodies with a fruity or musky odour. These fruit bodies will—like a sponge—resume their original shape if water is squeezed out. The origin of the specific name derives from its perceived resemblance to the cartoon character SpongeBob SquarePants. Apart from differences in distribution, S. squarepantsii differs from S. thailandica in its colour, odour, and spore structure.
Tylopilus alboater, called the black velvet bolete, by some, is a bolete fungus in the family Boletaceae. The species is found in North America east of the Rocky Mountains, and in eastern Asia, including China, Japan, Taiwan, and Thailand. A mycorrhizal species, it grows solitarily, scattered, or in groups on the ground usually under deciduous trees, particularly oak, although it has been recorded from deciduous, coniferous, and mixed forests.
Boletus rubroflammeus is a species of bolete fungus in the family Boletaceae. First described from Michigan in 1971, it is found in the eastern United States and Mexico, where it grows in a mycorrhizal association with hardwood trees. The fruit bodies (mushrooms) of the fungus have caps that are deep red to purplish red, and dark red pores. The stem has coarse, dark red reticulations and a narrow yellow area at the top. All parts of the mushroom quickly stain blue when injured or cut. Lookalikes include Boletus flammans, a lighter-colored species that grows with conifers. Other similar species can be distinguished by differences in distribution, morphology, staining reaction, and microscopic characteristics. Boletus rubroflammeus mushrooms are poisonous, and can cause gastrointestinal distress if consumed.
Phylloporus arenicola is a species of bolete mushroom in the family Boletaceae. It is found in the Pacific Northwest region of western North America, where it grows in sand dunes in a mycorrhizal association with pine trees. It is one of only three North American Boletaceae species that occur in coastal sand dunes.
Aureoboletus auriflammeus, commonly known as the flaming gold bolete, is a species of bolete fungus in the family Boletaceae. Described as new to science in 1872, it is found in eastern North America, where it grows in a mycorrhizal association with oaks. The caps of the fruit bodies are golden orange, with a yellow pore surface on the underside, and a reticulated (network-like) stem. The edibility of the mushroom is not known.
Xerocomus illudens is a species of bolete fungus in the family Boletaceae. Described as new to science in 1898, it is found in Asia and North America, where it grows in a mycorrhizal association with oak.
Boletus carminiporus is a species of bolete fungus in the family Boletaceae. Described as new to science in 1998, the species is found in the southern United States where it grows in a mycorrhizal association with various trees in mixed forests.
Boletus miniato-olivaceus is a species of bolete fungus in the family Boletaceae. Described as new to science in 1874, it is found in eastern North America, northeast Mexico and southern Brazil.
Xerocomellus is a genus of fungi in the family Boletaceae. The genus, as it was described in 2008, contained 12 species. However X. rubellus and X. engelii were transferred to the new genus Hortiboletus and X. armeniacus was transferred to the new genus Rheubarbariboletus in 2015. Molecular analysis supports the distinction of Xerocomellus species from Boletus and Xerocomus, within which these species were formerly contained. Xerocomellus in fact is only distantly related to Xerocomus and is most closely related to Tylopilus, Boletus sensu stricto, Porphyrellus, Strobilomyces, and Xanthoconium.
Buchwaldoboletus lignicola is a species of bolete fungus in the family Boletaceae native to Europe and North America. Found on wood, it is actually parasitic on the fungus Phaeolus schweinitzii. It has a convex yellow- to rusty brown cap, yellow to yellow-brown pores and stipe, and a brown spore print. Its edibility is unknown.
Boletus subluridellus is a species of bolete fungus in the family Boletaceae. Described as new to science in 1971 by American mycologists, the bolete is found in the eastern United States and Canada. It grows on the ground in coniferous and mixed forests in a mycorrhizal association with deciduous trees, especially oak. The fruit bodies (mushrooms) have orangish-red, broadly convex caps that are up to 10 cm (3.9 in) in diameter, with small, dark reddish pores on the underside. The pale yellow stipe measures 4–9 cm (1.6–3.5 in) long by 1.5–2.3 cm (0.6–0.9 in) thick. All parts of the fruit body will quickly stain blue when injured or touched.
Austroboletus rarus is a species of bolete fungus in the family Boletaceae. Found in Singapore and Australia, it was described as new to science by E.J.H. Corner in 1972, who called it Boletus rarus. Corner found the type collection growing on a forest floor in Bukit Timah in December 1940. He suggested that it might be a variety of Boletus rubiicolor. Egon Horak transferred it to the genus Austroboletus in 1980.
Austroboletus subflavidus is a species of bolete fungus in the family Boletaceae. It is found in eastern North America, where it fruits near oak and pine trees. Originally described as a species of Tylopilus by American mycologist William Murrill in 1938, it was transferred to the genus Austroboletus by Carl B. Wolfe in 1980. The fruit body has a white to yellowish convex to flattened cap measuring 3–10 cm (1.2–3.9 in) in diameter. The pores on the cap underside, which measure about 1 mm wide, are initially white to grayish before becoming pinkish. The coarsely reticulate and pitted stipe measures 4.5–14.5 cm (1.8–5.7 in) long by 0.7–3 cm (0.3–1.2 in). The spore print is reddish brown; spores are spindle-shaped (fusoid) with dimensions of 15–20 by 6–9 μm.
Sutorius eximius, commonly known as the lilac-brown bolete, is a species of fungus in the family Boletaceae. This bolete produces fruit bodies that are dark purple to chocolate brown in color with a smooth cap, a finely scaly stipe, and a reddish-brown spore print. The tiny pores on the cap underside are chocolate to violet brown. It is widely distributed, having been recorded on North America, South America, and Asia, where it grows in a mycorrhizal relationship with both coniferous and deciduous trees.
| Authority control databases: National |
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