Bar Hill Fort

Last updated

Bar Hill Fort
Bar Hill from the air (geograph 4517293).jpg
Bar Hill and Twechar with Kilsyth and Croy in the background
Alternative name(s)Barr Hill
Founded during the reign of Antoninus Pius
Place in the Roman world
Province Britannia
Stationed military units
Legions
2nd
20th
Cohorts
First Cohort of Baetasians, [1]
First Cohort of Hamians [2]
Location
CountyEast Dunbartonshire
CountryScotland
Site notes
Excavation dates1902-1905, 1978-1982, [3] 1982-1984
ArchaeologistsGeorge Macdonald, Alexander Park
ExhibitionsHunterian Museum
RIB 2170. Honorific Building Inscription of the First Cohort of Baetasians. It has been scanned and a video produced. Romanwallinscotl00macduoft raw 0259.png
RIB 2170. Honorific Building Inscription of the First Cohort of Baetasians. It has been scanned and a video produced.
RIB 2171. Building Inscription of the Second and Twentieth Legions. Romanwallinscotl00macduoft raw 0405Vex.png
RIB 2171. Building Inscription of the Second and Twentieth Legions.
A man's, a woman's and a child's shoe from Bar Hill. Romanwallinscotl00macduoft raw 0263.png
A man's, a woman's and a child's shoe from Bar Hill.

Bar Hill Fort was a Roman fort on the Antonine Wall in Scotland. [10] It was built around the year 142 A.D.. Older maps and documents sometimes spell the name as Barr Hill. [11] A computer generated fly around for the site has been produced. [12] Lidar scans have been done along the length of the wall including Bar Hill. [13] Sir George Macdonald wrote about the excavation of the site. [14] Many other artefacts have also been found at Shirva, about a mile away on the other side of Twechar. [15]

Many Roman forts along the wall held garrisons of around 500 men. [16] Larger forts like Castlecary and Birrens had a nominal cohort of 1000 men [17] but probably sheltered women and children [18] as well although the troops were not allowed to marry. [19] There is likely too to have been large communities of civilians around the site. [20]

An altar (RIB 2167) to Silvanus was found in 1895 on Bar Hill. It's thought to have originated from a small shrine outside the fort. The altar is now kept in the Hunterian Museum, [21] Glasgow along with others like the one found at Castlecary. [22] A 43 foot deep well was discovered at the site. [23] Several item were recovered from the well. It's possible they were dumped there when the site was abandoned. Shoes from men, women and children were found leading to suggestions of family life. Other recovered items include an altar, bones, shells and coins. Structural materials like building columns, wooden beams were found as was part of the pulley of the well. [24] Videos of some reconstructed objects like a barrel, [25] a window. [26] and various columns [27] have been produced as well as one of a bust of Silenus. [28]

Bar Hill Fort was one of over a dozen forts built along the Antonine Wall from around 140 AD. These follow a short route across Scotland’s central belt which was largely followed in the 18th century when constructing the Forth and Clyde canal. [29] On the south-facing slope of the hill is the headquarters; it is the biggest building that can be seen. The remains of a Roman bathhouse can also be observed. [30]

Bar Hill as seen from the air looking east from Twechar towards the Firth of Forth along the line of the Forth and Clyde canal. Kilsyth is on the left and Cumbernauld is on the right. Castlehill has a similar aerial view to the west. Twechar from the air (geograph 4517301).jpg
Bar Hill as seen from the air looking east from Twechar towards the Firth of Forth along the line of the Forth and Clyde canal. Kilsyth is on the left and Cumbernauld is on the right. Castlehill has a similar aerial view to the west.
Romanwallinscotl00macduoft raw 0451 RIB 2166.png
RIB 2166. [31] Altar dedicated to Mars Camulus.
Romanwallinscotl00macduoft raw 0451 RIB2167.png
RIB 2167. [32] Altar dedicated to Silvanus. On a plinth. It has been scanned and a video produced. [33]
Romanwallinscotl00macduoft raw 0451 RIB 2169.png
RIB 2169. [34] Altar dedicated by First Cohort of Baetasians. Their name also appears on an altar from Old Kilpatrick.
Forts and Fortlets associated with the Antonine Wall from west to east: Bishopton, Old Kilpatrick, Duntocher, Cleddans, Castlehill, Bearsden, Summerston, Balmuildy, Wilderness Plantation, Cadder, Glasgow Bridge, Kirkintilloch, Auchendavy, Bar Hill, Croy Hill, Westerwood, Castlecary, Seabegs, Rough Castle, Camelon, Watling Lodge, Falkirk, Mumrills, Inveravon, Kinneil, Carriden Antonine.Wall.Roman.forts.jpg
Forts and Fortlets associated with the Antonine Wall from west to east: Bishopton, Old Kilpatrick, Duntocher, Cleddans , Castlehill, Bearsden, Summerston , Balmuildy, Wilderness Plantation , Cadder, Glasgow Bridge , Kirkintilloch, Auchendavy, Bar Hill, Croy Hill, Westerwood, Castlecary, Seabegs , Rough Castle, Camelon, Watling Lodge , Falkirk, Mumrills, Inveravon, Kinneil , Carriden
Roman images in stone from Bar Hill Fort. Silenus and bearded man with middle finger extended in the "infamis digitus" to ward off the evil eye. A video of the figure on the right has been made. Romanwallinscotl00macduoft raw 0479stone busts.png
Roman images in stone from Bar Hill Fort. Silenus and bearded man with middle finger extended in the "infamis digitus" to ward off the evil eye. A video of the figure on the right has been made.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Legio VI Victrix</span> Roman legion

Legio VI Victrix was a legion of the Imperial Roman army founded in 41 BC by the general Octavian. It was the twin legion of VI Ferrata and perhaps held veterans of that legion, and some soldiers kept to the traditions of the Caesarian legion.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Summerston</span> Human settlement in Scotland

Summerston is a residential area of Glasgow, Scotland. With most of the housing constructed in the 1970s, it is situated in the far north of the city and is considered to be part of the larger Maryhill district, but has a different postcode; other nearby neighbourhoods are Gilshochill to the south and Cadder to the south-east. With open farmland to the north-east, Summerston is separated from the southern parts of the town of Bearsden to the north-west by the River Kelvin and a golf course.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Old Kilpatrick</span> Human settlement in Scotland

Old Kilpatrick, is a village in West Dunbartonshire, Scotland. It has an estimated population of 4,820. It belonged to the parish of Old Kilpatrick which itself was only a few thousand people strong.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cadder</span> Human settlement in Scotland

Cadder is a district of the town of Bishopbriggs, East Dunbartonshire, Scotland. It is located 7 km north of Glasgow city centre, 0.5 km south of the River Kelvin, and approximately 1.5 km north-east of Bishopbriggs town centre, sited on the route of the Forth and Clyde Canal. There is a Glasgow council housing scheme of a similar name, generally pronounced Cawder, in the district of Lambhill some 3 miles (5 km) to the south-west along the Canal, which was built in the early 1950s. Similarly, within Cadder, there is Cawder Golf Club, which also uses that original pronunciation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Twechar</span> Human settlement in Scotland

Twechar is a small former mining village historically in Dunbartonshire and administered by the council area of East Dunbartonshire, Scotland close to the boundary with North Lanarkshire. It lies between the larger towns of Cumbernauld, Kilsyth and Kirkintilloch. The Forth and Clyde Canal runs close to the village to the north, and closely follows the line of the Antonine Wall. There are visible remains of the wall on Bar Hill and the Roman Fort is a local tourist attraction.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rough Castle Fort</span> Ruins of a Roman fort in Scotland

Rough Castle Fort is a Roman fort on the Antonine Wall roughly 2 kilometres south east of Bonnybridge near Tamfourhill in the Falkirk council area, Scotland. It is owned by the National Trust for Scotland.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Castlecary</span> Human settlement in Scotland

Castlecary is a small historic village in North Lanarkshire, Scotland, directly adjacent to the border with Falkirk. It has long been associated with infrastructure, being adjacent to a bridged river, a Roman fort and roads, a nationwide canal, a Victorian railway viaduct, and a modern motorway. Castlecary is close to the town of Cumbernauld but like Dullatur and Luggiebank is not officially part of the town. Around 1725, the barony of Castlecary, with a population of just seventeen families, was disjoined from the parish of Falkirk, and annexed to Cumbernauld quoad sacra. Castlecary is also near Allandale which, though in the Falkirk council area, was built for Castlecary fireclay workers.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Westerwood</span>

Westerwood is an area in the north-east of Cumbernauld in North Lanarkshire, Scotland. Historically it was the site of a Roman Fort of which a video reconstruction has been produced. In the past two decades, new housing developments have been built around the Westerwood Hotel and Golf Course. The golf course, which was designed by Seve Ballesteros and Dave Thomas, is located on the north side of the town, close to Cumbernauld Airport. Westerwood Community Council was set up for local residents and a committee has been appointed. Neighbouring villages which are outside of Cumbernauld include Dullatur to the north-west and Castlecary to the east.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Antonine Wall</span> Defensive fortification in Roman Britain

The Antonine Wall, known to the Romans as Vallum Antonini, was a turf fortification on stone foundations, built by the Romans across what is now the Central Belt of Scotland, between the Firth of Clyde and the Firth of Forth. Built some twenty years after Hadrian's Wall to the south, and intended to supersede it, while it was garrisoned it was the northernmost frontier barrier of the Roman Empire. It spanned approximately 63 kilometres and was about 3 metres high and 5 metres wide. Lidar scans have been carried out to establish the length of the wall and the Roman distance units used. Security was bolstered by a deep ditch on the northern side. It is thought that there was a wooden palisade on top of the turf. The barrier was the second of two "great walls" created by the Romans in Great Britain in the second century AD. Its ruins are less evident than those of the better-known and longer Hadrian's Wall to the south, primarily because the turf and wood wall has largely weathered away, unlike its stone-built southern predecessor.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bridgeness Slab</span> Roman distance slab created around 142 CE

The Bridgeness Slab is a Roman distance slab created around 142 CE marking a portion of the Antonine Wall built by the Second Legion. It is regarded as the most detailed and best preserved of the Scottish distance slabs. The sandstone tablet was found at Bridgeness in Bo'ness, Scotland in 1868 on a promontory close to Harbour Road. The original is in the National Museum of Scotland in Edinburgh, while a replica is near the site of its discovery.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Croy Hill</span>

Croy Hill was a Roman fort, fortlet, and probable temporary camp on the Antonine Wall, near Croy, to the north east of the village in Scotland. Two communication platforms known as ‘expansions’ can be seen to the west of the fortlet. Alexander Park excavated the site in 1890-1891. Sir George Macdonald wrote about his excavation of the site which occurred in 1920, 1931, and 1935. At Croy Hill, the ditch in front of the rampart was not excavated by the Romans. It is likely that hard basalt and dolerite of the hill was virtually impossible to shape with Roman tools. This is the only place along the Wall where the ditch wasn't dug. There is a bath house just outside one fort. A video reconstruction of the site has been produced.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Auchendavy</span>

Auchendavy was a Roman fort on the Antonine Wall in Scotland. Much of the site archeology was destroyed by the builders of the Forth and Clyde Canal. Between Bar Hill and Balmuildy the wall roughly follows the southern bank of the River Kelvin. The site of the fort is north of Kirkintilloch's northern border. It can be seen as a mound mid-way between the Forth and Clyde Canal and the road.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cleddans</span> Roman fortlet on the Antonine Wall, Scotland

Cleddans is the site of a Roman fortlet on the Antonine Wall in Scotland. Its postulated existence was confirmed by trial trenching in 1979. Evidence of building work on Cleddans and on the Wall by units of both the sixth and the twentieth legions has been found in the area.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Watling Lodge</span>

Watling Lodge was a Roman fortlet on the Antonine Wall in Scotland. It was located near what is now Lock Sixteen on the Forth and Clyde Canal in Falkirk with neighbouring forts at Rough Castle to the west and Falkirk to the east. There was also a fort at Camelon to the north. There was also a Roman temporary camp found a short distance south of the site.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mumrills</span>

Mumrills was the site of the largest Roman fort on the Antonine Wall in Scotland. It is possible that Mumrills could exchange signals with Flavian Gask Ridge forts. Some believe Mumrills may have been the site of Wallace's defeat at the Battle of Falkirk. The farm at Mumrills was also used as an early site for the Falkirk Relief Church.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Inveravon</span>

Inveravon is sited on the east side of the River Avon in Scotland. It was long considered to be the likely site for a Roman Fort on the Antonine Wall in Scotland. The fort is one of the most dubious on the wall although some excavation and geophysics has been done. Near Inveravon Tower, the bare traces of a fort were found but there is nothing that an unskilled visitor could identify. Several excavations have unearthed the site's foundations as well as a section of the Military Way. Cobbled surfaces and some stone walls were found. Also ‘expansions’ were discovered, perhaps used as signal or beacon towers.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Seabegs Wood</span> Site of a Roman fortlet on the Antonine Wall in Scotland

Seabegs Wood was the site of a Roman fortlet on the Antonine Wall in Scotland.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Castlehill Fort</span>

Castlehill was a Roman fort on the Antonine Wall in Scotland.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Balmuildy</span>

Balmuildy is the site of a Roman fort on the Antonine Wall in Scotland. It is one of only two forts on the Antonine Wall to have been found with stone ramparts; the other is Castlecary. A digital reconstruction of the fort has been created.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Wilderness Plantation</span> Site of Roman fortler

Wilderness Plantation was the site of a Roman fortlet on the Antonine Wall in Scotland.

References

  1. "Dedication Slab, Bar Hill" . Retrieved 19 May 2018.
  2. "BAR HILL: FORT, MILITARY WAY, WALL, AND TEMPORARY CAMPS" (PDF). Frontiers of the Roman Empire. Retrieved 7 May 2018.
  3. Keppie, L J F (September 2010). "EXCAVATIONS AT THE ROMAN FORT OF BAR HILL, 1978-82". Glasgow Archaeological Journal. 12 (12): 49–81. Retrieved 2 June 2018.
  4. "RIB 2170. Honorific Building Inscription of the First Cohort of Baetasians". Roman Inscriptions of Britain. Retrieved 19 May 2018.
  5. "Dedication Slab, Bar Hill" . Retrieved 19 May 2018.
  6. "RIB 2171. Building Inscription of the Second and Twentieth Legions". Roman Inscriptions of Britain. Retrieved 19 May 2018.
  7. "The Scottish Ten". The Engine Shed. Centre for Digital Documentation and Visualisation LLP. Retrieved 14 October 2017.
  8. "Lady's Shoe, Bar Hill" . Retrieved 24 May 2018.
  9. "Child's Shoe, Bar Hill" . Retrieved 24 May 2018.
  10. "BARHILL ROMAN FORT". castles forts battles. Archived from the original on 15 October 2017. Retrieved 13 August 2016.
  11. Roy, William. "Map of the Scottish Lowlands". National Library for Scotland. Retrieved 26 October 2017.
  12. "Bar Hill - Fly around" . Retrieved 21 October 2017.
  13. Krakowka, Kathryn. "Meticulous metric survey of the Antonine Wall". Current Archaeology. Retrieved 28 April 2018.
  14. MacDonald, George; Park, Alexander (1906). The Roman forts on the Bar Hill, Dumbartonshire. Glasgow: J. Maclehose. Retrieved 14 October 2017.
  15. "OS 25 inch 1892-1949". National Library of Scotland. Ordnance Survey. Retrieved 26 October 2017.
  16. "Soldier". Frontiers of the Roman Empire. Retrieved 21 October 2017.
  17. Miller, S. N. (1952). The Roman Occupation Of South Western Scotland Being Reports Of Excavations And Surveys Carried Out Under The Auspices Of The Glasgow Archaeological Society By John Clarke, J. M. Davidson, Anne S. Robertson, J. K. St. Joseph, Edited For The Society With An Historical Survey By S. N. Miller. Glasgow: Robert Maclehose & Company Limited. Retrieved 11 October 2017.
  18. "Children". Frontiers of the Roman Empire. Retrieved 21 October 2017.
  19. "Roman child's leather shoe". A History of the World. BBC. Retrieved 17 October 2017.
  20. Rohl, Darrell, Jesse. "More than a Roman Monument: A Place-centred Approach to the Long-term History and Archaeology of the Antonine Wall" (PDF). Durham Theses. Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online ref: 9458. Retrieved 14 October 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  21. "The Antonine Wall: Rome's Final Frontier". The Hunterian. University of Glasgow. Retrieved 10 October 2017.
  22. "Antonine Wall, Bar Hill Roman Fort". Canmore. Historic Environment Scotland. Retrieved 14 October 2017.
  23. Morrison, Sue (2017). Twechar An Oral History of a Pit Village (PDF). Twechar: Oral History Research & Training Consultancy. Retrieved 16 February 2018.
  24. "Bar Hill". Frontiers of the Roman Empire. Retrieved 14 October 2017.
  25. "Barrel, Bar Hill". Frontiers of the Roman Empire. Retrieved 21 October 2017.
  26. "Window Fragments, Bar Hill". Frontiers of the Roman Empire. Retrieved 21 October 2017.
  27. "Columns Reconstruction" . Retrieved 21 October 2017.
  28. "Bust of Silenus, Bar Hill". Frontiers of the Roman Empire. Retrieved 21 October 2017.
  29. "Antonine Wall: Bar Hill Fort Near Twechar, Dunbartonshire". Historic Environment Scotland. Retrieved 14 October 2017.
  30. "Bar Hill & The Antonine Wall". Undiscovered Scotland. Retrieved 14 October 2017.
  31. "RIB 2166. Altar dedicated to Mars Camulus". Roman Inscriptions of Britain. Retrieved 26 May 2018.
  32. "RIB 2167. Altar dedicated to Silvanus. On a plinth". Roman Inscriptions of Britain. Retrieved 26 May 2018.
  33. "Altar to Silvanus, Bar Hill" . Retrieved 11 November 2017.
  34. "RIB 2169. Altar dedicated by First Cohort of Baetasians". Roman Inscriptions of Britain. Retrieved 26 May 2018.
  35. MacDonald, George (1911). The Roman wall in Scotland (1 ed.). Glasgow: J. Maclehose. Retrieved 12 July 2018.
  36. "Bust of Silenus, Bar Hill" . Retrieved 12 July 2018.

55°57′32″N4°04′19″W / 55.959°N 4.072°W / 55.959; -4.072