Bacillus firmus

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Bacillus firmus
Cytobacillus firmus! formarly Bacillus firmus NRRL NRS-613 (Type Strain).jpg
Scientific classification
Domain:
Bacteria
Phylum:
Bacillota
Class:
Bacilli
Order:
Bacillales
Family:
Bacillaceae
Genus:
Bacillus
Species:
B. firmus
Binomial name
Bacillus firmus
Bredemann and Werner 1933 [1]

Bacillus firmus is an aerobic, Gram-positive, rod-shaped species of bacteria within the genus Bacillus . It is a soil-dwelling bacterium.

Contents

In past studies, various strains have also been isolated from wastewater and marine environments. Some strains of this species are very alkaline-tolerant and may grow in environments with pH as high as 11. [2]

It was first identified in 1933 by Willy Ewald Günther Werner. [3]

This species has been recently transferred into the genus Cytobacillus. [4] The correct nomenclature is Cytobacillus firmus.

It is often used in agricultural and aquaculture settings as a disease control, specifically against nematodes, which are parasites that cause great harm to agricultural production worldwide. It has also been used for removing heavy metals from wastewater.

Strains

Bacillus firmus I-1582 (Bf I-1582) was discovered to have a wide temperature range, but it ideally grows at a temperature around 35°C. Its toxins can break down Meloidogyne eggs and colonize plant roots, where it can induce systemic resistance depending on the species of plant. [5]

B. firmus DS-1 is a strain of Bacillus firmus isolated in 2014 from marine sediment off the South China Sea coast. [6] The sequencing of its genome was very useful in understanding the mechanisms that allow the bacterium to function in agricultural capacities.

Agricultural use

Bacillus firmus I-1582 (Bf I-1582) has proven to be an effective nematicide against nematodes such as Rodopholus similis , Xiphinema index , Heterodera sp. , Ditylenchus sp. , Tylenchulus semipenetrans and Meloidogyne sp. [7] It is approved as a biological-based nematicide against root-knot nematodes in crops by the European Commission. [8]

It has been used as a biopesticide to control Meloidogyne incognita , or southern root-knot nematode, and Pseudopyrenochaeta lycopersici , a fungal plant pathogen, on the growth of tomato crops in an integrated pest management environment. When applied independently and with the chemicals oxamyl and fosthiazate, Bf I-1582 was found to have suppressed both nematode and fungus populations. [7]

While Bf I-1582 has been shown to be efficacious, information on its nematicidinal mechanism of action is limited. [5] Its toxins can break down Meloidogyne eggs and colonize plant roots, where it can induce systemic resistance depending on the species of plant. [5]

B. firmus DS-1 is a strain of Bacillus firmus isolated from marine environments in China. Prior to the isolation of this strain in 2014 and the sequencing of its genome, there was no reference genome sequence available, despite B. firmus’s wide use as a controller of plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs). [6]

The draft genome sequence developed allowed researchers to further understand the exact biological mechanisms that grant B. firmus its nematicidal properties, as well as elucidate the evolutionary relationships between Bacillus strains of marine origin and those found in soil. One of these discoveries includes the identification of Sep1, a novel nematicidal virulence factor. This enzyme shows high toxicity against nematodes C. elegans and M. incognita. This nematicidal activity is dependent on its serine protease activity–it is an extracellular protease that can damage and destroy the physical barriers of nematodes (specifically the intestine and cuticle), effectively protecting against them. [9]

Related Research Articles

<i>Bacillus</i> Genus of bacteria

Bacillus is a genus of Gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria, a member of the phylum Bacillota, with 266 named species. The term is also used to describe the shape (rod) of other so-shaped bacteria; and the plural Bacilli is the name of the class of bacteria to which this genus belongs. Bacillus species can be either obligate aerobes which are dependent on oxygen, or facultative anaerobes which can survive in the absence of oxygen. Cultured Bacillus species test positive for the enzyme catalase if oxygen has been used or is present.

<i>Meloidogyne incognita</i> Nematode worm, plant disease, many hosts

Meloidogyne incognita, also known as the southern root-nematode or cotton root-knot nematode is a plant-parasitic roundworm in the family Heteroderidae. This nematode is one of the four most common species worldwide and has numerous hosts. It typically incites large, usually irregular galls on roots as a result of parasitism.

<i>Alkalihalobacillus clausii</i> Species of bacterium

Alkalihalobacillus clausii or its old scientific name Bacillus clausii is a rod-shaped, motile, and spore-forming bacterium that lives in the soil but is also a natural microflora of the mammalian gastrointestinal tract. It is classified as probiotic microorganism that maintains a symbiotic relationship with the host organism. It is currently being studied in relation to respiratory infections and some gastrointestinal disorders. Bacillus clausii has been found to produce antimicrobial substances that are active against gram-positive bacteria including Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecium and Clostridium difficile. It is sold as an anti-diarrhoea and under the brand name Erceflora by Sanofi.

<i>Purpureocillium lilacinum</i> Species of fungus

Purpureocillium lilacinum is a species of filamentous fungus in the family Ophiocordycipitaceae. It has been isolated from a wide range of habitats, including cultivated and uncultivated soils, forests, grassland, deserts, estuarine sediments and sewage sludge, and insects. It has also been found in nematode eggs, and occasionally from females of root-knot and cyst nematodes. In addition, it has frequently been detected in the rhizosphere of many crops. The species can grow at a wide range of temperatures – from 8 to 38 °C for a few isolates, with optimal growth in the range 26 to 30 °C. It also has a wide pH tolerance and can grow on a variety of substrates. P. lilacinum has shown promising results for use as a biocontrol agent to control the growth of destructive root-knot nematodes.

Bacillus halodurans is a rod-shaped, Gram-positive, motile and spore-forming bacterium found in soil. In a genomic comparison with Bacillus subtilis, B. halodurans strain C-125 - originally an unclassified Bacillus strain - was found to contain unique genes and sigma factors that may have aided its adaptation to more alkaline environments.

Alkalihalobacillus alcalophilus is a Gram-positive, rod-shaped species of bacteria. Likely strains of this species have been isolated from highly alkaline waste water. A. alcalophilus is a moderate halotolerant obligate alkaliphile growing at 40 °C and at pH 9–10.5 that has been isolated from soil and animal manures.

Pratylenchus alleni is a migratory endoparasitic nematode, living inside of plant roots and feeding on parenchyma cells in the root cortex. P. alleni is an obligate biotroph, meaning it must have a living host in order to survive. Due to their incredibly broad host range, Pratylenchus species fall third in total economic impact, finishing just behind cyst nematodes and root knot nematodes (Meloidogyne). In Canada, it was isolated for the first time in 2011 in a soybean field.

Bacillus gibsonii is a facultative anaerobe bacterium. It is a gram positive, alkaliphilic and alkalitolerant, aerobic endospore-forming bacteria.

Bacillus pseudofirmus is a facultative anaerobe bacterium. It is a gram positive, alkaliphilic and alkalitolerant, aerobic endospore-forming bacteria.

Bacillus boroniphilus is a species of highly boron-tolerant bacterium, hence its name. It is Gram-positive, motile, and rod-shaped, with type strain T-15ZT. Its genome has been sequenced.

Bacillus fumarioli is a species of aerobic endospore-forming bacteria. It is moderately thermophilic and acidophilic, with type strain LMG 17489T.

Bacillus fastidiosus is an aerobic, motile, rod-shaped bacterium that has been isolated from soil and poultry litter. The species was first isolated and described by the scientist Den Dooren de Jong in 1929. This organism is a mesophile that contains ellipsoidal spores that do not cause swelling of the sporangia. Bacillus fastidiosus is only able to grow in the presence of uric acid, allantoin, or allantoic acid.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cry6Aa</span>

Cry6Aa is a toxic crystal protein generated by the bacterial family Bacillus thuringiensis during sporulation. This protein is a member of the alpha pore forming toxins family, which gives it insecticidal qualities advantageous in agricultural pest control. Each Cry protein has some level of target specificity; Cry6Aa has specific toxic action against coleopteran insects and nematodes. The corresponding B. thuringiensis gene, cry6aa, is located on bacterial plasmids. Along with several other Cry protein genes, cry6aa can be genetically recombined in Bt corn and Bt cotton so the plants produce specific toxins. Insects are developing resistance to the most commonly inserted proteins like Cry1Ac. Since Cry6Aa proteins function differently than other Cry proteins, they are combined with other proteins to decrease the development of pest resistance. Recent studies suggest this protein functions better in combination with other virulence factors such as other Cry proteins and metalloproteinases.>

Caldalkalibacillus is an aerobic and spore-forming genus of bacteria from the family of Bacillaceae the stains either Gram-positive or Gram-variable. The type species of this genus is Caldalkalibacillus thermarum.

Salibacterium is a genus of Gram-positive bacteria from the family of Bacillaceae. The type species is Salibacterium halotolerans.

Alkalihalobacillus is a genus of gram-positive or gram-variable rod-shaped bacteria in the family Bacillaceae from the order Bacillales. The type species of this genus is Alkalihalobacillus alcalophilus.

Metabacillus is a genus of rod-shaped bacteria exhibiting Gram-positive or Gram-variable staining in the family Bacillaceae within the order Bacillales. The type species for this genus is Metabacillus fastidiosus.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cytobacillus</span> Genus of rod-shaped bacteria

Cytobacillus is a genus of rod-shaped bacteria that stain either Gram-positive or Gram-variable in the family Bacillaceae within the order Bacillales. The type species for this genus is Cytobacillus firmus.

Evansella is a genus of Gram-positive rod-shaped bacteria in the family Bacillaceae within the order Bacillales. The type species for this genus is Evansella cellulosilytica.

Litchfieldia is a genus of Gram-positive rod-shaped bacteria in the family Bacillaceae within the order Bacillales. The type species for this genus is Litchfieldia alkalitelluris.

References

  1. ↑ Bredemann, G., and Werner, W.: In: Werner, W. "Botanische beschreibung haufinger am buttersaureabbau beteiligter sporenbildender bakterienspezies." Zentralbl. Bakteriol. Parasitenkd. Infektionskr. Hyg. Abt. II (1933) 87:446–475.
  2. ↑ GUFFANTI, A. A.; BLANCO, R.; BENENSON, R. A.; KRULWICH, T. A. (1 July 1980). "Bioenergetic Properties of Alkaline-tolerant and Alkalophilic Strains of Bacillus firmus". Microbiology. 119 (1): 79–86. doi: 10.1099/00221287-119-1-79 .
  3. ↑ "Bacillus firmus Bredemann & Werner, 1933". www.gbif.org. Retrieved 2024-05-07.
  4. ↑ Patel, Sudip; Gupta, Radhey S. (2020-01-01). "A phylogenomic and comparative genomic framework for resolving the polyphyly of the genus Bacillus: Proposal for six new genera of Bacillus species, Peribacillus gen. nov., Cytobacillus gen. nov., Mesobacillus gen. nov., Neobacillus gen. nov., Metabacillus gen. nov. and Alkalihalobacillus gen. nov". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 70 (1): 406–438. doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.003775 . ISSN   1466-5026. PMID   31617837.
  5. 1 2 3 Huang, Mengmeng; Bulut, Aylin; Shrestha, Bidhya; Matera, Christiane; Grundler, Florian M. W.; Schleker, A. Sylvia S. (2021-07-08). "Bacillus firmus I-1582 promotes plant growth and impairs infection and development of the cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii over two generations". Scientific Reports. 11 (1): 14114. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-93567-0. ISSN   2045-2322. PMC   8266893 . PMID   34239009.
  6. 1 2 Geng, Ce; Tang, Zhichao; Peng, Donghai; Shao, Zongze; Zhu, Lei; Zheng, Jinshui; Wang, Huan; Ruan, Lifang; Sun, Ming (2014-05-10). "Draft genome sequence of Bacillus firmus DS1". Journal of Biotechnology. 177: 20–21. doi:10.1016/j.jbiotec.2014.02.012. ISSN   1873-4863. PMID   24569035.
  7. 1 2 Arakere, Udayashankar C.; Jagannath, Shubha; Krishnamurthy, Soumya; Chowdappa, Srinivas; Konappa, Narasimhamurthy (2022), "Microbial bio-pesticide as sustainable solution for management of pests", Biopesticides, Elsevier, pp. 183–200, doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-823355-9.00016-x , retrieved 2024-05-07
  8. ↑ "FAO.org :". www.fao.org. Retrieved 2024-05-07.
  9. ↑ Geng, Ce; Nie, Xiangtao; Tang, Zhichao; Zhang, Yuyang; Lin, Jian; Sun, Ming; Peng, Donghai (2016-04-27). "A novel serine protease, Sep1, from Bacillus firmus DS-1 has nematicidal activity and degrades multiple intestinal-associated nematode proteins". Scientific Reports. 6 (1): 25012. doi:10.1038/srep25012. ISSN   2045-2322.

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