Ball Corporation

Ball Corporation

Company type	Public
Traded as	NYSE:  BALL S&P 500 component
ISIN	US0584981064
Industry	Packaging aerospace
Founded	1880;144 years ago (1880)
Headquarters	Westminster, Colorado, U.S.
Key people	Dan Fisher (CEO)
Products	Metal containers, packaging, space manufacturing
Revenue	US$14.0 billion (2023)
Operating income	US$1.27 billion (2023)
Net income	US$711 million (2023)
Total assets	US$19.3 billion (2023)
Total equity	US$3.84 billion (2023)
Number of employees	c. 21,000 (December 2023)
Subsidiaries	Ball Aerospace (1956–2024)
Website	ball.com
Footnotes /references Financials as of December 31,2023 [update] [1]

Ball Corporation is an American company headquartered in Westminster, Colorado. It is best known for its early production of glass jars, lids, and related products used for home canning. Since its founding in Buffalo, New York, in 1880, ^[2] when it was known as the Wooden Jacket Can Company, the Ball company has expanded and diversified into other business ventures, including aerospace technology. It eventually became the world's largest manufacturer of recyclable metal beverage and food containers.

The Ball brothers renamed their business the Ball Brothers Glass Manufacturing Company, incorporated in 1886. Its headquarters, as well as its glass and metal manufacturing operations, were moved to Muncie, Indiana, by 1889. The business was renamed the Ball Brothers Company in 1922 and the Ball Corporation in 1969. It became a publicly traded stock company on the New York Stock Exchange in 1973.

Ball left the home canning business in 1993 by spinning off a former subsidiary (Alltrista) into a free-standing company, which renamed itself Jarden Corporation. As part of the spin-off, Jarden is licensed to use the Ball registered trademark on its line of home-canning products. Today, the Ball brand for mason jars and home canning supplies belongs to Newell Brands.

History

Early years

In 1880, Frank C. and Edmund B. Ball borrowed close to $200 from George Harvey Ball, their uncle and founder and first president of Keuka College, to buy what was then known as the Wooden Jacket Can Company, a small manufacturing business located in Buffalo, New York. Soon, William, Lucius, and George Ball joined their brothers, Frank and Edmund, in Buffalo. ^{[3] [4]} (Years later, the brothers reciprocated their uncle's early assistance by providing financial support to Keuka College.) ^[5]

The Ball brothers' company made tin cans encased in wooden jackets to hold kerosene, paints, or varnishes. ^[3] Because the acid used to refine kerosene caused corrosion in tin, the brothers decided to use glass for the inserts of the wood-jacketed cans.^{[ citation needed ]} Initially, they bought the glass containers from a factory in Poughkeepsie, New York. ^[6] Around 1885 a group of Belgian glassblowers who were passing through Buffalo encouraged the Ball brothers to build their own factory. ^[7] The Ball brothers purchased land in East Buffalo, where they built a two-story brick building for the stamping works and a one-story frame factory for the glass works. Although a fire destroyed an early glass factory in Buffalo, the brothers rebuilt and expanded the business. To keep the new factory's furnace operating at full capacity, the company introduced new products and made improvements to its glass and metal manufacturing processes. ^{[3] [8]}

Around 1884, when the brothers discovered that the Mason Improved fruit jar patent was due to expire, their company began manufacturing canning jars in their glassworks. ^[9] The Ball Brothers' jars, which were made in such sizes as half-gallon, pint, and midget, were manufactured during 1884, 1885, and 1886. “Buffalo” jar lids were produced in a Ball Brother metal fabricating factory. The brothers decided to add their logo onto the surface of the glass jars, which were amber or aqua (blue-green) at the time. ^{[3] [10] [11]}

On February 13, 1886, the five brothers incorporated as Ball Brothers Manufacturing Company. ^[12] About the same time the factory in Buffalo was destroyed by fire in 1886, the brothers began to consider moving their business closer to natural gas supplies. ^[13] While on a business trip in Cleveland, Ohio, Frank heard about the natural gas boom in Findlay, Ohio. After visiting the town, he told Edmund about the economic advantages of using natural gas instead of coal for manufacturing glass. Edmund visited several towns in the gas fields, including Muncie, Indiana. The two brothers decided to make a more extensive trip to investigate the possibility of establishing a glass factory closer to an abundant supply of natural gas. They briefly had doubts about extending beyond Buffalo, but decided to explore the use of natural gas as a means of expanding their glass-making business. ^{[3] [14]}

Frank and Edmund first visited in Fostoria, Ohio, where they were enthusiastically welcomed. The next stop was Bowling Green, Ohio. After a night in town, Edmund returned to Buffalo, but Frank remained. After Frank had been in Bowling Green for about a week, he received a telegram from James Boyce, a Muncie businessman. Frank, who had become weary of Bowling Green, was ready for a change and "decided to run down to Muncie and see what they had to offer." ^[15] As Frank recalled his early discussions with Muncie's town leaders, "There was nothing about the town that particularly appealed to me, but the men were all courteous, kind, and businesslike." ^[16] Frank agreed to a proposal that offered the Ball brothers 7 acres (2.8 hectares) of land for a factory site, a gas well, and $5,000 in cash to encourage the move to Muncie. In addition, city officials agreed to provide a railroad connection to the brothers' new facilities. By September 1887 construction had begun on the Muncie factory and the Ball brothers began plans to move their glass manufacturing operations from New York. Frank remained in Muncie to get the factory up and running, while Edmund closed the glass factory in Buffalo, then moved to Muncie to join Frank. Their brothers, William and George, remained in Buffalo to operate the stamping works and a factory in Bath, New York. ^{[17] [18] [19]}

In 1888 the company opened its first glass manufacturing facility in Muncie. ^{[3] [19]} On February 18 fires were started in the new factory's furnace; on March 1 its first glass products were made. ^[9] The first products to be manufactured in the new factory in Muncie were oil containers and lamp chimneys, not fruit jars. By 1889 the Ball company's headquarters and its glass and metal manufacturing operations had moved to Muncie. ^{[3] [19]} The other Ball brothers moved to Indiana in the 1890s. George moved to Muncie in 1893, William arrived in 1897, and Lucius, a company shareholder and a physician, moved to Muncie in 1894. ^{[20] [21]}

In the late nineteenth century, the company continued to grow and prosper, but not without experiencing some challenges. Fires at its Muncie factories and warehouses in 1891 and 1898 damaged its facilities, but they were rebuilt. Despite the economic panic of 1893, the company was able to produce 22 million fruit jars for the year beginning in September 1894, and 37 million jars by 1897. When natural gas supplies in the area began to diminish, the Ball brothers installed gas converters to use Indiana coal in their factories and continued manufacturing operations. The company's F. C. Ball machine, patented in 1898, introduced mass production into its glass-blowing process and gave it a competitive market advantage. By 1905 the company was producing 60 million canning jars per year and had acquired other glass manufacturers, expanding its operations to include seven factories in addition to its main facilities at Muncie. ^{[3] [22] [23]}

In a continuation of the company's difficulties in Muncie, workers organized with Local 200 (Glass Workers) of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) at the main facility, went on strike in March 1910, with the strikers demanding wage increases. A settlement was quickly reached on March 29, but company management reneged on the agreement and threatened to declare a lockout. ^{[24] [25]} The strike continued, but was weakened by the refusal of machinists affiliated with the American Federation of Labor to join the strike. By the end of April, the strike was lost. ^[26]

Diversification

For over 90 years, Ball continued to be a family-owned business. Renamed the Ball Brothers Company in 1922, it remained well known for manufacturing fruit jars, lids, and related products for home canning. The company also entered into other business ventures. Because the four main components of their core product line of canning jars included glass, zinc, rubber, and paper, the Ball company acquired a zinc strip rolling mill to produce metal lids for their glass jars, manufactured rubber sealing rings for the jars, and acquired a paper mill to fabricate the packaging used in shipping their products. The company also acquired tin, steel, and later, plastic companies. ^[27]

The Ball company faced additional challenges and opportunities during the Great Depression and World War II. Prior to 1933, Ball was the largest domestic manufacturer of home canning jars. In 1939 it manufactured 54% of all the canning jars made in the US. A drop in demand for the jars during the 1930s led the Ball brothers to begin manufacturing other types of jars and bottles for commercial use, and expand into other lines of business. During World War II the company's operations were converted to produce shells and machine parts for the military. ^[28] After the war, Ball's glass-making business was hindered by an antitrust case in which the company was one of several defendants. The legal case was appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court. The final decision, which was handed down in 1947, restricted Ball's ability to acquire other glass manufacturers and other businesses producing glass-making machinery without prior court approval. In 1949 decreasing demand for canning jars caused the company to suffer its first net operating loss. With legal restrictions on the company's ability to expand its glass-making business and declining demand for its canning jars, Ball company executives decided that in order to grow it had to further diversity its holdings. ^[29]

Throughout the 1950s the Ball company explored expanding into the aerospace industry. The Ball Brothers Research Corporation set up laboratories in Boulder, Colorado, and in Muncie. The company first began manufacturing aerospace equipment around 1959. Its OSO-1 (Orbiting Solar Observatory) satellite, designed and built for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) with $1.4 million in grants, launched into space on March 7, 1962, at Cape Canaveral, Florida. Its success led to additional contracts to build more satellites, a total of seven, but not without some losses. An explosion killed three workers and damaged the company's OSO-2 satellite in 1964. ^{[27] [30]}

The company continued to expand into other areas including avionics, aerospace systems, and metal beverage and food containers. Renamed the Ball Corporation in 1969, it acquired Jeffco Manufacturing Company, a maker of recyclable aluminum beverage cans, and became the largest producer of recyclable beverage cans in the world. ^{[31] [32] [33]} Although glass production in Muncie ceased in 1962, it continued at other Ball plants until its final glass manufacturing operations were sold in 1996. ^[27]

Ball Corporation's stock went public on July 13, 1972.^{[ citation needed ]} It became a publicly traded stock company on the New York Stock Exchange in 1973. ^[27] The stock began trading at $26 per share on the NYSE on December 17, 1973, using the trading symbol BLL.^{[ citation needed ]}

Ball no longer produces its glass canning jars. In the early 1990s Ball exited the home-canning business, when it established a subsidiary named Alltrista, which consisted of seven smaller Ball subsidiaries that included the Ball jar and other canning-related products. When Altrista Corporation became a separate company in April 1993, Ball shareholders received one share of Alltrista stock for every four shares of Ball stock. Altrista was renamed Jarden Corporation in 2001. Jarden retains the license to use the Ball registered trademark on its line of home-canning products, a part of Jarden's branded consumables business. ^{[27] [34]} (Jarden produces lids for several brands of fruit jars at its Muncie plant and its jars are made by a variety of glass producers.^{[ citation needed ]})

In 1998 the Ball Corporation moved its corporate headquarters from Muncie to Broomfield, Colorado, where its oversees global operations as a manufacturer of metal food and beverage containers, as well as a manufacturer of equipment and supplier of services to the aerospace industry. ^{[35] [27]}

Company milestones

• 1880, Frank and Edmund Ball acquired the Wood Jacket Can Company, the predecessor to the Ball Corporation, in Buffalo, New York ^[3]
• 1886, incorporated as Ball Brothers Glass Manufacturing Company ^[12]
• 1887, a new glass factory was built in Muncie, Indiana; metal manufacturing operations continued at Buffalo and Bath, New York ^[3]
• 1889, the company's metal fittings operations were moved to Muncie ^[3]
• 1897, F. C. Ball Machine, the world's first semiautomatic glass machine, was invented (U.S. patent number 610515, issued in 1898) ^{[36] [37]}
• 1909, The Correct Method for Preserving Fruit, predecessor to The Ball Blue Book was published; it featured home-canning recipes and techniques. ^[38]
• 1922, name changed to Ball Brothers Company ^[3]
• 1945, fire causes $500,000 in damages to Ball's glass plant number one in Muncie ^[39] </ref>
• 1956, Ball formed Ball Brothers Research Corporation to produce goods and services for the aerospace sector. ^[40] This was converted to a wholly owned subsidiary, Ball Aerospace & Technologies Corp., in 1995.
• 1961, Ball purchased Industrial Rubber of St. Joseph, MI. which was later sold to Chardon Rubber in 1978. ^[41]
• 1962, Ball's Muncie glass plant is closed ^[27]
• 1969, company name is changed to the Ball Corporation ^[20]
• 1973, Ball became a publicly traded stock listed on New York Stock Exchange ^[27]
• 1993, Alltrista, a Ball subsidiary, was spun off into a separate corporation. ^[34] Renamed the Jarden Corporation in 2002, ^[42] it uses of the Ball registered trademark on its line of home-canning products.
• 1994, Ball began manufacturing PET plastic containers.
• 1995, Ball created Ball-Foster Glass Container Co., a joint venture glass company with Saint-Gobain. ^[43]
• 1996, Ball exited the glass business, selling its interests in Ball-Foster to Saint-Gobain. ^[44]
• 1998, corporate headquarters relocated from Muncie, Indiana, to Broomfield, Colorado ^[27]
• 2002, Ball acquired Schmalbach-Lubeca AG, the German-based metal beverage container company, and created Ball Packaging Europe.^{[ citation needed ]}
• 2005, Ball celebrated its 125th anniversary.
• 2006, Ball acquired U.S. Can, Inc., the largest U.S. manufacturer of aerosol cans.
• 2008, Ball Corporation issued its first sustainability report. ^[45]
• 2010, Ball acquired Aerocan S.A.S., makers of aluminum aerosol cans and bottles, for $292 million. ^[46]
• 2016, Ball acquired Rexam, a UK-based packaging company ^{[47] [ full citation needed ]}
• 2020, Ball acquired Tubex Industria E Comercio de Embalagens Ltda in Brazil, for $80 million. ^[48]
• 2020, Ball acquired the naming rights of Pepsi Center in Downtown Denver and renamed it Ball Arena.
• 2023, Ball agreed to divest Ball Aerospace to BAE Systems for $5.6 billion in cash. ^[49]

Environmental record

The Ball Corporation has made improvements to its environmental record since 2006, when the company began its first formal sustainability efforts. ^[50] In 2008 the Ball Corporation issued its first sustainability report and began releases subsequent sustainability reports on its website. ^[45] The first report was an ACCA-Ceres North American Sustainability Awards cowinner of the Best First Time Reporter award in 2009. ^{[51] [ citation needed ]}

In the Toxic 100 list for 2004, using data from 2002, researchers at the University of Massachusetts Amherst's Political Economy Research Institute (PERI) identified the Ball Corporation as the 59th-largest corporate producer of Air pollution in the United States, with an estimated 4.57 million pounds of toxic air released annually. ^[52] The PERI report for 2008, using data from 2005, ranked the Ball Corporation 54th on its Toxic 100 list; PERI's report for 2010, using data from 2006, ranked it 65th. ^[53] The PERI studies indicated major pollutants included glycol ethers and 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene. ^[54]

The PERI Toxic 100 Air Polluters list for 2013 ranked the Ball Corporation as 619 in its list of companies producing the most air pollution in the United States. ^[55] In 2015 Newsweek ranked the Ball Corporation as 70th in their "Green 2015" report, which reviewed the environmental performances of the 500 largest publicly traded companies in the United States. ^{[56] [57] [58]}

See also

• Companies portal
• United States portal

References

1. "Ball Corporation 2023 Annual Report (Form 10-K)". U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. February 20, 2024.
2. "Ball Corporation, Form 10-K, Annual Report, Filing Date Apr 1, 1996". secdatabase.com. Retrieved February 5, 2013.
3. Quigley 2015, p. 14.
4. Edmonds & Geelhoed 2001, p. 47.
5. Africa 1974, pp. 114–115.
6. Ball 1937, pp. 50–60.
7. Ball 1960, p. 12.
8. Ball 1937, pp. 63–64.
9. Birmingham 1980, p. 70.
10. Birmingham 1980, pp. 56–58.
11. Brantley 1975, p. 3.
12. Birmingham 1980, p. 56.
13. Ball 1937, pp. 70–72.
14. Ball 1937, p. 72.
15. Ball 1937, p. 76.
16. Ball 1937, p. 77.
17. Ball 1937, pp. 78–79.
18. Edmonds & Geelhoed 2001, pp. 48–49.
19. Boomhower 1995, p. 44.
20. Quigley 2015, p. 15.
21. Conn 2003, p. 33.
22. Edmonds & Geelhoed 2001, pp. 49–50.
23. Birmingham 1980, pp. 80–81.
24. Upton, Austin. "IWW Yearbook 1910". IWW History Project. University of Washington . Retrieved April 19, 2016.
25. "Glass Workers Strike at Muncie". Industrial Worker . Vol. 2, no. 4 (published April 16, 1910). 1910. p. 1.
26. "A. F. of L. Breaks Strike". Industrial Worker . Vol. 2, no. 5 (published April 23, 1910). 1910. p. 2.
27. Quigley 2015, pp. 14–15.
28. Birmingham 1980, pp. 139–140.
29. Birmingham 1980, pp. 113–116.
30. Birmingham 1980, pp. 171–172.
31. Birmingham 1980, p. 176.
32. "Ball Corporation, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date January 27, 1994". secdatabase.com. Retrieved February 5, 2013.
33. "Ball Corporation, Form 10-K, Annual Report, Filing Date March 12, 2004" (PDF). secdatabase.com. Retrieved February 5, 2013.
34. "Alltrista Corporation History". Funding Universe. Retrieved March 25, 2016. "Company History". Jarden Corporation. Retrieved March 25, 2016.
35. "Ball Corporation, Form 10-K, Annual Report, Filing Date February 2012".
36. Edmonds & Geelhoed 2001, p. 50.
37. Birmingham 1980, p. 77.
38. The first Ball Blue Book appeared in July 1915. See ( Brantley 1975 , pp. 21, 39, 76)
39. Birmingham 1980, p. 142.
40. Birmingham 1980, p. 157.
41. Eliasohn, Michael (June 1, 2007). "Industrial Rubber to shut down". The Herald Palladium . Retrieved November 6, 2016.
42. "Alltrista Changes Name to Jarden Corporation". Bloomberg. June 3, 2002.
43. "Saint-Gobain Joins with Ball on Glass Venture". The New York Times. June 28, 1995. Retrieved November 2, 2009.
44. "Saint-Gobain buys out American partner". The New York Times. September 17, 1996. Retrieved November 2, 2009.
45. Toward a Sustainable Future: Ball Corporation 2007 Sustainability Report (PDF). Broomfield, CO: Ball Corporation. 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 29, 2014. Retrieved March 25, 2016.
46. Gelsi 2010.
47. Telegraph Newspaper
48. Gelsi, Steve (March 11, 2020). "Ball Corp. To Buy Tubex Aluminum Aerosol Packaging Facility In Brazil". NASDAQ .
49. Shabong, Yadarisa (August 17, 2023). "BAE snaps up Ball's aerospace arm for $5.6 billion in its biggest deal ever". Reuters.
50. Ball Corporation: 2014 Sustainability Report (PDF). Broomfield, CO: Ball Corporation. 2014. p. 26. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 18, 2016. Retrieved April 8, 2016.
51. White, Gwendolen B. (November 1, 2009). Sustainability Reporting: Managing for Wealth and Corporate Health. Business Expert Press. ISBN   9781606490792.
52. "Toxic 100 Air Polluters Index: 2004 report, based on 2002 data". Political Economy Research Institute. Archived from the original on May 7, 2013. Retrieved March 25, 2016.
53. "Toxic 100 Air Polluters Index: 2008 report, based on 2005 data". Political Economy Research Institute. Archived from the original on May 4, 2016. Retrieved March 25, 2016. "Toxic 100 Air Polluters, 2010 report". Political Economy Research Institute. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved March 25, 2016.
54. "Ball Corporation - Chemicals". Political Economy Research Institute . Archived from the original on July 22, 2011. Retrieved July 22, 2010.
55. "Ball Corp". Political Economy Research Institute. August 2013. Retrieved March 25, 2016.
56. "Green 2015". Newsweek. Retrieved March 30, 2016.
57. In 2009 the Ball Corporation ranked 111th in the Newsweek list of "Green Rankings" for U.S. companies. "Newsweek –Green Ranking-Ball". Archived from the original on September 28, 2009. Retrieved July 22, 2010. See "Greenest Big Companies in America – The 2009 List". Newsweek. Retrieved July 22, 2010.
58. The Newsweek list for 2014 ranked the Ball Corporation third among the top ten green companies in the U.S. See "Top 10 Green Companies in the U.S." Newsweek. Retrieved March 30, 2016.

References

• Africa, Philip A. (1974). Keuka College: A History. Valley Forge, PA: Judson Press. OCLC   745947.
• "Alltrista Corporation". International Directory of Company Histories. Vol. 30. St. James Press. 2000. Archived from the original on April 3, 2014. Retrieved March 25, 2016– via Funding Universe.
• Ball, Edmund F. (1960). From Fruit Jars to Satellites: The Story of Ball Brothers Company, Incorporated. New York: Necomen Society in North America. OCLC   958552.
• Ball, Frank Clayton (1937). Memoirs of Frank Clayton Ball. Muncie, IN: Scott Printing Company. OCLC   3918177.
• "Ball Corp". PERI: Toxic 100 Index. Political Economy Research Institute. August 2013. Retrieved March 25, 2016.
• "Ball Corporation-Chemicals". Political Economy Research Institute . Archived from the original on July 22, 2011. Retrieved July 22, 2010.
• "Ball Corporation, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date January 27, 1994". secdatabase.com. Retrieved February 5, 2013.
• "Ball Corporation, Form 10-K, Annual Report, Filing Date April 1, 1996". secdatabase.com. Retrieved February 5, 2013.
• "Ball Corporation, Form 10-K, Annual Report, Filing Date March 12, 2004" (PDF). secdatabase.com. Retrieved February 5, 2013.
• "Ball Corporation, Form 10-K, Annual Report, Filing Date February 22, 2012" (PDF). secdatabase.com. Retrieved February 5, 2013.
• Ball Corporation: 2014 Sustainability Report (PDF) (Report). Broomfield, CO: Ball Corporation. 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 19, 2015. Retrieved April 8, 2016.
• Birmingham, Frederic Alexander (1980). Ball Corporation: The First Century. Indianapolis, IN: Curtis Publishing Company. ISBN   9780893870393.
• Boomhower, Ray (Winter 1995). "Destination Indiana: Oakhurst, East-Central Indiana's Natural Beauty". Traces of Indiana and Midwestern History. 7 (1). Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society: 44.
• Brantley, William F. (1975). A Collector's Guide to Ball Jars. Muncie IN: Rosemary Humbert Martin. OCLC   3104299.
• "Company History". Jarden Corporation. Retrieved March 25, 2016.
• Conn, Earl (2003). Beneficence: Stories about the Ball Families of Muncie . Muncie, IN: Minnetrista Cultural Foundation. ISBN   1-884586-09-0.
• Edmonds, Anthony O.; Geelhoed, E. Bruce (2001). Ball State University: An Interpretive History. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. ISBN   9780253340177.
• Gelsi, Steve (December 8, 2010). "Ball Corp. Acquiring Aerocan for $292 Million". MarketWatch . Retrieved December 23, 2010.
• Quigley, Barbara (2015). Gugin, Linda C.; St. Clair, James E. (eds.). Indiana's 200: The People Who Shaped the Hoosier State . Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society Press. ISBN   978-0-87195-387-2.
• "Saint-Gobain buys out American partner". The New York Times . Associated Press. September 17, 1996. Retrieved November 2, 2009.
• "Saint-Gobain joins with Ball on glass venture". The New York Times . Bloomberg News. June 28, 1995. Retrieved November 2, 2009.
• Toward a Sustainable Future: Ball Corporation 2007 Sustainability Report (PDF) (Report). Broomfield, CO: Ball Corporation. 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 29, 2014. Retrieved March 25, 2016.
• "Toxic 100 Air Polluters Index: 2004 report, based on 2002 data". Political Economy Research Institute. Archived from the original on May 7, 2013. Retrieved March 25, 2016.
• "Toxic 100 Air Polluters Index: 2008 report, based on 2005 data". Political Economy Research Institute. Archived from the original on March 26, 2016. Retrieved March 25, 2016.
• "Toxic 100 Air Polluters, 2010 report". Political Economy Research Institute. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved March 25, 2016.

Further reading

• Glass, James A. (December 2000). "The Gas Boom of East Central Indiana". Indiana Magazine of History. 96 (4). Bloomington: Indiana University: 313–335. Retrieved March 31, 2016.
• Myers, George E. (1965). The Story of Ball Brothers. Ball Brothers Company.

External links

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