Battle of Weixian

Last updated
Battle of Weixian
Part of Chinese Civil War
1940Nian Dai De Wei Xian Cheng Qiang .jpg
The old city walls of Weixian (now part of Weifang City), Shandong Province
DateApril 2, 1948 – May 8, 1948
Location
Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg Shandong Province (Republic of China)|Shandong Province, Weixian and surrounding areas
Result Victory for the People's Liberation Army; capture of Weixian
Belligerents
Flag of the Republic of China.svg  Republic of China
Flag of the Republic of China Army.svg National Revolutionary Army 96th Army, Reorganized 45th Division, 12 local security regiments
Flag of the People's Liberation Army.svg East China Field Army Shandong Corps, local forces of Jiaodong and Bohai military regions
Commanders and leaders
Flag of the Republic of China Army.svg Wang Yaowu Theater Commander
Flag of the Republic of China Army.svg Chen Jincheng Commander of the 96th Army
Flag of the Republic of China Army.svg Zhang Tianzuo Leader of the security regiments		Flag of the People's Liberation Army.svg Xu Shiyou Commander
Flag of the People's Liberation Army.svg Tan Zhenlin Political Commissar
Flag of the People's Liberation Army.svg Nie Fengzhi Leader of the main assault forces
Strength
Approximately 47,000 troops Approximately 120,000 troops
Casualties and losses
19,000 casualties
26,000 captured		 1,432 killed
6,548 wounded

Battle of Weixian (also known as the Battle of the Central Section of the Jiaoji Railway) was a military campaign during the Chinese Civil War in which the People's Liberation Army (PLA) East China Field Army Shandong Corps, under the command of Xu Shiyou, launched an offensive to capture the city of Weixian in Shandong Province, held by the National Revolutionary Army (NRA). The battle lasted from April 2 to May 8, 1948, and was the first major siege undertaken by the East China Field Army after its formation. Weixian was a significant commercial and industrial hub in Shandong and an important transportation node between Jinan and Qingdao, making it a key defensive point for the Nationalist forces on the Jiaoji Railway, known as the "Bastion of Central Shandong." The battle ended with the PLA capturing Weixian and surrounding areas. The PLA suffered approximately 8,000 casualties, while the NRA lost over 45,000 troops, including the capture of 6 high-ranking officers, such as the commander of the 96th Army and Reorganized 45th Division, Chen Jincheng. [1]

Contents

Background

After the Battle of Menglianggu in May 1947, the National Revolutionary Army (NRA) shifted from strategic offense to defense on the East China front, while the PLA began its counteroffensive. On August 6 of the same year, the Chinese Communist military command decided to split the East China Field Army into two groups: the "Western Corps" (also known as the external corps), consisting of 7 main divisions led by Su Yu, was tasked with launching external offensives, while the "Eastern Corps" (also known as the internal corps or Shandong Corps), consisting of 3 divisions and local forces from Jiaodong, was commanded by Xu Shiyou and remained for internal operations in the Shandong Peninsula. On August 18, the NRA command responded by creating the "Jiaodong Corps," under the command of Fan Hanjie, aimed at taking advantage of the PLA's weakened presence in Jiaodong following the western advance to sever the maritime links between the liberated areas of Northeast China, North China, and Shandong. Thus, the Jiaodong theater became a contest between Xu Shiyou and Fan Hanjie. [2]

Between August 1947 and March 1948, during the battles of the "Jiaohe Campaign" and the "Western Jiaoji Railway Campaign," Xu Shiyou exploited the disunity and internal factionalism within the NRA to gain the upper hand through maneuver warfare, capturing much of the western section of the Jiaoji Railway and towns such as Laiyang and Zibo. As a result, the PLA gained strategic dominance in the Jiaodong theater. After Fan Hanjie was transferred out of Shandong, command of the Jiaodong front fell to Wang Yaowu, Chairman of Shandong Province for the Nationalist Government. By March 1948, only three cities along the Jiaoji Railway—Jinan, Qingdao, and Weixian—remained under Nationalist control. [3]

Deployment

Nationalist Forces

Commander of the Nationalist forces in the Weixian Battle and Second Pacification District, Wang Yaowu Wang yaowu.jpg
Commander of the Nationalist forces in the Weixian Battle and Second Pacification District, Wang Yaowu

The town of Weixian was located at the central section of the Jiaoji Railway, consisting of two separate walled cities, the larger western city and the smaller eastern city, separated by the Bailang River. [4] These two cities were connected by five stone bridges. According to local records, Weixian had never been successfully captured in battle prior to this campaign. The town was considered a major stronghold and was dubbed the "Bastion of Central Shandong." [3] The Nationalist forces defending Weixian consisted of the Reorganized 45th Division, 12 local security regiments, and various landlord militia, amounting to approximately 47,000 troops, with overall command entrusted to Chen Jincheng, commander of the 96th Army and Reorganized 45th Division. The 45th Division was a well-equipped regular army unit, including artillery, while the local security regiments and militia, though less equipped, still provided some combat effectiveness. Additionally, the Nationalist forces were supported by the Republic of China Air Force. In late March 1948, following consultations at the Weixian airfield with Chen Jincheng, Second Pacification District Commander Wang Yaowu decided to adopt a strategy of "concentrating forces and holding strongpoints, awaiting reinforcements" to defend Weixian. To this end, a fortified system with three lines of defense centered on the western city was built, including an extensive network of blockhouses, barbed wire, mines, and other fortifications. Tens of thousands of civilians were mobilized daily to fortify the defenses. Chen Jincheng confidently proclaimed, "Weixian is an impregnable fortress. It's impossible for the PLA to breach it!" [5]

PLA Perspective

Xu Shiyou, Commander of the PLA in the Weixian Campaign and leader of the East China Field Army's Shandong Corps Xu shiyou 1939.jpg
Xu Shiyou, Commander of the PLA in the Weixian Campaign and leader of the East China Field Army's Shandong Corps

After the Shandong Corps captured most of the areas along the Jiaoji Railway, there was disagreement among the commanders regarding the next strategic step. Some suggested directly attacking Jinan, but Xu Shiyou believed the timing was not ideal as the Nationalist forces were already prepared. Meanwhile, Weixian had become an isolated city after the battles in the western section of the Jiaoji Railway. It was situated between the Central Shandong Liberated Area and the Bohai Liberated Area, making it convenient for attacks and logistical support. Hence, Xu strongly advocated attacking Weixian first. [3]

After thorough discussions, the PLA developed a detailed battle plan to address the strong defenses of Weixian. The plan divided the campaign into two phases: first, clearing out Nationalist forces in the Changle area to secure the outskirts of Weixian; and second, concentrating troops and firepower to capture Weixian itself. [6]

In terms of troop deployment: - The Bohai Column and local forces from the Central Shandong Military Region were tasked with attacking Weixian's outskirts, focusing on capturing key targets near Weixian, including the Ershilibao railway station, the power plant, and the airport, thereby cutting off the connection between Fangzi and Weicheng and severing the Nationalist forces' air and land links. - The Ninth Column and Bohai Column were assigned to assault Weixian directly. - The Seventh Column, Bohai New 13th Division, and other units were to block potential reinforcements from Jinan. - The 39th Division of the 13th Column, along with local forces from the Jiaodong Military Region, was to block reinforcements possibly coming from Qingdao. - The 38th Division of the 13th Column served as the general reserve force. [7]

In terms of tactics, the PLA emphasized "steady and methodical" attacks, utilizing tunnel operations to approach and capture Nationalist defensive positions, thereby minimizing casualties. Once the outskirts were cleared, the plan was to concentrate troops and artillery to first capture the western city and seize the enemy’s command center, and then launch an assault on the eastern city. For logistics, the PLA mobilized a total of 135,000 civilian laborers and over 5,000 stretchers. Residents of the liberated areas also provided the army with significant quantities of grain, fodder, and other supplies. In total, the PLA committed 54 regiments, with over 120,000 troops participating in this campaign. [3] [5] [8] [9]

Course of the Battle

Outskirts Combat

On April 1, the PLA surrounded Weixian. The next day, Bohai Column and forces from the Central Shandong Military Region advanced from three directions toward Changle County, cutting off the route between Changle and Weixian. Simultaneously, the Ninth Column moved eastward from the Changshan area, and the Thirteenth Column advanced from the Jiaodong Peninsula. By April 5, all participating PLA units had reached their designated positions. [10]

On April 8, the PLA launched attacks from the southern outskirts, the southern city, and the northern city. Troops from the Jiaodong Military Region first targeted the railway station and airport in the southern city. By 4 p.m. on the following day, the airport was captured, severing the Nationalist forces’ air supply lines and forcing them to rely on airdrops for supplies. After securing the airport, the PLA captured two railway stations and a power plant in Weixian by April 12, completing the plan for the southern outskirts. [10]

In the northern city, the PLA began its assault on the evening of April 8. Artillery units targeted the heavily defended "Beigong" and "Beiguan" positions, and nighttime trench digging brought PLA positions within 100 meters of Nationalist defenses. This tactic reduced the advantage of Nationalist airpower and artillery. On April 10, the 26th Division of the Ninth Column attacked Beigong. Initial frontal assaults were repelled due to the dense fortifications. The next day, the 26th Division flanked and captured Beigong from the rear. Subsequently, the PLA advanced to Beiguan and captured it on April 14, achieving their northern sector objectives. [10]

Meanwhile, in the southern city, Bohai and Central Shandong forces took ten days to capture Nanguan on April 18. During this time, Chiang Kai-shek personally wired General Chen Jincheng in Weixian, promising reinforcements and commending his determination to defend the city. [11] [8]

Battle for the Western City

After completing the outskirts operations, the PLA paused for three days to adjust deployments and dig further trenches while feigning withdrawal to mislead the Nationalist forces. Mistakenly believing the PLA had suffered heavy casualties and retreated, the Nationalist commander Wang Yaowu held a celebration in Jinan to commemorate the "victory in Weixian." The Nationalist newspaper *Central Daily* reported, "Communist Forces Retreat, Weixian Relieved." [10] [11] [12]

On April 22, the Shandong Corps ordered a general assault on the western city. At 6 p.m. on April 23, the Ninth Column and Bohai Column launched a coordinated attack. Continuous artillery and demolition operations severely damaged the outer bunkers and breached the city wall. The 27th Division of the Ninth Column captured three entry points into the western city. [10] [11] [12]

On April 24, the Ninth Column concentrated its forces and artillery on the northern ramparts, creating additional breaches. Although Nationalist forces mounted strong resistance, the PLA deployed reinforcements under heavy artillery cover. By 1 p.m., the 25th Division had breached the wall, and subsequent units joined the offensive. A final assault at 11 p.m. secured the western city. [8] [10] [11] [12] [13]

Battle for the Eastern City and Surrounding Areas

On April 26, at 6 p.m., PLA artillery began a 90-minute bombardment of the eastern city, targeting walls and key areas near the Bailang River. By 8:20 p.m., the 87th Regiment of the Ninth Column had breached the city wall and entered the eastern city. By dawn on April 27, the PLA controlled one-third of the area. Nationalist commanders Chen Jincheng and Zhang Tianzuo attempted to break out but were intercepted by PLA ambushes. Chen was captured, and Zhang was killed. [10] [11] [12]

By noon on April 27, the eastern city was fully under PLA control, marking the end of the siege of Weixian. In the aftermath, PLA forces captured nearby areas such as Anqiu, Changle, and Tianma. Nationalist troops in these regions, demoralized by the fall of Weixian, either retreated or surrendered. [12] [13]

By May 8, all Nationalist reinforcements from Qingdao and Jinan had withdrawn, marking the conclusion of the Weixian Campaign. [14]

Results and Aftermath

Battle Statistics

During this battle, the PLA suffered approximately 8,000 casualties, including 1,432 killed and 6,548 wounded. [1] The PLA captured three towns—Weixian, Changle, and Anqiu—along with 4,000 square kilometers of surrounding territory. They seized significant materials, including 181 artillery pieces, over 17,000 firearms, more than 38,000 shells, approximately 115,000 grenades, over 260,000 bullets, as well as airplanes, locomotives, automobiles, and other resources. The Nationalist forces incurred around 45,000 losses, including over 19,000 killed or wounded and more than 26,000 captured. Among the captives were six general-level officers, including the commander of the 96th Army and the reorganized 45th Division, Chen Jincheng, as well as 127 field-grade officers. Notable casualties included Zhang Tianzuo, commander of the Eighth Security District of Shandong, and his deputy, Zhang Rannong. [10]

Subsequent Developments

The Weixian Campaign Martyrs' Tomb at the Weifang Revolutionary Martyrs' Cemetery Wei Xian Zhan Yi Lie Shi Mu Zheng Mian .jpg
The Weixian Campaign Martyrs’ Tomb at the Weifang Revolutionary Martyrs' Cemetery

The Weixian Campaign marked the first urban assault conducted by the East China Field Army during the Chinese Civil War. [10] After the battle, the Shandong Corps took a brief period to regroup before shifting its focus to the Jinpu Railway and launching the Yanzhou Campaign. [15] The Shandong Corps also gained valuable experience in urban combat, [10] later applying these tactics successfully in the Battle of Jinan and the Huaihai Campaign. [16] [17] For the Nationalist forces, the fall of Weixian, a "fortress in central Shandong," connected the three liberated zones in the province, further isolating the Nationalist strategic strongholds of Jinan and Qingdao. [14]

After capturing Weixian, the East China Field Army established the Weifang Special Municipal Government to manage the newly liberated city. [13] Subsequently, the Weifang Municipal Government built the "Weixian Campaign Victory Memorial Square". [18] In April 2013, residents of Weifang, together with veterans who participated in the campaign, organized events to commemorate the 65th anniversary of this historically significant battle.

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Weifang</span> Prefecture-level city in Shandong, Peoples Republic of China

Weifang is a prefecture-level city in central Shandong province, People's Republic of China. The city borders Dongying to the northwest, Zibo to the west, Linyi to the southwest, Rizhao to the south, Qingdao to the east, and looks out to the Laizhou Bay to the north. Its population was 9,386,705 at the 2020 census, of whom 3,095,520 lived in the built-up area made up of four urban districts and Changle County largely being urbanized.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Huaihai campaign</span> Battle of the Chinese Civil War (1948–49)

The Huaihai campaign, or Battle of Hsupeng, was one of the military conflicts in the late stage of the Chinese Civil War between the Kuomintang and the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). The campaign started when the People's Liberation Army (PLA) launched a major offensive against the Kuomintang headquarters in Xuzhou on 6 November 1948, and ended on 10 January 1949 when the PLA reached the north of the Yangtze.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pingjin campaign</span> Campaign of the Chinese Civil War

The Pingjin campaign, also known as the Battle of Pingjin and also officially known in Chinese Communist historiography as the Liberation of Beijing and Tianjin was part of the three major campaigns launched by the People's Liberation Army during the late stage of the Chinese Civil War against the Government of the Republic of China. It began on 29 November 1948 and ended on 31 January 1949, lasting a total of 64 days. This campaign marked the end of Nationalist dominance in the North China Plain. The term Pingjin refers to the cities Beiping and Tianjin.

Longhai Campaign (陇海战役), also known as the Campaign along the Longhai Railway (陇海路战役), was a campaign launched against the nationalists by the communists during Chinese Civil War in the post World War II era. The campaign was a coordinated offensive in support of the other two campaigns the Communists launched against the nationalists, namely, the Campaign of the North China Plain Pocket and the Central Jiangsu Campaign. Longhai Campaign resulted in the communist victory, achieving the Communists objective of relieving the pressure on their comrades in the other two campaigns this one supported, enabling those in the Campaign of the North China Plain Pocket to successfully escape from the nationalists and those in the Central Jiangsu Campaign to also score a huge victory over the nationalists.

The Yanzhou campaign, also known as the campaign at the central section of the Tianjin-Pukou Railway, was a series of battles fought between the nationalists and the communists for the control of the town Yanzhou, which is today under the administration of Jining, and the region to the north of the town in Shandong, China during the Chinese Civil War in the post World War II era, and resulted in communist victory.

The Hebei – Rehe – Chahar Campaign (冀热察战役) was a series of battles fought in Northern China between the nationalists and the communists during the Chinese Civil War in the post World War II era, and resulted in communist victory.

The Zhoucun–Zhangdian Campaign (周张战役), short for the Campaign of Zhou's Village and Zhang's Hotel, consisted of two major battles and a series of smaller battles that followed, fought between the Communists and the Nationalists in Shandong during the Chinese Civil War in the post–World War II era. The outcome was a Communist victory. This campaign is also called the Campaign at the Western Section of the Qingdao–Jinan Railway (胶济路西段战役).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Qingdao–Jinan railway</span> Railway line

The Qingdao–Jinan railway or Jiaoji Railway is a railway in Shandong Province, China. The railway is 393 kilometres (244 mi) in length and connects Qingdao, on the Jiaozhou Bay, and Jinan, the provincial capital of Shandong. Adolph von Hansemann and other German financiers funded construction of the railway, then known as Schantung Eisenbahn Gesellschaft, which began September 23, 1899, and was completed in 1904. Since the quadruple tracking of this corridor with the opening of the parallel Qingdao–Jinan passenger railway, the line is mostly used for freight with some conventional passenger services.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Wang Yaowu</span> Chinese general (1904–1968)

Wang Yaowu was a high-ranking KMT general and the Governor of Shandong Province who successfully fought against both the Imperial Japanese Army and the Chinese Communists. In September 1948, Communist forces launched the Battle of Jinan. Wang was captured and held as a prisoner of war until his pardon and release in 1959. During the Cultural Revolution he came under attack by the Red Guards for being a former nationalist commander and died of a heart attack in 1968.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Song Shilun</span> Chinese general

Song Shilun, né Song Jiyao, was a Chinese general in the People's Liberation Army. He graduated from Whampoa Military Academy and participated in the Chinese Civil War, Second Sino-Japanese War, Second World War and the Korean War.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kuiwen, Weifang</span> District in Shandong, Peoples Republic of China

Kuiwen is an urban district of the city of Weifang, Shandong province, China. It has an area of 71 km2 (27 sq mi) and according to the Seventh Census, as of 00:00 on November 1, 2020, the resident population of Kuiwan District was 475,103 people.

The Battle of Jinan was a critical engagement fought between the Kuomintang and the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) from September 16 to September 24, 1948, during the Chinese Civil War. The communist Eastern China Field Army besieged and finally captured the city of Jinan, the capital of Shandong Province and a major urban center as well as a transportation hub in northeastern China that had a population of about 600,000 at the time of the battle. The communist victory set the stage for the Huaihai Campaign.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Weifang railway station</span> Railway station in Weifang, Shandong, China

The Weifang railway station is a railway station in Weicheng District, Weifang, Shandong. It currently lies on the Qingdao–Jinan passenger railway and Qingdao–Jinan railway .First class seat

The 28th Group Army was an army corps of the Chinese People's Liberation Army that existed from 1949 to 1998. From 1952 to 1971, the 28th Army was based in Putian, Fujian and belonged to the Fujian Military Region. From 1971 to 1998, this army corps belonged to the Beijing Military Region and was based in Shanxi Province, initially in Houma and then in Datong. At the time of its dissolution in 1998, the 28th Army was composed of the 82nd, 83rd and 205th Infantry Divisions, the 7th Armored Division, an artillery brigade, an anti-aircraft brigade, an engineer regiment, a communication regiment and a reconnaissance battalion. The army corps’ unit ID number was 51366.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Northern Theater Command</span> Military regional command of China

The Northern Theater Command is one of the five theater commands of the People's Liberation Army, founded on 1 February 2016. Its predecessor is the Shenyang Military Region, Jinan Military Region and Beijing Military Region. Its headquarters is in the Heping District of Shenyang, Liaoning Province. The Northern Theater Command shares borders with North Korea, Russia and Mongolia.

Liu Zhonghua was a Chinese military officer. He was commander and political commissar of the PLA Navy 6th Fleet in 1953, and president of Naval Senior Institute in 1957. In 1955 he was awarded the rank of major general (shaojiang).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Wei Jinshan</span> Chinese politician (1927–2023)

Wei Jinshan was a Chinese Communist revolutionary and vice admiral of the Chinese People's Liberation Army Navy (PLAN). Starting in 1945, he served for decades in the army under General Xu Shiyou, and became a decorated veteran of the Second Sino-Japanese War, the Chinese Civil War, and the Korean War. He later transferred to the Navy and served as Political Commissar of the PLAN from 1990 to 1993. He was awarded the Medal of Honour by CCP general secretary Xi Jinping and the Order of the National Flag by North Korea.

Weifang–Laixi high-speed railway is a high-speed railway in China. It opened on 26 November 2020.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Weifang North railway station</span> Railway station in Weifang, Shandong

Weifang North railway station is a railway station in Hanting District, Weifang, Shandong, China. It is an important node of the national "four vertical and four horizontal" high-speed railway network and an important external transportation hub for Weifang City in the future. Weifang North Station will be connected by the Jinan–Qingdao high-speed railway, Tianjin–Weifang–Yantai high-speed railway, and Weifang–Laixi high-speed railway. The Weifang urban rail transit lines 1 and R1 will form transfers here and connect to the railway system, jointly building a comprehensive transportation hub in the northern region of Weifang, achieving seamless transfer between railways and subways, and integrating municipal facilities.

Shandong is a province of China. In Wade-Giles, it is romanized as Shan-tung (disambiguation).

References

  1. 1 2 "潍县战役胜利广场" [Victory Square of the Weixian Battle] (in Chinese). Weifang Evening News. April 29, 2012. Archived from the original on February 4, 2021. Retrieved July 30, 2013.
  2. ↑ Hu Zhaocai, Luo Yingcai, Liu Jiangnan (October 2000). 《第三野战军征战纪实》["The Record of the Third Field Army Campaigns"] (in Chinese). PLA Literary Press. ISBN   9787503313035.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  3. 1 2 3 4 Jia Wenxiang (December 2004). 《第三野战军战事全纪录》["The Complete Record of the Third Field Army's Campaigns"] (in Chinese). Qinglongqiao, Haidian District, Beijing: Military Science Press. ISBN   7-80137-805-9.
  4. ↑ Xia, Man (2019). "Jiaozhou-Jinan Railway and Demographic Change". Proceedings of the 2018 International Workshop on Education Reform and Social Sciences (ERSS 2018). Atlantis Press. pp. 11–15. doi: 10.2991/erss-18.2019.3 . ISBN   978-94-6252-664-8.{{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
  5. 1 2 "潍县战役（上）" [The Battle of Weixian (Part 1)]. jilu.cntv.cn (in Chinese). Retrieved 2024-12-15.
  6. ↑ Grauer, Ryan, ed. (2016), "The Huai-Hai Campaign", Commanding Military Power: Organizing for Victory and Defeat on the Battlefield, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 99–133, doi:10.1017/CBO9781316670170.004, ISBN   978-1-316-68798-7 , retrieved 2024-12-12
  7. ↑ Defense Technical Information Center (2003-01-01). DTIC ADA468780: Moving the Enemy: Operational Art in the Chinese PLA's Huai Hai Campaign (Leavenworth Paper, Number 22).
  8. 1 2 3 "潍县战役：解放全山东的揭幕战" [The Weixian Campaign: The Opening Battle for the Liberation of All Shandong] (in Chinese). Weihai News Network. 2009-09-21. Archived from the original on 2020-09-12. Retrieved 2013-07-29.
  9. ↑ "《中央日报》报道谎言不断" [Revealing the Weixian Campaign: Lies in the "Central Daily News" Report] (in Chinese). Weifang Evening News. April 15, 2013. Archived from the original on 2021-02-04. Retrieved 2013-08-03.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 "潍县战役——华东战场上的第一个攻坚战" [Weixian Battle—The First Siege Battle on the East China Battlefield] (in Chinese). Ministry of National Defense of the People's Republic of China. October 24, 2012. Archived from the original on December 29, 2012. Retrieved July 21, 2013.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 "Liberating China—The Weixian Campaign (Part 2)潍县战役（中）" [Liberating China—The Weixian Campaign (Part 2)] (in Chinese). Red Classic Memories—Documentary "Liberating China". 2010-03-17. Archived from the original on 2021-02-04. Retrieved 2013-07-30.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 "潍县战役（下）" [The Weixian Campaign—The First Urban Assault in East China] (in Chinese). *Qilu Daily*. 2011-07-01. Archived from the original on 2011-07-10. Retrieved 2013-07-30.
  13. 1 2 3 "Liberating China—The Weixian Campaign (Part 3)". Red Classic Memories—Documentary "Liberating China". 2010-03-18. Archived from the original on 2021-02-04. Retrieved 2013-07-30.
  14. 1 2 "潍县战役" [The Weixian Campaign] (in Chinese). Shandong Provincial Information Network. 2007-08-01. Archived from the original on 2021-02-04. Retrieved 2013-07-30.
  15. ↑ "兖州战役" [Battle of Yanzhou] (in Chinese). Shandong Provincial Archives. 2007-08-01. Archived from the original on 2013-12-29. Retrieved 2013-07-30.
  16. ↑ Liu Zhichun (2009-06-16). "济南战役山东兵团指挥所" [Shandong Corps Command Post during the Jinan Campaign] (in Chinese). 1997 Compilation of Licheng Historical Records. Archived from the original on 2017-10-02. Retrieved 2013-07-30.
  17. ↑ "淮海战役中的山东兵团—谢有法将军回忆" [Shandong Corps in the Huaihai Campaign—Memories of General Xie Youfa] (in Chinese). Qilu Net. 2011-06-18. Archived from the original on 2013-06-22. Retrieved 2013-07-30.
  18. ↑ Li Qian (2013-06-10). "潍县战役胜利纪念广场石碑污损影响市容" [Damage to the Victory Memorial Square Stone Tablet] (in Chinese). Weifang News. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2013-08-05.

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.